Solution

OPTICS(RAY AND WAVE)

Class 12 - Physics

1. (a) 7.5°
Explanation:

A = 5o
μ = 1.5

i2 = 0o

r2 = 0o
r1 + r2 = A

r1 = A - r2 = 5 - 0 = 5o
sin i1
μ=
sin r1

⇒ sin i1 = μ sin r1

∘
sini1 = 1.5 × sin 5

sini1 = 1.5 × 0.087

sini1= 0.1305

thus i1= 7.5o

2.
(b) is formed at the least distance of distinct vision
Explanation:
Magnification of compound microscope is given by
vo
m = ( )(1 + ) when final image is formed at near point
uo
D

fe

vo D
Whereas, m = ( uo
)(
fe
) , when final image is formed at infinity.
Hence, magnification is maximum when final image is formed at near point (least distance of distinct vision).

3.
(d) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies
Explanation:
The relation between focal length f, the refractive index of the given material μ , R1 and R2 is known as lens maker's formula
and it is 1

f
= (μ − 1) (
R1
1
−
1

R2
)

R1 = ∞, R2 = −R
R
f =
(μ−1)

Here, R = 20 cm, μ = 1.5. On substituting the values, we get

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 R 20
f = = = 40cm
μ−1 1.5−1

As f > 0 means converging nature. Therefore, the lens act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.

4.
(c) 30o
Explanation:

In △AQR
∠ A + ∠ Q + ∠ R = 180o
30° + 90 - r + 90 = 180o
r = 30o
δ = 90o - 30o - r
δ = 90o - 30o - 30o
δ = 30o
so angle of deviation is 30 degree.

5. (a) 4f
Explanation:
4f
6. (a) 32 cm
Explanation:
1 μ2 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )
f μ R1 R2
1

In air,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − ) = 0.5( − )
f 1 R1 R2 R1 R2

In water,
1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − 1)( − )= ( − )
′ R1 R2 8 R1 R2
f 4/3

Hence, f' = 4f = 4× 8 = 32 cm
7.

(c)

Explanation:
According to Snell's law, μ= sini/sinr, The materials with negative refractive index responds to Snell's law just the opposite
way. If incident ray from air (Medium 1) incident on those materials, the ray refract or bend the same side of the normal.

8.
(b) F1 + F2
Explanation:
F1 + F2

9.
(d) 1.47
Explanation:
the refractive index of liquid must be equal to refractive index of glass=1.47

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10.
(d) 1.5
Explanation:
6000 3
Refractive index = 4000
= 2
= 1.5

11.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Air bubbles shine in water due to total internal reflection. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from denser
medium (water) to rarer medium (air inside the bubble) and angle of incidence is more than the critical angle.
So, the assertion is true and the reason is false.

12.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
μ5 1.5
μ=
μ
=
1.65
< 1 from 1

f
= (μ − 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)
2

f becomes negative
Therefore, the lens behaves as a diverging lens.

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14.
(d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation:
A is false and R is also false

15.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
The light travelling from air to glass cannot suffer total internal reflection because for total internal reflection, the essential
condition is that light should travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium with incidence angle more than the critical angle.

16. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Explanation:
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
19.
2√β

(c) 1+β

Explanation:
Imax − Imin
Fringe visibility = Imax + Imin
2 2
( a1 + a2 ) − ( a1 − a2 ) 4a1 a2
= =
2 2 2 2
( a1 + a2 ) + ( a1 − a2 ) 2(a + a )
1 2

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 a1
2( )
a 2√β
2
= =
a1 2 β +1
( ) +1
a
2

20.
(d) 460 nm
Explanation:
460 nm

21.
(c) 0.3 mm
Explanation:
β 0.4 mm
β
′
=
μ
=
4
= 0.3 mm
3

22. (a) diffraction

Explanation:
The phenomenon of bending of waves around corners of obstacle without a change in medium is known as diffraction.
23.
(d) amplitude
Explanation:
As we know that,
I ∝ a2

24.
(d) 0.2 mm
Explanation:
−9

β =
Dλ

d
=
2×500×10

−3
m
5×10

= 0.2 × 10-3 m = 0.2 mm

25.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

26.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
When d is negligibly small, fringe width p which is proportional to β may become too large. Even a single fringe may occupy
the whole screen. Hence, the pattern cannot be detected.

27. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
28.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

29.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

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 Explanation:
The central fringe is bright when there is no path difference between the waves reaching there. But if there is initial phase
difference of π between two waves, then the central fringe will be dark.

30. (a) there will be no change in the fringe width

Explanation:
there will be no change in the fringe width
31. a. The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge a given beam of light incident on it.
The SI unit of power is the diopter (D)
b. Derivation

For the first lens:

1 1 1
− =
v1 u f1

For the second lens:

1 1 1
− =
v v1 f
2

Adding, we get
1 1 1 1
− = +
v u f f
1 2

∴ The equivalent focal length f, of the combination is given by

1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2

In terms of power , the relation becomes

P = P1 + P2
Thus the power of two this lens, placed co-axially in contact with each other is the algebraic sum of their individual powers.

32.

Suppose I is the real image of an object O. Let d be the distance between them. If the image distance is x, the object distance will
be (d - x).
Thus, u = -(d - x) and v = +x
Substituting in the lens formula we have
1 1 1
− =
x −(d−x) f

or 1
+
1
=
1

x (d−x) f

or x2 - xd - fd = 0
For a real image, the value of x must be real i.e. the roots of the above equation must be real. This is possible if
d2 ⩾ 4 f d
or d ⩾ 4f
Hence, 4f is the minimum distance between the object and its real image formed by a convex lens.
33. Intensity is proportional to width of slit. So, amplitude a1 and a2 is proportional to the square root of the width of the slit.
−−
−
a1 W1
∴ = √
a2 W2

Here W1 and W2 represent the widths of the two slits.

a2 2
2 (1− )
Imin ( a1 − a2 ) a

Now, Imax
=
2
=
a
1

2
( a1 + a2 ) 2
(1+ )
a1

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 a2 2 a2
(1− ) 1−
a a

⇒
9

25
=
a
1

2
or 3

5
=
1

a2
2 1+
(1+ ) a
a1 1

a2
or 8 a1
= 2

a1
or a2
= 4
−−
−
W1 4
Thus, √ W2
=
1

W1 16
or , W2
=
1
⇒ W1 : W2 = 16 : 1

34. Here i = 35o, μ = 1.33, t = 5 × 10-7m

∘

sin r = sin i

μ
=
sin 35

1.33
=
0.5736

1.33
= 0.4313

∴ r = 25o33' and cos r = 0.9022

For a dark fringe in the reflected system,
2μ t cos r = nλ
2μt cos r −7
2×1.33×5× 10 ×0.9022
∴ λ = =
n n
∘
−6
1.2×10 12000
= m= A
n n

i. For n = 2, λ = 6000 A
∘

ii. For n = 3, λ = 4000 A

35. i. The size of the central bright band will decrease.
2λ
ii. Justification: Angular width = , i.e. angular width is inversely proportional to the width of the slit
a

iii. The intensity of central bright band will increase

Justification: The amplitude/intensity of light passing through slit has increased.
36. Wavefront: Wavefront is an imaginary surface over which an optical wave has a constant phase.
Secondary wavelets and waveform due to Refraction of light from denser medium to rarer medium:

37. Given λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10-9 m = 6.0 × 10-7 m, D = 0.8 m

y2 = 1.5 mm = 1.5 × 10-3 m, n = 2, a = ?

Position of nth maximum in diffraction of a single slit

yn = (n + ) ⇒ a = (n +
1

2
λD
)
a
1

2
λD

y
n
−7

Substituting given values a = (2 + 1

2
)
6.0× 10 ×0.8

−8
1.5×10

= 5

2
× 4.0 × 0.8 × 10
−4
m = 0.8 × 10-3 m = 0.8 mm
38. Here a = 1.2 μm = 1.2 × 10-6m,
λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10-9 m
or θ = 30o
−9

sin θ = λ

a
=
600×10

−6
=
1

2
1.2×10

The central maximum spreads on both sides of the screen

∴ Angular spread of central maximum = 60o
39. Here λ = 550 nm = 550 × 10-9m, a = 0.1 mm = 0.1 × 10-3m, D = 1.1m
Angular width of principal maximum,
= 1.1 × 10-2 rad
−9
2λ 2×550×10
2θ = =
a −3
0.1×10

Linear width of principal maximum,

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 β0 =
2Dλ

a
= 1.1 × 0.011 = 0.0121 m = 12.1 mm
When the screen is moved to a distance of 2.2 m, the angular width would not change because it is independent of this distance D.

40.

According to the question, light ray suffers total internal reflection at the second surface. So, if we observe the figure, then we find
that angle of emergence, e = 90°.
Now, applying Snell’s law at face AC, we have
sin e
= μ
sin r2

1 ∘
⇒ sin r2 = × sin 90
μ

1
⇒ sin r2 = × 1
1.524

−1
⇒ r2 = si n (0.656)

⇒ r2 = 41°

From geometry,
∠A = ∠r1 + ∠r2

⇒ ∠r1 = ∠A − ∠r2

= 60° - 41°
= 19°
Applying Snell’s law at face AB, we have
sin i
μ=
sin r1

⇒ sin i = (μ) sin r1

⇒ sin i = 1.524 × sin 19°

⇒ i = sin-1(0.496)
⇒ i = 29.74°

So angle of incidence must be equal to 29.74 degrees for total internal reflection to occur at the interface.
41. a. Two conditions
i. The light must travel from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium.
ii. Angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle.

b.

42.

for small angles,

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 tan ∠NOM = MN

OM

tan ∠NCM = MN

MC

tan ∠NIM = MN

MI

Now, for △NOC, ∠i i is the exterior angle. Therefore, ∠i = ∠NOM + ∠NCM

i= +
MN

OM
MN

MC

Similarly,
r = ∠NCM - ∠NIM
i.e. r = - MN MN

MI
MC

By Snell's law
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
or for small angles, sin i ≈ i and sin r ≈ r
n1 i = n2 r
Substituting i and r, we get
n1 n2 n2 − n1

OM
+ MI
= MC

Where OM, MI and MC represent magnitude of distances.

Applying the Cartesian sign convention
OM = -u, MI = +v, MC = +R
Substituting these in equation, we get
n2 n1 n2 − n1

v
- u
= R

43. a.

b. i. u = -3 cm
f = 4 cm by lens formula
1 1 1
− =
v u f

1 1 1
− =
v −3 4

1 1 1 −1
= − =
v 4 3 12

v = -12 cm Left of the magnifier

v
ii. by magnification formula m = 1 − f

(−12)
=1− 4

=1+3
=4
44. μ refractive index of water = 1.33
–
μ1 = μ3 = √2 = 1.41

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 a.

b. Using snell's law sin 30o × 1.41 = sin r1 × 1.33

sin r1 = sin 30 × 1.41

1.33
= 0.53

r1 = 32o

sin 32o × 1.33 = sin r2 × 1.41

∘

sin r2 = sin 32 ×1.33

1.41
= 0.49

r2 = 30o
In △PRT
∠ TRP = 60o corresponding ∠ to CGF
So ∠ PTR = 90o = r3

thus emergence angle is 0o to normal.

45. f3 = + 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm
1 1 1
= +
20 20 u3

⇒ u3 = ∞

It shows that L2 must render the rays parallel to the common axis. It means that the image (I1), formed by L1 must be at a distance
of 20 cm from L2 (at the focus of L2)
Therefore, distance between L1 and L2 (= 40 + 20) = 60 cm and distance between L2 and L3 can have any value.
Given, f1 = f2 = f3 20 cm
For lens, L1
u = - 40 cm
f = 20 cm
1 1 1
− =
v u f

1 1 1
= +
v u f

1 1 1
= − +
v 40 20
1 1
=
v 40

v = 40 cm
( + ve sign shows it is right hand side of lens L1)
Now for L3 the final image is at its focus, that means v3 = + 20 cm.
Hence u3 = ∞
Now, since image of the object AB formed by convex lens L2 is virtual object for L3 therefore v2 = ∞ .
Hence for lens L2, u2 = ?, f2 = 20 cm and u2 = ∞ .
Using the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f
2

1 1 1
⇒ − =
∞ u2 20

u2 = - 20 cm
So, the separation between L1 and L2

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 = 40 + 20 = 60 cm
As v2 = ∞ and u3 = ∞ , therefore the distance between L2 and L3 does not matter it may take any value because image by L2 is
formed at infinity.
Hence, the distance between L2and L3 can have any value.
46. Objective lens with a power of 100 D, has a focal length of 1cm (very short focal length)
Eye piece, with a power of 50 D, has a focal length of 2cm (short focal length)
The optical instrument is therefore a compound microscope.
When the final image is formed at infinity, the magnification of a compound microscope equals
m=( f
L
)(
D

f
)
0 e

L = 25 cm, D = 25 cm
f0 = 1 cm, fe = 2 cm
25 25
m=( 1
×
2
)

= 312.5
47. When ray passes symmetrically,
the angle of minimum deviation is given as
δ = 2i - A

= 2 × 45 - 60
= 90 - 60
= 30o
angle of refraction = r = A

2
60
= 2

= 30o
Using snell's law

n1sin i = n2sin r

1 × sin 45o = n2 sin 30o

n2 = 1
×
2

1
√2

–
n2 = √2

a. Therefore angle of minimum deviation δ = 30o

–
b. Refractive index of prism is √2
c. Angle of refraction at point P is r = 30o
48. A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses co-axially separated by some distance. The lens nearer to the object is
called the objective. The lens through which the final image is viewed is called the eyepiece.

Magnifying power, when final image is at infinity:

The magnification produced by the compound microscope is the product of the magnifications produced by the eyepiece and
objective.
∴ M = Me × M0 ...(i)

Where, Me and M0 are the magnifying powers of the eyepiece and objective respectively.

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 If u0 is the distance of the object from the objective and v0 is the distance of the image from the objective, then
′ ′

Magnifying power of the objective is M 0 =

h

h
=
L

f
[Using, tan β = ( h

f0
) = (
h

L
) ]
0

where h, h' are object and image heights respectively and f0 is the focal length of the objective.
L is the tube length i.e., the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first focal point of the eyepiece.
When the final image is at infinity, M = e
D

f
e

Thus, Magnifying power of a compound microscope at infinity, M = M 0 × Me =

L

f0
×
D

fe

49. The astronomical telescope is as shown below

β
m = magnifying power = α
tan β
as angles are small, so m = tan α

In △A'B'C2
′ ′
A B
tan β = ′
C2 B

In △A'B'C1
′ ′
A B
tan α = ′
C1 B

′ ′ ′ ′
C1 B C1 B f
m= A B

′
×
′ ′
= ′
=
o

−fe
C2 B A B C2 B

fo
m= −fe

fo → focal length of objective lens

fe→ focal length of eye lens.
50. For minimum deviation
r1 + r2 = A ; r1 = r2
(90 - β ) + (90 - β ) = A
180 - 2β = A
2β = 180 - A
2β = 2α
β = α

r1 + r2 = A
r1 + ic = A
ic = A - r1
ic = A - (90 - β )
51. i. D is Distance between screen to slits, d is distance between the slits, λ is wavelength
λD
Fringe width β = d

Since β ∝ D , the fringe width will increase, as screen is moved away.

ii. β ∝ , therefore fringe width will decrease as the separation between slits is increased.
1

iii. Let s be the width of the source slit and S its distance from plane of two slit. For interference fringes to be distinctly seen, the
condition
s λ
<
S d

should be satisfied, otherwise, the interference patterns produced will overlap.

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52. Let XY be interface and c1 and c2 are velocity of light in rarer and denser medium respectively.

c1
then, μ = c2

μis refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1.

According to Huygens principle, every point of plane wavefront AB acts as a source of secondary wavelet. Let the secondary
wavelets from B strikes XY at A' in t seconds
BA' = c1 × t
Similarly from A secondary wavelet travels in denser medium with velocity c2
AB' = c2 × t
In △AA'B
′ C1 t
sin i = BA

′
=
′
AA AA
′ C2 ×t
In △AA'B' sin r = AB

′
=
′
AA AA
c1 n2
sin i

sin r
=
c2
= u =
n1
This proves snell's law of refraction.
53. Given, λ = 589nm
8
c = 3 × 10 m/s, μ = 1.33

a. For reflected light,

Wavelength λ = 589nm = 589 × 10 −9
m
8
c 3×10
ν = =
λ −9
589×10
14
= 5.09 × 10 Hz

Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of the reflected light are 3 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz, and 589 nm respectively.
b. Frequency of light does not depend on the property of the medium in which it is travelling. Hence, the frequency of the
refracted ray in water will be equal to the frequency of the incident or reflected light in air.
c
v =
μ

8
3×10 8
v = = 2.26 × 10 m/s
1.33

Wavelength of light in water is given by the relation,

c
λ =
ν
8
2.26×10
=
14
5.09×10

−9
= 444.007 × 10 m = 444.01 nm

Hence the speed, frequency and wavelength of refracted light are 2.26 × 108 m/s, 5.09 × 1014 Hz and 444.01 nm
respectively.
54. Given distance between two slits d = 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m
distance of screen D = 1 m
λ = 500 nm = 500 × 10-9 m
i. Using condition for minima
Dλ
x = (n − 1

2
)
d

n=3
−9

x = (3 − 1

2
)×
1×500×10

−3
= 1.25 mm
10

ii. Using condition for maxima

nDλ
x= d

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 n=2
−9

x=2× 500× 10

−3
×1
= 1 mm
10

55. a. Conditions for light sources to be coherent:-

Two sources produce waves of same frequency.
Two sources produce waves of constant phase difference.
b. In interference pattern the fringes are equally spaced (dark and bright) and of equal intensity and in diffraction the central
maxima is brightest and is wider two times as the other maxima with intensity decreasing away from the Centre.
nλD
56. i. Fringe width is given as β = d
−9

β = 1×600× 10 ×1.6

−3
0.8×10

β = 1.2 mm
ii. a. n = 3
(2n−1) λD
distance of 3rd minima is given as x = 2 d
−9
6−1
=( 2
)×
600× 10 ×1.6

−3
0.8×10

= 3 mm
b. n = 5
distance of 5th minima x = nλD

d
−9
5×600× 10 ×1.6
= −3
0.8×10

= 6 mm
∘

57. Here μ = 1.33, d = 1.0 mm = 10-3 m, D = 1.33 m, λ = 6300 A, μ = 1.53

l g

i. The wavelength of light in the liquid is

−10
λ 6300×10
λl =
μ
=
1.33
m
1

Fringe width,
Dλl −10
1.33×6300×10
β = =
d −3
10 ×1.33

= 6.3 × 10-4 m = 0.63 mm

ii. When one of the slits is covered by a glass sheet of thickness t, the fringe-displacement is given by
μ Dλl
D β g
l
Δx = ( μg − 1) t = ( − 1) t [∵ β = ]
d λl μ d
l

But on covering one of the slits, the adjacent minimum gets shifted to the centre, so the fringe displacement is half the fringe-
β
width i.e., Δx = 2
β β μ
g
∴ = ( − 1) t
2 λ μ
l l

λl
or t = μg

2[ −1]
μl

∘
6300
( )A ∘
1.33 6300
= = A
1.53 2×0.20
2[ −1]
1.33

= 15750 A
58. i. The resultant displacement is given by
y = y1 + y2
= acos ω t + acos (ω t + ϕ)
= acos ω t (1 + cos ϕ) -a sin ω t sin ϕ
Put Rcos θ = a(1 + cos ϕ)
Rsin θ = asin ϕ
∴ R2 = a2 (1 + cos 2
ϕ + 2 cos ϕ) + a
2
sin
2
ϕ

2a2(1 4a2 cos2

ϕ
= + cos ϕ) = 2

2 2 2 2
I = R = 4a co s ϕ/2 = 4I0 co s ϕ/2

ii. Condition for constructive interference is given by:-

ϕ ϕ
cos 2
= ±1 or 2
= nπ or ϕ = 2nπ
condition for destructive interference, is given by:-
ϕ ϕ
cos 2
= 0 or 2
= (2n + 1)
π

2
or ϕ = (2n + 1)π

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59. a. Source which emit waves continuously of the same type same frequency and have a constant or no phase difference between
the waves emitted by them are called coherent sources.
b. Displacement product by two sources at a point on the screen is given by y1 = a cos wt
y2 = a cos (wt + ϕ)
By super position (one word)
y = y1 + y2
= a[cos ωt + cos(ωt + ϕ)]

ϕ ϕ
= {2a cos } cos(ωt + )
2 2

∴ Intensity at the point

2
ϕ
I α[2a cos ]
2

2
I αa

I ϕ
2
= 4 cos
IP 2

ϕ
2
⇒ I = 4I0 cos
2

For Constructive Interference:

I=1
ϕ
2
⇒ cos = 1
2

⇒ ϕ = 0, ±2π, ±4π, … .
For destructive Interference:
I=0
ϕ
2
⇒ cos = 0
2

⇒ ϕ = ±π, ±3π, ±5π … . .

60. Consider a plane Mirror m1 m2
Let AB is the plane wavefront incident on the mirror such that ∠ BAA' = ∠ i
1, 2, 3 are corresponding incident rays perpendicular to AB.
Let the secondary wavelet from B strike mirror at A' in t seconds. As according to Huygen's principle
A'B' acts as reflected wavefront.
BA' = c × t
c = velocity of light
similarly secondary wavelet travel in t time from A.
AB' = c × t
Thus A'B' is the secondary wavefront after t second. Hence A'B' is the true reflected wavefront.
In △s AA'B and AA'B'
BA' = AB' = c × t
∠ B = ∠ B' = 90o
AA' is common and thus △s are congruent
∴ ∠ i = ∠ r first law of reflection

Also, incident wavefront AB, the reflected wavefront A'B' and reflecting surface m1m2 all are perpendicular to the plane of the
paper. Therefore, incident ray, normal to the mirror m1m2 and reflected ray all lie in the plane of the paper.
This is second law of reflection.

61. Let A and B are two fine slits at a distance of d. Let monochromatic light of wavelength λ is illuminated through these slits. If O
is the centre of slit having width d. Consider a point P at a distance x from C.
Path difference of two waves = BP - AP

14 / 24
 In △PBF
BP2 = BF2 + PF2
1

BP = (BF 2
+ PF
2
) 2

1
2
= (D 2
+ (x +
d

2
)
2

d 2 2
(x+ )

= D[1 + 2

2
]
D

d 2
(x+ )

= D [1 + 1

2
2

2
]
D

Similarly in △PAE
1

AP = (AE 2
+ PE
2
) 2

2 2
d
= [D 2
+ (x −
2
) ]

2
d
⎡ x− ⎤
=D 1 +
1

2
(
2
2
)
⎣ D ⎦

So, BP-AP
d 2
(x+ )

=D+ 1

2
2

D
− D−
2D
1
(x −
d

2
2
)

= 1

2D
[
4xd

2
]

= xd

For bright fringes,

xd

D
= nλ
x= nλD

n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
n = 0 for central maxima
for dark fringes
xd λ

D
= (2n − 1) 2
λD
x = (2n − 1) 2d
n = 1, 2 ...
by using bright fringes
fringe width = x − x n n−1

= nλD

d
− (n − 1) = λD

d
λD

d
λD
β =
d

62. i. Ray diagram of the astronomical telescope as shown in the figure:

ii. The two aberrations that objectives of refracting telescope suffer from are given below;
a. Spherical aberrations: Because of the surface geometry of the lens, sharp point image of star is difficult to obtain on a
point.
b. In reflecting telescope, we use a parabolic mirror to remove this aberration.

15 / 24
 c. Chromatic aberrations: Different colors of light have a different refractive index with respect to glass. Hence different
colors would focus at different points. Hence the image of the white object would appear as different color point images.
This is known as chromatic aberrations.
d. In reflecting telescope, image is formed with reflected rays hence this aberration is removed.
63. When light ray incident on face KL, it is pass undeviated, because it is normal to the surface and incident on face KM. The angle
of incidence for face KM is equal to 60°.

∘
sin 60 n2
=
sin r n1 n2 = Second medium = air
– [
sin 60
∘
1 √3 n1 = Glass medium =
2

= = √3
–
sin r 2√3 2
∘
sin 60
⇒ sin r = = 1
√3

sin r = 1
r = 90o
Angle of emergence = 90o
Angle of deviation = 30o
64. Thin Lens Formula : Suppose an object AB of finite size is placed normally on the principal axis of a thin convex lens (fig.). A
ray AP starting from A parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through the lens, passes through the second focus F. Another
ray AC directed towards the optical centre C of the lens, goes straight undeviated. Both the rays meet at A' Thus A' is the real
image of A. The perpendicular A' B' dropped from A' on the principal axis is the whole image of AB.

Let distance of object AB from lens = u

Distance of image A' B' from lens = v
Focal length of lens = f. We can see that triangles ABC and A' B' C' are similar
AB CB

′ ′
= ′
...(i)
A B CB

Similarly triangles PCF and A' B' F are similar

PC CF

′
= ′
′
A B FB

But PC = A B
AB CF

′ ′
= ′
...(ii)
A B FB

From (i) and (ii), we get CB

′
=
CF

′
...(iii)
CB FB

From sign convention, CB = -u, CB' = v, CF = f

and FB' = CB' - CF = v - f
f
Substituting this value in (iii), we get, − u

v
=
v−f

or -u(v - f) = vf or -uv + uf = vf
1 1 1
Dividing throughout by uvf, we get v
−
u
=
f
...(iv)

16 / 24
65. i.

For quadrilateral AQN R,

∠A + ∠QN R = 180 ...(i) ∘

For triangle QNR

r1 + r2 + ∠QN R = 180 ...(ii) ∘

comparing equation (i) and (ii)

r + r = A ...(iii)
1 2

The angle of deviation

δ = (i − r ) + (e − r ) ...(iv)
1 2

from equation (iii) and (iv)

δ = i + e− A

Graph

ii.

∘
sin 45
= μ
sin θ
1
= μ sin θ
√2

For second surface,

∘
sin( 90 −θ) 1
∘
=
sin 90 μ

1 cos θ
= 1
√2 sin θ

1
tan θ =
√2

From the triangle GEF

1
sin θ =
√3
−
−
3
μ= √
2

66. Given that,

Focal length of the objective lens, f1 = 2.0 cm
Focal length of the eyepiece, f2 = 6.25 cm
Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece, d = 15 cm
a. Given that, Least distance of distinct vision, d' = 25 cm
Image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = -25 cm

17 / 24
 Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f
2

1 1 1
= −
u2 v2 f2

1 1 −1−4 −5
= − = =
−25 6.25 25 25

∴ u2 = -5cm
Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 - 5 = 10 cm
Object distance for the objective lens = u1
According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f
1

1 1 1 1 1 1−5 −4
= − = − = =
u1 v1 f 10 2 10 10
1

∴ u1 = -2.5 cm
Magnitude of the object distance, |u | = 2.5cm 1

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is:

v1 ′
d 10 25
m = (1 + ) = (1 + ) = 4(1 + 4) = 20
| u1 | f 2.5 6.25
2

b. The final image is formed at infinity.

Therefore, image distance for the eyepiece, v2 = ∞
Object distance for the eyepiece = u2
According to the lens formula, we have the relation,
1 1 1
− =
v2 u2 f2

1 1 1
− =
∞ u2 6.25

∴ u2 = -6.25 cm
Image distance for the objective lens, v1 = d + u2 = 15 - 6.25 = 8.75 cm
Object distance for the objective lens = u1
According to the lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v1 u1 f1

1 1 1 1 1 2−8.75
= − = − =
u1 v1 f1 8.75 2.0 17.5

17.5
∴ u1 = − = −2.59cm
6.75

Magnitude of the object distance, |u | = 2.59 cm 1

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is,

v1 ′
d 8.75 25
m = ( ) = × = 13.51
| u1 | | u2 | 2.59 6.25

Thus, the magnifying power of the microscope is 13.51

67. a. Magnifying power of reflecting type telescope is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to the angle
subtended at the unaided eye by the object.
Mathematically, we can write
f f f
m= fe
0
Or m = fe
0
(1 +
e

D
)

where, fo is the focal length of the objective, fe is the focal length of the eye-piece.
b. Using, the lens equation for objective lens,
1

f
= −
1

v0
1

u0
0

⇒
1

150
= 1

v0
−
1

5
−3×10

⇒
1

150
−
1

5
= vo
1

3×10
5

⇒ vo = 3×10

1999
= 150 cm
Hence, magnification due to the objective lens is given by,
vo −2 −2
150×10 10
mo = uo
= 3000
= 20

⇒ mo = 0.05 × 10-2
Now, using lens formula for eye-piece, we get

18 / 24
 1 1 1
= −
f ve ue
e
1 1 1
⇒
5
= −25
−
ue

−25
⇒ ue = 6
cm
−25
Therefore, magnification due to eyepiece me = 25
= 6 cm
−
6

Hence, total magnification, m = me × mo

m = 6 × 5 × 10-4
= 30 × 10-4
So, size of final image = 30 × 10-4 × 100 m = 30 cm
68. i. Consider the figure. Suppose L is a thin lens. The thickness of lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on the
principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface forms the image of O at I' at a
distance v' from P1.

From the refraction formula at spherical surface:

n2 n1 n2 − n1

v
′
- u
= R1
....(i)
The image I' acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface, the final image is formed at I.
The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The distance of virtual object (I') from pole P2 is (v' - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2) to first medium (refractive index
n1), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1 n2 n1 − n2

v
- ′
= R2
.....(ii)
( v −t)

For a thin lens, t is negligible as compared to v', therefore from (ii),

n1 n2 n2 − n1

v
−
′
=− R2
.....(iii)
(v )

Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get

n1 n1

v
−
u
= (n 2 − n1 ) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)

n2
or 1

v
−
1

u
=( n1
− 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
) .....(iv)
If the object O is at infinity, the image will be formed at second focus i.e. if u = ∞ , v = f2 = f
Therefore from equation (iv)
1

f
−
1

∞
= (μ − 1) ( 1

R1
−
1

R2
)

i.e. 1

f
= (μ − 1) ( 1

R1
−
1

R2
) ....(v)
This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Maker's Formula.
ii. Power of a Lens: The power of a lens is its ability to deviate the rays towards its principal axis. It is defined as the reciprocal
of focal length in metres.
Power of a lens, P = diopters = diopters
1 100

f( in metres ) f( in cm)
The SI unit for power of a lens is dioptre (D).
Power of convex lens, P1 = D = = 2 D
1

F1
1

0⋅50

Power of concave lens, P2 = F2

1
D =
1

−0⋅20
= −5 D

∴ Power of combination of lenses in contact

P = P1 + P2 = 2 - 5 = -3 D
69. Working Differences:
i. The objective of a telescope forms the image of a very far off object at, or within, the focus of its eyepiece. The microscope
does the same for a small object kept just beyond the focus of its objective.

19 / 24
 ii. The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by the unaided eye, while the final image
formed by a microscope is magnified relative to its absolute size.
iii. The objective of a telescope has a large focal length and large aperture, while the corresponding for a microscope has very
small values.
Given: f0 = 1.25 cm, fe = 5 cm
M = -30 (Magnifying power is negative)
We know,
v0
D
M = (1 + )
u0 fe

Where, v0 = Distance of image from objective, u0 = Distance of object from objective, D = Distance of least distinct vision
Thus,
v0
-30 = u0
(1 +
25

5
)

Thus, v0 = -5 u0
Using lens formula,
1 1 1
= − +
f u0 v0
0

1 1 1
= − −
1.25 u0 5u0

So, u0 = -1.5 cm
Thus the distance of object from objective is 1.5 cm.

70. i.

The complete derivation of the lens maker formula is described below. For refraction at surface ABC, we have
μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1

v1
−
u
=
R1
...(i) (Here μ 2, μ1 are the refractive index of the material )
For refraction at surface ADC, we have
μ μ μ −μ

v
1
−
v1
2
=
1

R2
2
...(ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
μ1 μ1 1 1

v
−
u
= (μ 2 − μ1 ) [
R1
−
R2
]

1 1 ( μ2 − μ1 ) 1 1

v
−
u
=[ μ
][
R1
−
R2
] ...(iii)
1

If the object is placed at infinity (u=∞ ), the image will be formed at the focus, i.e. v = f
Therefore
1

f
−
1

∞
= (μ21 − 1) [
R1
1
−
R2
1
] ...(iv)
From eq. (iii) and (iv), we have
1 1 1
− =
v u f

This is Lens maker formula.

ii. For refraction at convex lens, we have

Object distance, u = -12 cm

Image distance, v =?
Forcal length, f = + 10 cm
Using lens formula, we have
1 1 1
− =
v (−12) 10

i.e. v = + 60 cm

20 / 24
 Thus, in the absence of a convex mirror, the convex lens will form the image I1, at a distance of 60cm behind the lens. As the
mirror is at a distance of 10cm from the lens, image I1 will be at a distance of (60 - 10) = 50 cm from the mirror, i.e., MI1 = 50
cm.
Now, as the final image I2 is formed at the object itself, the rays after reflection from the mirror retrace its path, i.e., the rays
on the mirror are incident normally, i.e., I1 is the centre of the mirror so that
R = MI1 = +50 cm
and f = R

2
=
50

2
= 25 cm
Which is the focal length of the mirror.

71. i.

h h
From the diagram β = fe
and α = fo

f
Magnifying Power = fe
O

ii.

Fr lens L1,
1 1 1
− =
v u f

1 1 1
− =
v −36 24
1 1 1
= −
v 24 36

1 3−2 1
= =
v 72 72

v = 72 cm
For lens L2:
1 1 1
− =
′ ′ ′
v u f

1 1 1

′
− =
v (72−45) −18

1 1 1

′
= +
v −18 27

1 −3+2 −1

′
= =
v 54 54

v = -54 cm
Final distance v = -54 - (-45) ′
1

v = -9 cm (to the left of convex lens)

′
1
′
hi v

Magnification ho
=
1

hi −9

1
=
−36
⇒ hi = + 1

4
cm
hence,height of the image formed 1

4
cm
72. AMB is a convex surface separating two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 > n1). Consider a point object O placed on the
principal axis. A ray ON is incident at N and refracts along NI. The ray along ON goes straight and meets the previous ray at I.
Thus I is the real image of O.

21 / 24
 From Snell's law,
n2 sin i
=
n1 sin r

n1sin i = n2sin r
or n1i = n2r [∵ sin θ ≅θ as θ is very small]
From ΔN OC , i = α + γ
From ΔN I C , γ = r − β
or r = γ − β
∴ n1 (α + γ) = n2 (γ − β)

or n α + n β = (n
1 2 2 − n1 )γ

But α ≅tan α = NP

OP
=
NP

OM
[P is close to M]
NP NP
β ≅tan β = =
PI MI
NP NP
γ ≅tan γ = =
PC MC
NP NP NP
∴ n1 ⋅ + n2 ⋅ = (n2 − n1 )
OM MI MC
n1 n2 n2 − n1
or OM
+
MI
=
MC

Using Cartesian sign convention,

OM = -u, MI = +v, MC = +R
n1 n2 n2 − n1
∴ + =
−u v R
n2 n1 n2 − n1
or v
−
u
=
R

The lens maker formula gives us the relationship,

1 1 1
= (μ − 1)( − )
f R1 R2

i.e. focal length, f and refractive index, μ have inverse dependence.

Now, as refractive index of water is greater than the air, the focal length of the lens will reduce when immersed in water.

73. a.

Image formed by the first lens A,

v1
−
1
= ...(i)
1

u f1
1

Image formed by second lens B,

1 1 1

v
−
v1
=
f2
...(ii)
Adding eq (i) and (ii), we get,
1

v
− = +
1

u
...(iii) 1

f f
1

1 2

If the two lens system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, we have
1

v
− = ...(iv)
1

u
1

From equation (iii) and (iv) ,we get

1 1 1
= +
f f f
1 2

b. i. From graph we see that as the object moves away from the lens the image comes nearer. which means it is a convex lens.
ii. u = -20 cm
40
v= cm 3
1 1 1
= −
f v u

3 1
= +
40 20

22 / 24
 f = 8 cm
Hence, the focal length of the lens 8 cm.
74. The complete path is shown in the figure.

Let a spherical refracting surface XY separate a rarer medium of refractive index n1 from a denser medium of refractive index n2.
Let P be the pole, C be the centre and R = PC be the radius of curvature of this surface.
Consider a point object O lying on the principal axis of the surface.
Let ∠AOM = α, ∠AlM = β, ∠ACM = γ
As external angle of a triangle is equal to sum of internal opposite angles, therefore, in ΔIAC,
r+β=γ
r = γ - β ....(i)
Similarly, in ΔOAC , i = α + γ ...(ii)
According to Snell's law,
n2

n1
= = ...(ii) (∵ angles are small)
sin i

sin r
i

∴ n1i = n2r
Using (i) and (ii), we obtain
n1 (α + γ) = n2 (γ − β)

As angles α , β and γ are small, and applying trigonometric functions, we obtain

∴ n1 (
AM

MO
+
AM

MC
) = n2 (
AM

MC
−
AM

MI
) ...(iii)
As aperture of the spherical surface is small, M is close to P. Therefore, MO ≈ PO, MI ≈ PI, MC ≈ PC
From (iii),
1 1 1 1
n1 ( + ) = n2 ( − )
PO PC PC PI

n1 n2 n2 − n1
∴ + =
PO PI PC

Using new Cartesian sign conventions, we put

PO = -u, PI = +v, PC = R
n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ =
−u v R

This is the required relation.

Now, f ∝ (from lens maker formula)
1

μ−1

As a wavelength of incident light increases, μ decreases. Hence, the focal length f increases.

75. a. Consider that a ray of light PQ is incident on the refracting face AB of the prism at point Q as shown in figure. When light
passes through a prism refraction takes place at both the surfaces of the prism.

In figure, i and e are the angle of incidence and emergence respectively. Angles r1 and r2 are angle of refraction at both the
surfaces of the prism. A is the angle of prism and δ be the angle of deviation.
The rays PQ, QR and RS are called incident ray, refracted ray and emergent ray respectively. Produce SR backwards, so as to
meet the ray PQ at point T, when produced. Then, KTS = δ is called the angle of deviation.

23 / 24
 Since ∠ TQO = i and ∠ RQO = r1, we have
∠ TQR = i - r1
Also, ∠ TRO = e and ∠ QRO = r2. Therefore,
∠ TRQ = e - r2
Now, in triangle TQR, the side QT has been produced outwards. Therefore,
δ = ∠ TQR + ∠ TRQ = (i - r1) + (e - r2)

or δ = (i + e) - (r1 + r2) ....(i)

In triangle QRO, the sum of the angles is 180o. Therefore,

r1 + r2 + ∠ QOR = 180o ...(ii)

In quadrilateral AQOR, each of the angles AQO and ARO is 90o. Since the sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is four
angles, the sum of the remaining two angles should be 180o i.e.
A + ∠ QOR = 180o ....(iii)
From the equation (ii) and (iii), we have
r1 + r2 = A ...(iv)
In the equation (i), substituting for (r1 + r2) we have
δ = (i + e) - A
or A + δ = i + e
Hence, δ = (i + e) − A
b. The incident ray is deviated through δ = 62 ∘ ′
48 when angle i = 40o6'. From the principle of reversibility of light, it is clear
from the figure that the emergent ray (for which angle e = 82o42') is also deviated through the same angle δ . Now,

δ = (i + e) − A

or A = (i + e) − δ
∘ ′ ∘ ′ ∘ ′
= 40 6 + 82 42 − 62 48

or A = 60°
which is the refractive angle of the prism.
For minimum deviation, i = e
Hence, δ = 2i − A
min

δmin +A
or i = ( 2
)

∘ ∘
( 51 + 60 )
∘ ′
= = 55 30
2

which is the angle of incidence at minimum deviation? The refractive index of the material of the prism is given by
(δmin +A)
sin
2
μ=
A
sin
2
∘ ∘
51 +60
sin( )
2

or μ = 60∘
sin
2

or μ = 1.648

24 / 24