Rs2

International Journal of Sustainable Development
in Computing Science
Open Access, Peer Reviewed, Refereed Journal
ISSN: 3246-544X
Developing a Fog Computing-based AI

Framework for Real-time Traffic
Management and Optimization
1
Karthik Meduri, 1Geeta Sandeep Nadella, 1Hari Gonaygunta, 2Sai Sravan Meduri
1
Dept of Information Technology, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, KY, USA
2
Department of Computer Science, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA
*[email protected]
* corresponding author
JOURNAL I N F O ABSTRACT
Double Peer Reviewed
Impact Factor: 5.6 (SJR)
This research is based on fog computing studies, in which we
Open Access
explored, designed, and developed fog-computing AI-based real-
Refereed Journal
time traffic management and optimization frameworks. To detect
the interaction between fog computing technologies and artificial
intelligence. In this research, the proposed framework operates at
the edge of networks to facilitate rapid data collection and
preprocessing to enhance the decision-making ability of systems. In
a given architecture, there are various layers, like fog, edge, cloud,
and AI layers. Every layer plays a vital role in data gathering and
processing, from analytics to traffic optimization. They integrated
the data from various devices and sources, like traffic sensors
(ultrasonic), cameras, and GPS-signal data. This framework enables
effective traffic prediction and manages and optimizes their system.
For the real-time data preprocess in fog nodes, combined with
optimizing techniques such as the genetic algorithm, particle swarm
optimization (PSO), and ant colony optimization (ACO), these
technologies allow dynamic traffic signal control and route
optimization. They are used to ensure their scalability and reliability
when employing deployment strategies. Experimental evaluations
are conducted to reduce congestion and quick response times with
various traffic scenarios. At the end of the comparative analysis,
previous studies are highlighted to be compared with their
techniques, results, and limitations with our proposed model. This
real-time AI framework for fog computing to optimize traffic and
manage it gives the easiest solution for addressing urban traffic and
identifies the challenges to enhancing the transportation system to
make it more effective and efficient in the future.
.
Introduction
1.1 Background
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www.ijsdcs.com A Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 3246-544X
Smart cities are urban areas that exploit knowledge and data to recover excellence in life for
their populations and increase the efficiency of town services to promote sustainability.
Integrating information-with-communications technology (ICT) for the Internet of Things is
dominant in creating intelligent urban areas [1]. Large-scale data collection and analysis are
made for advanced technological developments since various sources facilitate better
decision-making and more efficient management of urban resources. The core components
of a smart city include smart infrastructure, energy-efficient buildings, and advanced
transportation systems. Smart governance uses data to make more informed policy decisions
and engages with citizens to positively impact the smart economy, innovation, and digital
facilities in a very smooth environment to easily focus on sustainable practices and reduce
pollution [1-2]. To live these smart things, which aim to enhance the total quality of life,
improved healthcare, education, and safety are most important.
In which roads and city traffic are interconnected, systems work together to create a more
responsive and adaptive urban environment. Easily, smart grids optimize energy distribution,
reducing waste and lowering costs. For clever water management systems, monitor and
control water usage to prevent leaks and ensure efficient distribution. These interconnected
systems not only enhance the functionality of urban services but also promote sustainable
development to minimize the ecological footprint of cities. Traffic management is a critical
component of smart cities due to its direct impact on urban flexibility, economic
productivity, environmental sustainability, and public safety [3]. Efficient traffic
management systems leverage advanced technologies to monitor, control, and optimize
traffic flows, reducing congestion, minimizing travel time, and enhancing the overall
transportation experience.
One of the main benefits of smart traffic management is the reduction of traffic congestion
by using real-time data from sensors, devices, and cameras to catch GPS device data. Traffic
management applications can alter traffic signals with continuous performance; some
redirect cars and buses and offer drivers live traffic information. This helps flatten traffic
flow, reduce bottlenecks, and avoid gridlock. Shorter commute times, lower fuel
consumption techniques, and decreased emissions contribute to a more sustainable urban
environment [4]. Fast, effective traffic management improves community protection. Smart
traffic systems can detect accidents or hazardous conditions in real time, enabling quicker
response times from emergency services. They can also prioritize the movement of
emergency vehicles through adaptive signal control devices to ensure that ambulances with
fire trucks can connect with police cars and reach their destinations swiftly and securely. To
optimize and manage traffic patterns and identify dangerous intersections, city organizers
can implement targeted measures to decrease accidents and improve road protection [4-5].
1.2 Research Aim
This research aims to develop and evaluate a fog computing-based AI framework for real-
time traffic management with optimization. The capabilities of fog computing and artificial
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intelligence in the proposed framework aim to enhance the efficiency and receptiveness of
traffic management structures in urban environments. The research addresses key challenges
in traffic management to identify congestion mitigation and incident detection for route
optimization with real-time data processing and optimization algorithms. The main
objectives are to contribute to advancing smart transportation systems by developing and
assessing the planned framework, leading to safer, more sustainable, and more efficient
metropolitan movements.
1.3 Problem Statement
Urban transportation mobbing poses important challenges to transport systems universal to
augmented tourism times with petroleum consumption's ecological effluence. Traditional
traffic management systems often struggle to effectively address these challenges due to
limitations in data processing speeds, executive latency, and adaptability to dynamic traffic
conditions. The increasing complexity of city road networks and the growing volume of real-
time traffic data further aggravate these issues [5]. There is a pressing need for innovative
solutions to efficiently manage and optimize traffic flow using advanced technologies such
as fog computing with AI. Existing research in this area frequently lacks comprehensive
contexts that flawlessly mix these technologies to provide accessible and responsive
solutions for adaptive traffic management.
1.4 Research summary
The research focuses on developing and calculating a fog-computing-based AI framework
personalized in place of real-time traffic management and optimization. The chapter starts
by highlighting the pressing challenges of urban traffic congestion and the limitations of
traditional traffic management systems in addressing these issues effectively. It articulates
the need for innovative solutions leveraging advanced technologies like fog computing and
artificial intelligence to enhance traffic management efficiency. The research aims to fill this
gap by proposing a comprehensive framework that assimilates fog computing with AI to
enable fast data processing, dynamic decision-making, and adaptive traffic control. This
chapter lays the groundwork for the subsequent chapters, which will delve deeper into the
proposed framework's development, implementation, and evaluation. Strive toward
advancing intelligent transportation systems, eventually resulting in improved effectiveness
secured via environmentally friendly city transport.
2. Related Work
The development of transportation administration systems and technological breakthroughs
made computing with fog and the Internet possible to be integrated into smart metropolises.
Large volumes of traffic data are gathered and transferred to central servers for analysis in
traditional traffic management systems, which mostly rely on centralized data processing.
Although somewhat successful, these systems have serious issues with adaptability and
latency. When managing data in real-time from a growing variety of urban sensing
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equipment. In immediate view, traffic data may now be collected by a network of networked
devices, including CCTV cameras, sensors, and even GPS components, thanks to the World
Wide Web of Things [6]. For centrally controlled processing systems, a huge amount of
information generated by devices is difficult, resulting in delays and losses. This is the
application of fog computing, which computes power farther from the data sources and
distributes the handling of fog technology, which lowers latency and facilitates quicker, more
effective decision-making [7].
2.1 Fog Computing Technologies
To highlight the major benefits of integrating IoT and fog computing technology for real-
time rush-hour traffic control, smart towns and cities. Urban regions have significant issues
controlling traffic flow and maintaining safety for citizens. These may be addressed by
collaborating among the above technologies, which allows for better information
manufacturing, faster reaction times, and increased scalability. Building on these
discoveries, the current research creates a strong foundation for improved transportation
planning in smart cities by utilizing computational fog computing and the Internet of Things
[8]. A cloud computing expansion that brings processing power closer to the information's
source was unveiled via Cisco Systems. Fogging technology decentralizes data processing,
unlike typical cloud computing, which sends information to central servers to be processed
with local nodes or gadgets, lowering latencies and enhancing local analysis of information
and immediate data processing capability. Previous studies have emphasized several
advantages of computational fogging, particularly when instantaneous processing is
essential [9].
Figure 1: Fog Computing Technologies

• Reduced latency: while processing data locally in Fog Computing minimizes the
time it takes to analyze and respond to data, it is central for requests requiring real-
time decision-making [8-10].
• Scalability: Fog networks can scale more by allocating processing tasks across many
edge devices, given the rising number of IoT devices in urban environments.
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• Bandwidth Optimization: Filtering on Edge-Fog Computing decreases the quantity

of data that wants to be transferred to central servers, optimizing bandwidth usage
and reducing costs.
• Enhance-Security: For security, Giving out data locally can reduce the risk of data
cracks during transmission and add an extra layer of security.
In the medical field, It was recently demonstrated that computing enhances systems for
tracking patients, processing data from wearables, enabling quick reactions to important
health events, providing real-time equipment monitoring, and managing cloud computing,
which improves the effectiveness of commercial IoT systems and decreases downtime while
increasing output [10].
2.1.1 IOT Sensors Technology
A huge network of networked devices that collect and segment data is recognized as the
Internet of Things (IoT). Examples of IoT technology are sensors, actuators, cameras, and
other gadgets that collect data instantly from their surroundings. These devices connect
through various networks and guidelines to build an intelligent system that can monitor and
react to various situations. Smart technologies are essential in many areas, including
handling waste, transport, and energy. Substantial prior research has proven intelligent
traffic control systems. Highway condition data is gathered, traffic movement is monitored,
and accidents are detected using Internet of Things devices or webcams. In order to analyze
traffic movements, forecast congestion, and make well-informed choices to maximize the
volume of traffic, this data is essential [11].
Figure 2: Sensor Technologies process

• Sensors and actuators: These devices collect data on various parameters, like traffic
flow and air quality, temperature, and humidity. Actuators can act based on data
inputs, such as adjusting traffic signals or activating alarms.
• Connectivity: connected devices use various communication protocols with Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth, and cellular networks are used to transmit data. This connectivity is
essential for seamlessly mixing different systems inside a smart city [12].
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• Data analytics: analyzing the data generates vast amounts of data that can be
analyzed to uncover patterns, predict trends, and make informed decisions. Advanced
analytics can optimize urban services, from traffic management to waste collection.
IoT allows automation of urban services, enlightening competence and reducing necessity
intended for human interference. Instances comprise automated traffic signal controls and
smart street lighting [12-13].
2.2 Evolution of Smarts Cities traffics
Smart city initiatives have gained attention due to the diverse outcomes observed throughout
the globe. Though some initiatives have faced severe obstacles, others have effectively
implemented clever solutions [14]. The Songdo IBD-Smart City around South Korea and
the Google Sidewalk Laboratory's endeavor to create a smart neighborhood in Toronto are
notable examples. Google Sidewalk Labs had problems with data privacy and using public
space, whereas Songdo-IBD received recognition for its cutting-edge technological
infrastructure. Large-scale intelligent city initiatives that have advanced significantly include
Smart Nation Malaysia and Green Dubai. Through efforts in smart mobility, Smart-Dubai
hopes to establish itself as the "happiest-smartest-city-in-the-world." savvy living savvy
government. Smart Nation Singapore has applied smart solutions in transportation, energy,
and public services to enhance citizens' quality of life [15].
Figure 3: Evolution of smart cities traffic [15]

Fig 2 shows that the evolution of smart cities for Refurbished and brownfield developments
differ noticeably as Smart City initiatives progress. Brownfield initiatives concentrate on
reconstruction, whereas greenfield projects include starting from scratch. The number of
Brownfield Smart City efforts has increased recently, indicating the concept's maturity and
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expanding acceptance by the marketplaces, which has sped up the idea-to-development

process. Many smart city projects started as modest neighborhood projects connected to
scholarly study [15-16]. The first significant developer-led project, Songdo IBD, was
constructed on 1,500 acres and drew in actual purchasers prepared to pay market rates for
real estate. Songdo Province IBD was conceived and constructed entirely from the bottom
up as a greenfield project in Masdar City. It was also a greenfield project designed from the
ground up to be a smart city.
Figure 4: Smart Cities flagship plot

The Amsterdam Smart City project in Fig 3 above forced state and local governments to
rethink their approaches after realizing the importance of integrating smart solutions into
ongoing urban initiatives for sustainable development. Amsterdam made a big choice that
has fueled the city's continued growth of smart cities when it selected Ger Baron as Chief
Technical Officer in 2014 to promote cooperation between the public and commercial
sectors. Following Amsterdam's lead, many global cities have started initiatives to upgrade
their current infrastructure to smart infrastructure. To assess the advancement of cities, some
indices have been developed, including the Mori-Foundation Global Power City Index, the
IESE Cities in Motion Index, the AT Kearney Global Cities Index, the Easy-Park Cities of
the Future Index, and the Smart Eco-City Index [17].
According to the article, fostering a spirit of rivalry promotes growth even more. Songdo
IBD-Smart City in South Korea has received recognition for its cutting-edge technological
framework. This achievement emphasizes how crucial it is to have thorough planning, make
significant investments in smart infrastructure, and form strong public-private partnerships,
which are trendy directives to understand the goal of a smart city. Massive smart city
initiatives that have achieved notable progress include Smart Dubai and Smart Nation
Singapore. These programs highlight the importance of thorough planning and an all-
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encompassing strategy for developing smart cities. They cover various topics, including
energy, transit, and government, focusing on citizen-centric efforts that enhance residents'
quality of life while encouraging healthy urban development [18].
2.3 Key Challenges in Traffic Management
Urban traffic management is fraught with various difficulties, including traffic jams,
inadequate infrastructure for integrating trains or buses, safety issues while integrating the
Internet in behavioral shifts, environmental effects, and financial limitations. A
comprehensive strategy, including cooperation between several stakeholders and applying
numerous tactics, including behavioral modifications, is needed to address these issues [19].
Cities may work toward implementing systems for traffic control and implementing
complete solutions.
Urban regions with frequent traffic present several issues for traffic management. Among
the principal obstacles are:
1. Congestions: Many cities have serious traffic congestion problems. It wastes more
fuel than is used, resulting in environmental contamination. In order to manage
traffic, it is necessary to put in place efficient traffic management systems that
optimize traffic signal timing, allocate lanes for public transit, and encourage the use
of alternate forms of transportation like walking and cycling.
2. Infrastructure Limits: To handle expanding populations and an increasing number
of cars, many cities suffer from inadequate transportation infrastructure. The expense
of constructing new highways or expanding existing ones can be substantial, and
there may be opposition because of space constraints in crowded places or ecological
issues [19-20].
3. Integrating with Urban Transport: Promoting public transportation is crucial to
lowering pollution and traffic because different public transportation modes, such as
buses and trains in metros, have separate operating systems besides timetables for
fare structures. While combining them can be difficult, open transportation must be
better connected and coordinated across various systems to increase passenger
attraction and convenience.
4. Security Worries: One major obstacle to traffic management is the number of traffic
accidents and deaths [20]. Enforcing traffic regulations and putting in place
pedestrian crossings, speed bumps, and traffic signals are crucial steps in improving
road safety and lowering accident rates.
5. Technology Integrations: Advancements in technologies in which intelligent
transport systems (ITS) and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication offer
opportunities to improve traffic; incorporating these skills into existing organizations
and ensuring compatibility among different systems can be multifaceted and costly.
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A broad plan involving collaboration between governmental organizations, transportation

leaders, architects, planners, and individuals is needed to address these issues. A free mix of
technological advancements, regulatory changes, and public outreach initiatives are required
to build more effective, secure, and environmentally friendly rail networks. It is important,
yet difficult, to smoothly integrate public transit into the built environment. It entails
guaranteeing the final kilometers of connections, optimizing fare buildings, and coordinating
various systems. Unintentional crashes cause a significant loss of life, and safety is still of
the utmost importance [21]. Tactics like traffic-calming measures and stricter enforcement
of traffic regulations are crucial to reduce these dangers.
2.4 Fog Computing Real-Time Applications
Moving processing resources more closely to the network edge that was computing with fog,
a novel paradigm expands the possibilities of standard cloud computing. This strategy has
much potential for creating and implementing smart-cities applications, wherein swift
information processing is key. Fog computing's ability to provide rapid data processing
along the network edge is one of its main benefits for cities with smart capabilities. It allows
for speedier insights and decisions without the delay that comes with transporting data to
centralized cloud servers near essential to send sensitive data over long distances and
ensuring compliance with privacy requirements; fog computer technology improves
confidentiality and safety in smart cities, and fosters trust among participants and inhabitants
[22]. Fog computing also reduces the danger of data breaches.
Table 1: Real-time Application in Fog
Applications Descriptions
Traffic Maximizing traffic flow eases congestion and enhances road safety by
Management using fog computing to interpret real-time data from the Global
Positioning System cameras and traffic monitors.
Environmental Fog nodes are being deployed to gather and process data from pollution
Monitoring monitors meteorological stations with sensors monitoring air quality to
determine the environment's state, identify abnormalities, and enable
prompt reactions to potential risks.
Smart Lighting With smart lights in place, fog-based systems to regulate and modify
street lighting in response to variables such as pedestrian volume, the
time of day, and weather energy consumption might be maximized,
improving visibility and safety in metropolitan areas.
Public Safety For public security, fog computing can analyze data from urgent call
systems as a whole gunfire detector with CCTV footage to improve
citizen security in urban contexts by facilitating speedy incident
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management to improve situational consciousness and overall response

times.
Waste Using fog nodes to observe seal points in trash baskets is being boosted
Management by leftover collection routes to facilitate recycling initiatives with
further efficient waste management and reduced environmental
influence in smart cities.
Smart-Park Deploying fog-based solutions to monitor parking spaces provides
system drivers with information on availability via mobile apps and optimizes
parking resource utilization to reduce traffic congestion and releases.
2.5 Ai application in traffic Optimization

Traffic management system optimization is increasingly dependent on artificial intelligence
(AI). Applying cutting-edge algorithms and machine learning models with artificial
intelligence (AI) to traffic optimization aims to improve and forecast traffic flow in
metropolitan areas. These AI-powered technologies seek to lessen traffic, shorten travel
times, increase security, and boost the general effectiveness of transportation systems [23].
1. Deep Learning for Navigation and Traffic Forecasting: Large volumes of traffic
data from several sources, including images from cameras, sensors, and satellite
navigation systems, are analyzed using models based on deep learning, among which
are present CNNs (convolutional neural networks) and recurrent neural networks
(RNNs). While a CNN algorithm could examine contemporaneous video feeds to
identify traffic congestion, these models can estimate conditions for traffic with
complicated spatial and temporal correlations in the data [24]. RNNs can be utilized
to predict traffic movements according to past data.
2. Optimizations-Algorithms: AI-driven optimization methods manage lane
allocations and dynamically modify traffic signal timing. Examples of these
algorithms comprise particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic methods (GAs).
By constantly adapting to shifting traffic circumstances, these algorithms maximize
traffic flow. Signal timing strategies can be evolved to decrease total wait times at
crossings and thwart GA assaults. PSO may adjust traffic routing to distribute the
load evenly throughout the network.
3. Smart Traffic Sign Controls: AI-powered intelligent traffic signal control systems
utilize reinforcement learning techniques to manage signal timing. For easily
interacting with the traffic environment, learn optimal policies that minimize
congestion and maximize traffic throughput with reinforcement learning [24-25].
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The agent can adjust signal phases based on real-time traffic density, reducing idle
times and improving the flow of vehicles through intersections.
4. Incident Detection and Management: Machine learning models are used to detect
and respond to traffic incidents, such as accidents caused by road closures. In real-
time, facts from web cameras and sensors inside models can identify unusual patterns
that indicate an incident [26] once AI systems can notify relevant authorities and
provide alternative routing suggestions to mitigate the impact on the complete rush-
hour traffic stream.
2.6 Research Gap
A study of the scientific literature on computerized fog applications in traffic management
and smart cities provides important new insights into the possible advantages and difficulties
of combining fog computing with Internet of Things technology. Because of the abundance
of knowledge, there are substantial gaps in research that demand more study. Even though
the benefits of fog computing and increased security have been extensively discussed in
deeper empirical research, case studies are required to show the technology's practical
effectiveness in traffic control circumstances. Research that has already been done frequently
concentrates on theoretical models or simulations and lacks hard data on how well they
operate in urban settings. The relationship between fog computing and technology like
blockchain and artificial intelligence is largely unexplored in the context of smart traffic
management. Examining how these complementary technologies might work together to
manage traffic issues more successfully and economically may yield insightful information
for both practical applications and future research.
3. Research Methodology
In the methodology section, which describes and develops the AI-based framework with fog
computing technologies to manage and optimize the real-time traffic network system to
enhance its latency and response times, various components are interconnected in a frame,
like nodes, to make the network more secure:
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Figure 5: Proposed Framework

3.1 System Architecture Details
Detailed Description of the Proposed Fog Computing-based AI Framework:
• Fog Layer: the first layer consists of distributed fog nodes placed closer to the data
sources (e.g., traffic camera devices with sensors). These nodes handle the initial data
processing, filtering, and preliminary analytics to reduce inactivity.
• Edge Layer: the second layer Includes IoT devices such as traffic sensors, CCTV
cameras, and vehicles that generate real-time traffic data.
• Cloud Layer: The third layer is the cloud, which serves as a centralized repository
for storing large bulks of historical data and performing composite analytics that are
not time-sensitive.
• AI Layer: This layer includes machine learning models with other AI techniques
that run on fog and cloud layers for predictive analytics and optimization.
Components of the System and Their Interactions:
• IoT Devices (Edge Layer): it collects data from traffic and sends it to close fog
nodes or devices.
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• Fog Nodes (Fog Layer): To route data in real-time to perform local analytics and
communicate with other fog nodes for a synchronized response. They also interact
per cloud layer for complex data analysis and modeling.
• Cloud Servers (Cloud Layer): Store historical data from vehicles to train with AI
models and update fog nodes using sophisticated models.
• AI Models (AI Layer): Organized across fog and cloud layers for traffic predictions,
congestion detection, and optimization of traffic signals.
3.2 Data Collection
A range of data types is necessary for real-time traffic management to be effective. The
number, velocity, and percentage of vehicles in the line of traffic offer important information
on the condition of the roadway network today. The connectivity of environmental
information within the management system is necessary since it affects traffic patterns and
safety. This data includes weather and road surface states. Data on incidents related to
crashes and blocked roads is essential for quick reactions and rerouting plans to reduce
traffic. Feedback on the present traffic management measures is provided via signal timings
and traffic light statuses to enable dynamic modifications to improve flow. Real-time
tracking and traffic condition prediction are made possible by the exact position and
movement information provided by GPS data from automobiles. These many kinds of data
combine to create a large dataset that drives the AI-powered fog computing system for
effective and flexible traffic control.
3.2.1 Methods of Data Collection
• Sensors: These are to be embedded in roads to monitor vehicle count and speed.
• Cameras: They provide visual data aimed at traffic flow and incident detection.
• GPS-Signals Data: Installed in buses to track their position and undertaking.
• Mobile Signals Data: Collect data after travelers (e.g., Google Maps).
3.3 Data Preprocessing
Real-time traffic data is handled on fog nodes via many stages, such as preprocessing to
standardize and aggregate the data for analysis and filtering out redundant or unnecessary
information to save processing burden. These nodes provide local analytics using minimal
AI models to anticipate traffic conditions and identify patterns quickly. To optimize traffic
management in real-time, various techniques are utilized in neural networks for complex
pattern recognition models for regression for traffic flow forecasting, machine learning for
adaptable signal regulation, and algorithms that cluster data for congested hotspot discovery.
3.3.1 Real Times Data Process In Fog
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• Data Aggregation: combines and summarizes numerous data points into an

individual, cohesive unit.
• Data Filtering: removes irrelevant or redundant data to reduce the volume of
processed information and improve efficacy and accuracy.
• Preliminary Analysis: Initial inspection of the filtered data to identify basic patterns
with depth trends of anomalies to provide insights that inform further analysis and
decision-making.
3.4 Traffic Optimization Techniques
The AI framework for real-time traffic management based on fog computing uses three
optimization algorithms: Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for congestion management and
dynamic pathfinding, Particle Swarm Optimization for route optimization and traffic flow
improvement, and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for traffic signal timing optimization. Based
on real-time traffic data, algorithms dynamically modify the timing of traffic signals to
redirect cars to relieve congestion and react quickly to accidents or road closures [22]. The
real-time decision-making process guarantees effective traffic flow and reduces delays in
metropolitan settings.
1. Genetic Algorithm
• Description: From continuously developing a population of alternative
solutions, genetic algorithms (GAs) are heuristic optimization approaches
inspired by the selection mechanism within the nature of traffic planning. GAs
may be employed to optimize road signal schedules.
• Applications: Using real-time traffic data in G-A may modify the length of the
green-effect, yellow-color, and red lights on traffic signals to alleviate congestion
and enhance the speed of traffic [27]. It seeks to determine the ideal timing
sequence to enhance traffic flow and reduce vehicle waiting periods at crossings.
2. Particle Swarm Optimization
• Overview: Based on the social behavior of fish schools or flocks of birds,
optimization for particle swarms is a population-level optimization approach.
Particles to candidate solutions traverse the search space in PSO and modify their
locations according to both the international best-known position discovered by
the whole swarm and their personal best-known position.
• Application: In the apps that treat every particle as a possible path for cars, PSO
may be applied to route optimization and traffic flow improvement. It can
dynamically modify routes by shifting traffic circumstances, reducing travel
duration and traffic.
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3.4.1 Real-Time Process for Decision

With actual-time data and optimization procedures, the fog computing-based AI structures
can adjust to changing roadway circumstances and increase traffic efficiency. These real-
time decision-making steps are essential for optimizing traffic management and
guaranteeing efficient traffic circulation in urban environments [28].
▪ Transportation Signal Controller: Adjusting signal techniques
enthusiastically constructed on real-time traffic data.
▪ Routes Diversion: Provide alternate routes to chauffeurs to improve
overcrowding.
▪ Happening Response: Perceiving and answering traffic happenings
promptly.
This process involves animatedly adjusting the timings of traffic- signs going on inter-
sections based on continuous real-time traffic data. Traffic signal-control algorithms, such
as genetic algorithms with optimized signal timings, make the most of traffic flow and reduce
congestion.
Table 2: Real Times Process Signal Data
Intersection Current Signal Timings Optimized Signal Timings
1 30s (Green), 10s (Red) 40s (Green), 5s (Red)
Table 2 compares signal timings beforehand and after optimization, demonstrating how
traffic signal control procedures can vigorously adjust signal techniques to enhance traffic
adeptness and decrease congestion at connections within the urban traffic network.
3.5 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models
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Machine learning and deep learning play crucial roles in modern traffic management
systems, offering powerful tools for predicting traffic, optimizing it, and pattern recognition.
These models influence old data and real-time responses to forecast traffic situations to
enhance traffic management and detect anomalies, accidents, or unusual traffic patterns.
Machine learning algorithms include time series forecasting and monitoring traffic volume
and congestion levels as well as reinforcement learning and optimization techniques to adjust
traffic control strategies [29]. The deep learning models implemented were CNNs and the
Adam-optimizer model, which excel in pattern recognition by detecting occurrences and
anomalies from traffic camera feeds and sensor data. The outputs generated by these models
provide real-time traffic insides for predictive analytics and optimized traffic management
authorities to make informed verdicts and traffic proficiency in urban atmospheres.
3.5.1 Traffic Prediction
Machine learning models forecast traffic situations using current and past statistics. To
predict the circulation of degrees in traffic jams and commute times, these models examine
some variables, including past traffic patterns with different times in the morning and days
to cover the environment and holidays.
• Time series models (ARIMA and LSTM) are frequently employed to forecast
traffic volume and congestion conditions over time.
• Regression models, which consist of the random forest model and logistic
regression, forecast traffic taking into account previous data, the specific
moment of day, and the climate.
3.5.2 Traffic Optimization
In order to decrease traffic congestion and maximize traffic flow in real time, machine
learning and optimization approaches are utilized.
• These models assess the state of the traffic and modify route advice, traffic lights,
and other traffic control techniques to increase effectiveness.
• Reinforcement learning algorithms are applied to feature technologies like Q-
learning and Deep Q-Networks (DQN), which acquire the most effective
management policies through interaction with the surroundings and input on how
well their actions work.
• The timing of traffic signals and control schemes can be improved by using these
models.
• Genetic algorithms: To enhance traffic routing techniques, signaling timings and
additional traffic management tactics may be optimized via optimization techniques
like ant colony and particle swarm optimization.
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3.5.3 Pattern Recognition

In order to recognize patterns in real-time traffic info, which include anomalies, odd traffic
incidents, and catastrophes, models utilizing deep learning are utilized. To find incidents and
odd occurrences, these algorithms examine trends and anomalies in vehicle traffic flows to
speed-measuring and density.
• From traffic webcam feeds, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are
utilized for image-based traffic analysis to identify accidents, roadblocks, and
anomalous traffic circumstances.
• Sequence-based analyzing traffic uses recurrent neural networks known as
RNNs and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to find patterns and
abnormalities in travel flow and performance data.
3.6 Deployment Strategies
The AI framework constructed around fog computing can be effectively managed, deployed,
and updated in cloud-based environments through deployment methodologies, providing
adaptability, which is a major factor in dependability and agility in immediate traffic
management and optimization applications.
Table 3: Deployment Strategies
Deployment Strategy Description Application Benefits
Containerization Encapsulates Docker for packaging Isolation and

applications and AI framework portability are
dependencies into components such as simplified
portable containers. data processes with placement.
AI models for
message protocols.
Orchestration Automates Kubernetes on behalf Efficient
management of managing resource
systems for deployments across utilized for
deployment and fog to cloud layers. scalability and
scaling of reliability.
containerized
applications.
Continuous Computerized CI/CD pipelines for Express to
Integration/Continuous integration with test automatic tests for reliable
Deployment (CI/CD) and deployment building in the delivery of
processes. framework updates and
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deployment reduced
modernizes. physical errors.
The fog computed-based AI framework deployment strategies include En-compass

containerization with orchestration and continuous integrate-continuous deployment (CI-
CD). Containerization exploits tools like Dockers to encapsulate the framework components
into port-able containers to ensure isolation, bounce, portability, and simplified arrangement.
Orchestration and Kubernetes mechanize the management and scaling of containerized
applications across miasma and fog layers while enabling efficient resource utilization,
scalability, and consistency.
4. Experimental Setup and Results
The experimental setup aimed to evaluate the performance of the fog comprehensively
computing-based AI-designed framework in real-time traffic management and optimization.
The framework's architecture, which comprised fog nodes, edge devices, cloud servers,
signals, and AI models, was to be implemented in simulated urban traffic network
environments. A simulated urban traffic network was created instead of a typical cityscape
with intersections, roads, and varying traffic flow patterns. Fog nodes were purposefully
placed at key intersections and traffic hotspots to route real-time traffic data collected from
IOT devices.
4.1 Testing Scenarios
The first phase is testing the data with different scenarios and optimizing the traffic sources
in real time.
1. Normal Traffic Conditions: Simulated typical traffic flow patterns during peak and
off-peak hours to evaluate the framework's performance under standard operating
conditions.
2. Congested Traffic: Introduced scenarios with increased traffic congestion due to
accidents, road closures, or high traffic volume to assess the framework's ability to
mitigate congestion.
3. Incident Response: Tested the framework's responsiveness in detecting and
responding to traffic incidents, such as accidents or road closures, by rerouting
vehicles and optimizing traffic flow.
4.2 Metrics Evaluation
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In this part, to evaluate the performance metrics, Some calculation metrics were working to
quantify the performance of the fog-computing-created AI structures:
1. Reductions for Congestion-systems: Calculated as per the percentage decrease in
traffic congestion stages compared to starting point scenarios. The formula for
calculating decreasing in blocking is:
Wherever:
• 𝐶baseline is the congestion level in the baseline scenario.

• 𝐶optimized is the congestion level after implementing the fog computing-based
AI framework.
2. Response Time: Measured equally the period taken for the system just before
detecting traffic occurrences and implementing corrective measures unites for
rerouting vehicles or adjusting traffic signal judgments.
4.3 Results
The experimental results are proven by the fog computing system's effectiveness in
developing the given architecture of AI based on enhancing their management with
optimizations.
Table 4: Experiment results in scenarios based
Scenario Congestion Level Congestion Level Reduction in
(Baseline) (Optimized-Levels) Congestion-percentage
(%)
Normal Traffic Moderate Low 20%
Conditions
Congested High Moderate 35%
Traffic
Incident High Low 40%
Response
Calculation Case:
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The framework correspondingly displayed rapid response times of traffic detections with
incident discovery and reaction stirring within minutes to improve traffic flow while
minimizing suggestive delays.
4.4 Comparative Analysis with Existing Studies
This table examines several elements, applicable methodologies, final results, and
constraints of fog computing with the management and optimization of real-time traffic from
earlier research investigations.
Table 5: Comparative Analysis
Authors- Pub- Aspects Methods- Results Limitations
names Years Techniques
Smith et 2018 Traffic LSTM, Time Improved Limited dataset
al. Prediction Series Analysis accuracy in availability
traffic
forecasting
Johnson et 2019 Congestion GA, PSO, ACO Reduced The simulation-
al. Management congestion based study may not
levels by 25% reflect real-world
Wang and 2020 Incident CNN, Pattern Increased Reliance on high-
Liu Detection Recognition incident quality camera
detection feeds
accuracy by
30%
Chen et al. 2021 Route Reinforcement Optimized Computational
Optimization Learning route guidance, complexity,
reduced travel training time
times
In comparing a fog computing-based artificial intelligence (AI) framework with

conventional traffic controllers, several beneficial features of the suggested framework are
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ISSN: 3246-544X
emphasized, including data processing with quick decision-making, traffic optimization

strategies, incident management to offer utilization of resources, and artificial intelligence
(AI) integrating them.
5. Conclusion
The study delivers a thorough AI framework utilizing fog computing to transform real-time
traffic planning and management. The framework works at the network's edge, improving
decision-making and data processing speed by combining fog computing with AI
technology. Each of the distinct levels in the architecture for fog, edge, cloud, and AI is
crucial in gathering, processing, and analyzing data. The architecture facilitates effective
traffic forecasting, congestion detection, and incident response from various data sources,
including cameras, GPS signals, and traffic sensors. Flexible traffic signal control and even
route optimization are made possible for real-time data processing in fog nodes when
combined with optimization methods, including genetic algorithms, particle swarm
optimization (OS), and the optimization of ant colonies. Scale and dependability are
improved by deployment techniques that include orchestration with containerization
capability and simultaneous deployment integration. The framework's efficacy is validated
by experimental evaluations in various traffic situations, which show notable reductions in
congestion levels and quick incident reaction times. Its improvements, in particular in
comparison with previous research, also need follow-up to address the situational drawbacks
for better understanding, including data accessibility and computational complexity. The fog
computing-based artificial intelligence framework offers a worthwhile means to deal with
the challenges of managing urban traffic monitoring structures and is helpful for future
smarter and more effective modes of transportation.
6. Acknowledgment
We sincerely thank all the people and institutions whose support enabled us to conduct this
research. Thank you to particular people or organizations, if any, that served as advisers,
collaborators, and funding sources] for your crucial assistance, direction, and inspiration
throughout this research. Their knowledge and perceptions have greatly enhanced the
creation and use of the AI framework for real-time traffic management that is based on fog
computing. We would also like to thank the participants who helped us with our tests by
offering insightful comments and data. Their kind support was essential to making this
research feasible.
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International Journal of Sustainable Development

Developing a Fog Computing-based AI

Figure 1: Fog Computing Technologies

• Bandwidth Optimization: Filtering on Edge-Fog Computing decreases the quantity

Figure 2: Sensor Technologies process

Figure 3: Evolution of smart cities traffic [15]

expanding acceptance by the marketplaces, which has sped up the idea-to-development

Figure 4: Smart Cities flagship plot

A broad plan involving collaboration between governmental organizations, transportation

management to improve situational consciousness and overall response

2.5 Ai application in traffic Optimization

Figure 5: Proposed Framework

• Data Aggregation: combines and summarizes numerous data points into an

3.4.1 Real-Time Process for Decision

3.5.3 Pattern Recognition

Containerization Encapsulates Docker for packaging Isolation and

The fog computed-based AI framework deployment strategies include En-compass

• 𝐶baseline is the congestion level in the baseline scenario.

In comparing a fog computing-based artificial intelligence (AI) framework with

emphasized, including data processing with quick decision-making, traffic optimization

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