CLASS:10 CHEMISTRY Chapter-4 Carbon and its Compounds (Notes)

Page no.61
1.What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2 ?

2.What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur.
Answer:

Page Number: 68 – 69
1.How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer:
Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.

2. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds
we see around us ?
(i) Tetravalency (ii) Catenation.
3. 3.What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .

4.Draw the structures for the following compounds :

(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)

(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)

(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)

Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers for bromopentane
depending on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.
Positions 4 and 5 are same as 1, 2.

5.How would you name the following compounds ?

Answer: (i) Bromoethane (ii) Methanal (iii) 1 – Hexyne

Page Number: 71

1.Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?

Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because addition of oxygen to a
substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is added to ethanol by oxidising agent like alkaline
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into acid.

2.A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and
air is not used ?
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces a
sooty flame due to incomplete combustion, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.

Page Number: 74
1How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?
Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid

Test Alcohol Carboxylic acid

(i) Litmus test No change in colour. Blue litmus solution turns red.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
C2H5OH + NaHCO3 →
(ii) Sodium hydrogen CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Brisk
No reaction No brisk
carbonate test effervescence due to evolution of
effervescence.
CO2.

On heating, pink colour

(iii) Alkaline potassium disappears, and alcohol is
Does not happen so.
permanganate oxidised to carboxylic
acid.

2.What are oxidising agents ?

Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another substances or which remove
hydrogen from a substance.
For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises) ethanol into
ethanoic acid.

Page Number: 76

1.Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?

No, because detergents can lather well even in hard water. They do not form insoluble calcium or
magnesium salts (scum). On reacting with the calcium ions and magnesium ions present in the
hard water.

2.People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the
clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a
washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?
It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which entrap oily or
greasy particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the cloth
wetted in soap solution is agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt get
removed from the surface of dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.

TEXTBOOK CHAPTER END QUESTIONS

1.Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(b) 7 covalent bonds.

2.Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group

(c) Ketone
3.While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(b) The fuel is not burning completely.

3.Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms complete their
outermost shell.

In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C – 2,4, H – 1 and Cl –

2, 8, 7

Three hydrogen atoms complete their shells by sharing three electrons (one electron each) of
carbon atom.
Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons with one electron of
carbon atom.
Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one of chlorine
atom and completes its outermost shell and single covalent bonds are formed in CH3Cl.

5. Draw the electron dot structures for

6.What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Homologous series : A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by -
CH2 group and 14 mass unit.
6. Characteristic of Homologous Series

 The successive members in homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 u.

 Members of given homologous series have the same functional group.
 They are represented by same general molecular formula.

Eg. Alkanes - CnH2n + 2

Alkenes - CnH2n

Alkynes - CnH2n – 2

 All the members of homologous series show similar chemical properties.

 As the molecular mass increases in any homologous series, they show regular
gradation in their physical properties such as melting point, boiling point ,solubility
in a particular solvent etc.

Homologous series of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

7.How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical
properties ?
Difference on the basis of physical properties

Property Ethanol Ethanoic acid

(i) State Liquid Liquid

(ii) Odour Sweet smell Pungent vinegar-like smell

(iii) Melting point 156 K 290 K

 (iv) Boiling point 351 K 391 K

Difference on the basis of chemical properties

Test Ethanol Ethanoic acid

No change in the colour

(i) Litmus test Blue litmus solution turns red.
of litmus solution.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
C2H5OH + NaHCO3 →
(ii) Sodium hydrogen CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Brisk
No reaction No brisk
carbonate test effervescence due to evolution of
effervescence.
CO2.

On heating, pink colour

(iii) Alkaline potassium
disappears and forms Does not happen so.
permanganate
ethanoic acid.

8. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micell be
formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of
soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insoluble in water, but the ionic
ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium salt
of fatty acids do not dissolve.

9.Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?
Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used as
fuels for most applications.

10.Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium on reacting with
soap form insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation lessens the cleansing property
of soaps in hard water.

11.What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains blue in soap
solution.

12.What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?

The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydro-carbon is
called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel (Ni) or
palladium (Pd) metals as catalyst.
Application : The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial application. It is used to
prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from vegetable oils.

13.Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions :

C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So addition reaction take place
only in C3H6 and C2H2.

14.Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated carbon compound. An
unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a saturated compound cannot
decolourise it. So we can distinguish chemically between a cooking oil and butter by the bromine
water. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-tubes.

 Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated compound.

 Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated compound.

15.Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon end of the
soap molecules in micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty
cloth. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon
ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water.
When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its
surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which the soap water
becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned thoroughly by rinsing in clean
water a number of times.