Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

1. Junctions of two neurons are called.

a. Synapse c. Joint
b. Synapsis d. Junction
Ans: a) Synapse

2. Which of the following is a plant hormone?

a. Insulin c. Oestrogen
b. Thyroxin d. Cytokinin
Ans: d) Cytokinin

3. When a person is suffering from severe cold, he or she cannot –

a. Differentiate the taste of an apple c. Differentiate a hot object from a
from that of an ice – cream. cold object.
b. Differentiate red light from the d. Differentiate the smell of perfume
green light. from that of an agarbatti
Ans: (d) Differentiate the smell of perfume from that of an agarbatti.

4. What do you mean by geotropism?

Ans: The growth of a plant due to Gravitational force is called geotropism. Growth in the direction
of the force (downward) is known as positive geotropism and the growth in the direction opposite
to the force (upward) is known as negative geotropism.

5. Name the two sets of nerves that constitute the peripheral nervous system.
Ans: The two sets of nerves that constitute the peripheral nervous system are
i.Sympathetic nervous system
ii.Parasympathetic nervous system.

6. The brain is lodged inside the cavity of the skull known as:
a. Piamater
b. Duramater
c. Cranium
d. Meninges
Ans: c) Cranium
7. The electrical impulse travels in a neuron from –
a. Dendrite →→ Axon →→ Axonal end →→ Cell body
b. Cell body →→ Dendrite →→ Axon →→ Axonal end
c. Dendrite →→ Cell body →→ Axon →→ Axonal end
d. Axonal end →→ Axon →→ Cell body →→ Dendrite
Ans: Dendrite →→ Cell body →→ Axon →→ Axonal end

8. Which hormone brings about the development of the mammary gland?

a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Relaxin
d. Oxytocin
Ans: Estrogen

9. Name the hormone which promotes plant growth.

Ans: The hormone which promotes plant growth is auxin.

10. Which part of the brain maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body?
Ans: The part of the brain which maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body is the
cerebellum.

11. Which one of the endocrine glands is known as the master gland?
a. Pituitary
b. Adrenal
c. Thyroid
d. Parathyroid
Ans: a) Pituitary

12. The growth of tendrils in pea plants is due to

a. effect of light
b. effect of gravity
c. rapid cell division in tendrillar cells in contact with the support
d. rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are away from the support
Ans: d) rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are away from the support
 13. Dwarfism results by –
a. Excess secretion of thyroxin
b. Less secretion of growth hormone
c. less secretion of adrenaline
d. Excess secretion of growth hormone.
Ans: b) Less secretion of growth hormone.

14. Write the function of the hormone “thyroxine” produced in our body.
Ans: Thyroxine produced in our body controls the overall metabolic rate of the body, it plays a
vital role in digestion, muscle function, brain development, heart, and maintenance of bones.

15. Name the hormones secreted by the pancreas.

Ans: The hormones secreted by the pancreas are:
i.Insulin
ii.Glucagon

16. The neurons that carry nerve impulses from the spinal cord to effectors are called –
a. Sensory neurons
b. motor neurons
c. Interneurons
d. spinal neurons
Ans: Motor neurons.

17. Select the mismatched pair

a. Adrenaline – Pituitary gland
b. Testosterone – Testes
c. Estrogen – Ovary
d. Thyroxine – Thyroid gland.
Ans: Adrenaline – Pituitary gland.

18. Which one of the following is a nastic movement in plants?

a. Bending of plants towards light
b. Growing of roots towards gravity.
c. Dropping of touch – me – not leaflets on touch
d. Movement of pollen tubes towards chemicals.
 Ans: Dropping of touch – me – not leaflets on touch

19. What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Ans: The function of the occipital lobe is visual perception. It includes:
i.Distance
ii.Depth perception
iii.Color determination
iv.Object recognition
v.Movement, etc.

20. Which part of the brain links the endocrine system with the nervous system?
Ans: Hypothalamus is the part of the brain which links the endocrine system with the nervous
system.

21. The visceral nervous system controls and integrates the function of –
a. Urinary bladder
b. Blood vessels
c. Heart
d. All of the above
Ans: d) All of the above

22. Which of the following statements are true about the brain?
i.The main thinking part of the brain is the hindbrain.
ii.Centers of hearing, smell, memory, sight, etc are located in the forebrain.
iii.Salivation, vomiting, and blood pressure is controlled by the medulla in the hindbrain.
iv.The cerebellum does not control the posture and balance of the body.
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (i), (ii) and (iii)
d. (iii) and (iv)
Ans: b) (ii) and (iii)

23. The substance that results in the fall of mature leave and fruits from plants is due to:
a. Auxin
b. Gibberellins
c. ABA
d. Cytokinin
Ans: c) ABA

24. Name the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Ans: The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron (nerve cell).

25. Name one sex hormone.

Ans: An example of a sex hormone is testosterone.

26. Which part of the brain maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body?
Ans: The cerebellum is the part of the brain which maintains the posture and equilibrium of the
body.

27. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Ans: A plant hormone that promotes the growth of cells is auxin.

28. Which of the following is a plant hormone?

a. Insulin
b. Thyroxin
c. Oestrogen
d. Cytokinins
Ans: (d) Cytokinins

29. The gap between two neurons is called a

a. Dendrite
b. Synapse
c. Axon
d. Impulse
Ans: (b) synapse

30. The brain is responsible for

a. Thinking
b. Regulating the heartbeat.
c. Balancing the body
d. All of the above.
 Ans: (d) all of the above.

31. What name is given to the microscopic gap between two adjacent neurons?
Ans: The microscopic gap between two adjacent neurons is known as the synapse.

32. If we step on something sharp accidentally, we move our foot away at once. What is this
type of response known as?
Ans: This type of response is known as a reflex action.

33. Apart from the hindbrain, activities like walking, skating, riding a bicycle, and picking
up a pencil are possible. Name this part of the hindbrain.
Ans: The cerebellum is the part of the brain which maintains the posture and equilibrium of the
body.

34. Name the plant hormone:

a. Which inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves.
Ans: Abscisic acid inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves.
b. Which promotes cell division.
Ans: Cytokinin promotes cell division.

35. Who transmits nerve impulses across the synapse?

Ans: Neurotransmitters are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses across the synapse.

36. Give the reason why endocrine glands release theft secretions into the blood?
Ans: Endocrine glands are ductless glands and hence instead of pouring their hormones into
ducts, they release theft secretions into the blood.

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

1. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Ans: Difference between reflex action and involuntary action is given below:

Involuntary Action Reflex Action

 It is the set of muscle It is rapid and spontaneous
movement which do not action in response to any
require thinking. stimulus.

It is controlled by the brain. It is controlled by the spinal cord.

Example- Sudden jerky

Example – breathing,
withdrawal of hand after touching
digestion
something hot.

2. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

Ans: Iodine is a trace element and a necessary substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It
is required by the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. The use of iodised salt is advisable
because it provides iodine needed by the thyroid gland to make sufficient thyroxine for our body
that helps prevent risk of goitre.

3. Name the centre of the brain that controls

i.Swallowing
Ans: Medulla oblongata in hind brain controls swallowing.
ii. Hearing
Ans: Cerebrum in forebrain controls hearing.

4. Represent schematically the path of a reflex action.

Ans: The path of a reflex action is represented below:
5. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Ans: Some patients of diabetes are treated by giving injections of insulin because insulin hormone
regulates the levels of sugar in the blood. In diabetic patients, insulin hormone is not secreted by
pancreas in the required amount and therefore blood sugar level rises.

6. Which signal will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?

Ans: Spinal cord controls the reflex actions. And hence, the effects of spinal cord injury are:
a. Disturbed involuntary actions.
b. Disturbed reflex actions.
c. Inability of the quick response required to safeguard the body.

7. How does a touch – me – not plant respond to touching? What is this movement called?
Ans: Touch – me – no plant responds to touching by folding its leaflets and this type of movement
is called growth independent movement i.e., the movement of plants that do not result in their
growth.
8. What are phytohormones? Name them.
Ans: Phytohormones are synthesized at sites away from where they act. They diffuse to the area
of action and help to co – ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.
Phytohormones are –
a. Auxin
b. Gibberellins
c. Cytokinin
d. Abscisic acid
e. Ethylene.

9. What is the role of the brain in reflex action?

Ans: A reflex action is a rapid and spontaneous action in response to any stimulus. It is controlled
by the spinal cord. Example- Sudden jerky withdrawal of hand after touching something hot. The
reflex action is instant where thinking is not involved and hence the brain has no role. Although
the information also goes on to the brain where the encounter remains the memory and makes us
aware of our actions.

10. How is control and coordination between the environment and plants brought about?
Ans: Plants responses are of two types
a. Growth dependent – They are due to cell divisions.
b. Growth independent response – They are due to change in the amount of water.
Plants do not perform control & coordination like animals but they give responses to external
stimuli like touch, light, and chemicals, etc.

11. Give two examples of functions in plants that are regulated by light.
Ans: The two functions in plants that are regulated by light are:
a. Seed germination - Breaking of dormancy
b. Photosynthesis – Respiration process

12. What is coordination? Give an example.

Ans: Coordination is a process through which two or more organs interact and complement the
functions of one to adjust the vital activities of life. For example – under stressed conditions, the
adrenal gland secretes the adrenaline hormone which prepares the body to face the emergency by
increasing the breathing rate and heartbeat so that more oxygen can be supplied to the body.

13. How do endocrine glands help in maintaining feedback control?

Ans: The timing and amount of hormones released are regulated by the feedback mechanism. The
endocrine system depends on the feedback system concerning hormones. There are two types of
feedback systems –
a. Negative Feedback – This mechanism prevents deviation from the ideal mean value. For
ex- less glucose levels in the blood do not induce the pancreatic cells to produce insulin so that
less conversion of glucose to glycogen may occur.
b. Positive Feedback – These mechanisms promote deviation from the mean ideal value. For
ex- High glucose level in the blood induces. The pancreatic cells produce insulin which converts
glucose to glycogen.

14. Which types of glands in the human body secrete hormones? State any one location for
them.
Ans: Three types of glands that secrete hormones in the human body are-
a. Exocrine gland – These types of glands have ducts that do not secrete their secretion into
the blood. For example – the salivary gland.
b. Endocrine gland – These types of glands do not have ducts, they pour their secretion into
blood. For example – The pituitary gland.

15. What is the result of hypothyroidism in children called?

Ans: The result of hypothyroidism in children is known as exophthalmic goiter. The exophthalmic
goiter results in bulging of eyes, increased blood pressure, and heartbeat.

16. How is flowering affected in plants by various hormones?

Ans: Flowering is affected in plants by various hormones such as auxins and cytokinin promotes
female flowers while gibberellins promote male flowers. Duration of light affects flowering in long-
day plants and short-day plants.

17. Name the fluid-filled between the meninges of the brain. What are its functions?
Ans: The fluid-filled between the meninges of the brain is known as the cerebrospinal fluid. Its
function is to protect the brain from mechanical shocks.

18. Name any two heterocrine glands and mention their function.
Ans: The two heterocrine glands are:
a. Pancreas – Its endocrine function is to produce insulin and glucagon. Its exocrine function
is to produce digestive enzymes.
b. Ovaries – Its endocrine function is to produce estrogen and progesterone hormone. Its
exocrine function is to produce female gametes.

19. What is the response of the stem towards light & gravity?
Ans: Plants' growth response to gravity is known as gravitropism and to light is phototropism. The
stem shows a positive response toward the light i.e., it grows in the direction of the light and it
shows a negative response toward gravity i.e., it grows in the opposite direction of gravity.

20. Name two activities that are regulated by plant pigments.

Ans: The two activities that are regulated by plant pigments are:
a. The response to the photoperiodic stimulus – due to some specialized pigments and
phytochromes.
b. The control and coordination in plants with their environment.

21. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?

Ans: Olfactory receptors help us detect the smell of an agarbatti. When you smell the scent of an
incense stick, it first reaches your nose, where it is detected by the olfactory receptors. It is then
sent to the forebrain in the form of electrical signals. The forebrain then interprets these electrical
signals as the smell of an incense stick.

22. What are plant hormones?

Ans: Hormones are the chemicals that help to coordinate growth, and development. Plant
hormones are the chemicals that help to coordinate growth, development, flowering and response
to the environment in plants. For example – auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin,
etc.

23. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a
shoot towards light?
Ans: In the movement of leaves of sensitive plants, growth is not involved and movement is away
from the source. Whereas, in the movement of shot towards light, growth is involved and movement
is towards the source.

24. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?

Ans: The chemical coordination in animals is maintained by hormones which are secreted by
endocrine glands.

25. Give one example of a plant part.

a. Which is positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic.
Ans: Roots are positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic.
b. Which is positively phototropic but negatively geotropic.
Ans: Stem is positively phototropic but negatively geotropic.

26. The neck of a person appears to be swollen.

a. Name the disease this person is suffering from.
Ans: The person is suffering from goitre.
b. Name the mineral whose deficiency in the diet causes this disease.
Ans: Deficiency of iodine in the diet causes this disease.

27. Taking the example of heart beat, justify the antagonistic action of the sympathetic and
the parasympathetic nerves.
Ans: Antagonistic action of the sympathetic nerve – increases contraction and rhythm with respect
to heart beat.
Antagonistic action of the parasympathetic nerve – decreases contraction and rhythm with respect
to heart beat.

28. Why is abscisic acid known as stress hormone in plants?

Ans: Abscisic acid is known as a stress hormone in plants because unlike growth hormone, it
inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves.

29. Name the part of neuron

a. where information is acquired.
Ans: Dendrite is the part of the neuron where information is acquired.
b. through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
 Ans: Axon is the part of the neuron through which information travels as an electrical impulse.

30. Why do leaves drop off seasonally?

Ans: The leaves drop off seasonally because of the cuts off supply of nutrients and water to leaves
which happened due to stopped production of auxin.

31. A person suffered a head injury, due to which he faces breathing problems. No problem
was detected with his respiratory system. What could be the cause of this problem?
Ans: A person suffered a head injury, faces breathing problems because he was injured in medulla
oblongata. Medulla oblongata controls the respiratory system so he will be affected by breathing
problems.

32. In a family of normal sized members, there are two exceptions, one member is dwarf
and one is tall like “Khali”. What could be the cause of it?
Ans: Uneven heights in the family is caused due to malfunctioning of the growth hormone. In case
of dwarfs, there is a deficiency of growth hormone whereas in case of giants there is an excess of
growth hormone. Growth hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland.

33. Why do you blink your eyes as bright light is focused on you?
Ans: We blink our eyes as bright light is focused on us due to reflex action. It is done to protect
the eye from bright light which otherwise would damage the retina. The amount of light that enters
your eyes is controlled by the pupils. Hence, blinking the eyes cuts off the excessive light.

34. There is a polled plant in your drawing room, after a few days you notice that the plant
has bent to one side. What could be the reason? How has this movement been coordinated?
Ans: The polled plant in your drawing room, after a few days bent to one side due to phototropic
movement of the stem and it happens because of unequal growth of the stem on both sides which
is initiated by the auxin hormone.

35. A leaf shaped gland is present above the intestine. The secretion of this gland regulates
the metabolism of sugar in blood. Name the secretion and gland.
Ans: A leaf shaped gland that is present above the intestine and whose secretion regulates the
metabolism of sugar in blood is the pancreas. The secretion is Insulin from special cells in it.

Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)

1. Mention three important functions of gibberellins.
Ans: Three important functions of Gibberellins are –
a. Stimulate stem elongation.
b. Help in breaking seed dormancy.
c. Promote production of male flowers.

2. What is the function of receptors in our body? What happens when receptors do not work
properly?
Ans: The receptors detect information from the environment. If they do not work properly, the
information will not be detected or will be detected late, due to which further process will be
delayed and the signals will take time reaching the spinal cord or the brain. Hence, the response
to the environmental stimulus will be delayed causing harm to the body.

3. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Ans: Junctions of two neurons is called synapses. When a receptor detects a stimulus, chemicals
is set off through the neurons. These electric signals travel from the dendrite of the presynaptic
neuron to its cell body and then along its axon. At the end of axon of this neuron, the electrical
impulse crosses the synapse and starts a similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of the next
neuron.

4. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?

Ans: The control and coordination in an organism is needed for the proper functioning of the body.
It handles appropriate movement in response to any external stimulus.
Multicellular organisms have a complex body and hence it coordinates with various organs of the
body of an organism working together in a proper manner to produce proper reaction to stimulus.
For example – under stressed conditions, the adrenal gland secretes the adrenaline hormone which
prepares the body to face the emergency by increasing the breathing rate and heartbeat so that
more oxygen can be supplied to the body.

5. Pituitary is a master endocrine gland. Justify this statement.

Ans: Pituitary gland is a master gland because it regulates the secretion of other endocrine glands
such as -
a. Growth hormones
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
d. Follicle stimulating hormone
e. Luteinizing hormone
f. Prolactin
Pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is attached to the hypothalamus by nerve
fibres and blood vessels. The pituitary gland consists of Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe.

6. Draw the structure of the neuron and explain its function.

Ans: The basic structure of a neuron has three components –
a. Cell body
b. Dendrites
c. Axon

Function:
Junctions of two neurons is called synapses. When a receptor detects a stimulus, chemicals is set
off through the neurons. These electric signals travel from the dendrite of the presynaptic neuron
to its cell body and then along its axon. At the end of axon of this neuron, the electrical impulse
crosses the synapse and starts a similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron.

7. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Ans: Adrenaline is a hormone which is involved in regulating visceral functions. Adrenaline is
normally produced both by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla
oblongata. Under stressed conditions, the adrenal gland secretes the adrenaline hormone which
prepares the body to face the emergency by increasing the breathing rate and heartbeat so that
more oxygen can be supplied to the body. The blood supply decreases from the skin and digestive
system and increases to skeletal muscles.
8. Where are Pons and medulla oblongata located? Write their functions.
Ans: Pons and medulla Oblongata are located in hindbrain.

Function of Pons – it acts as a bridge between the brain and spinal cord.

Function of Medulla oblongata – it controls activities like salivation, swallowing, vomiting,

breathing, coughing, sneezing, heartbeat, sleep, consciousness and activities of the cerebrum.

9. List the function of testosterone and estrogen. Where are they secreted?
Ans: Testosterone is secreted in male bodies.

Function of testosterone – It is responsible for development of male sex organs and secondary sex
characteristics like moustache, beard & voice.

Estrogen is secreted in male bodies.

Function of estrogen – it is responsible for development of female sex organs and secondary sex
characteristics like mammary gland and uterine growth.

10. Define ‘nerve impulse’. Which structure in a neuron helps to conduct a nerve impulse?
a. Towards the cell body?
Ans: Nerve Impulse is a wave of the passing of information through neurons in the form of
electrical and chemical signals. Dendrite helps to conduct a nerve impulse towards the cell
body.
b. Away from the cell body?
Ans: Nerve Impulse is a wave of the passing of information through neurons in the form of
electrical and chemical signals. Axon helps to conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.

11. Differentiate between axon and dendrites?

Ans: Difference between axon and dendrites is:

Axon Dendrons

They are long. They are small.

 It is only one. They are numerous.

They are unbranched. They are branched.

Terminal branches have swollen Terminal swollen knobs are

knobs. absent.

Direction of the nerve impulse is Direction of nerve impulse is

away from the cyton. towards the cyton.

12. Mention the structure of the human brain.

Ans: The structure of human brain is outlined below,
13. What are tropic movements? Name the types of tropic movements in plants.
Ans: Tropic movement is the bending or movement of a part of a plant in response to the external
stimulus. The types of tropic movements in plants are:
a. Phototropism – response to light.
b. Geotropism – response to gravity
c. Chemotropism - response to chemicals.
d. Hydrotropism – response to water.

14. Name the different lobes of cerebrum.

Ans: There are four lobes of cerebrum –

a) Frontal lobe – The part of the brain associated with reasoning.

b) Parietal lobe – The part of the brain associated with perception of general sensation s like
pressure, touch and pain.

c) Occipital lobe – The part of the brain associated with visual perception.

d) Temporal lobe – The part of the brain associated with formation of memory and interpretation
of sound and the language.

15. How do auxins promote the growth of tendril around a support?

Ans: Auxin present in the plants is a growth hormone. When the tip of a tendril touches a support,
auxins in its tip move away from the support. Hence, the side of the tendril away from the support
grows faster and becomes longer than the side which is in contact with the support and makes
the tendril curve towards the support.

16. Write different between exocrine and endocrine glands.

Ans: Difference between endocrine and exocrine gland is given below:

Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland

They do not have ducts. They have ducts.

They secrete hormones. They secrete enzymes.

 They pour their secretion into the They pour their secretion into
ducts. the blood.

They are located away from the They are located near the site
site of action. of action.

17. What are the different kinds of neurons?

Ans: There are three different kinds of neurons –
a. Sensory neurons – their work is to convey impulses from receptors to the main nervous
system.
b. Motor neurons – their work is to carry impulses from the main nervous system to an
effector.
c. Connecting (Relay) neurons – their work is to connect sensory and motor centres.

18. You have touched a hot object. Represent diagrammatically the path that leads to a
response, i.e., quickly pulling back the hand.
Ans: The diagrammatic representation of the path that leads to a response when we touch a hot
object is as below,

19. Nervous and hormonal system together performs the functions of control and
coordination in human beings. Justify the statement.
Ans: Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and coordination in
human beings. Under stressed conditions, the stimulus is being perceived by the Central Nervous
System which stimulates the adrenal gland that secretes the adrenaline hormone which prepares
the body to face the emergency by increasing the breathing rate and heartbeat so that more oxygen
can be supplied to the body. The blood supply decreases from the skin and digestive system and
increases to skeletal muscles.

20. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?

Ans: Difference between reflex action and walking is given below:

Reflex Action Walking

It is controlled by the spinal It is controlled by the

cord. cerebellum.

It is instant. It involves thought process.

It is an involuntary action. It is a voluntary action.

21. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Ans: To demonstrate hydrotropism, take a tin box and make a hole its bottom. Fill the tin with
moist saw dust and sow some gram seeds in it. In the next step, when the seed starts germinating,
keep the tin box in a tilted position. After some time when you water the tin, you will observe that
the radicle moves towards the wet saw dust which demonstrates positive hydrotropism.

22. How does phototropism occur in plants?

Ans: Movement of shoot towards light is called phototropism. This movement is caused due to
more growth of cells towards the shaded side of the shoot as compared to the side of the shoot
towards light. More growth of cells is due to secretion of auxin towards the shaded side.

23. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

Ans: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Chemical coordination in plants is
maintained by plant hormones also known as phytohormones. Some plant hormones are auxin,
Gibberellins, Cytokinin etc. When sunlight falls on the side, the auxins hormone causes the shady
side of the shoot to grow faster. Cytokinin is responsible for the cell division.

24. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Ans: Difference between involuntary and reflex actions is given below:

Involuntary Action Reflex Action

It is the set of muscle It is rapid and spontaneous

movement which do not action in response to any
require thinking. stimulus.

It is controlled by the brain. It is controlled by the spinal cord.

Example- Sudden jerky

Example – breathing,
withdrawal of hand after touching
digestion
something hot.

25. Compare and contrast nervous system and hormonal control and coordination in
animals.
Ans: Difference between nervous control and hormonal control is given below:

Nervous Control Hormonal Control

Work is done by the nervous system. Work is done by hormones.

Short lasting response Long lasting response

Not specific Highly specific

26. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive
plant and movement in our legs?
Ans: Difference between movement in a sensitive plant and movement in our legs is given below:

Movement in a sensitive plant Movement in our legs

Specialized nervous
No specialized tissue
tissue
 Change shape depending upon the Contract or relax by the
amount of water in them. movement.

Have specialized
Do not have specialized proteins.
proteins.

27. On touching a hot plate, you suddenly withdraw your hand. Which category of neurons
became active first and which one next?
Ans: Suddenly withdrawing the hand on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action. Hence,
first the sensory neurons are activated, which take the information to the spinal cord. After that,
the motor neurons become active and bring the impulses from the brain to the muscles.

28. How does the plant shoot bends, when the plant is placed in a room having only one
open window?
Ans: The shoot of the plant bends towards the direction of light when the plant is placed in such
a room that has only one open window and this happens due to the auxin which is a plant growth
hormone. Auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot and stimulates the cells to live longer
on the side of the shoot which is away from light.

29. Give a reason to explain why

a. adrenaline helps in dealing emergency situations?
Ans: Under stressed conditions, the stimulus is being perceived by the Central Nervous System
which stimulates the adrenal gland that secretes the adrenaline hormone which prepares the
body to face the emergency by increasing the breathing rate and heartbeat so that more oxygen
can be supplied to the body. The blood supply decreases from the skin and digestive system
and increases to skeletal muscles.
b. secretions of growth hormone should be specific in the human body?
Ans: Secretions of growth hormone should be specific in the human body because if growth
hormones are secreted in excess quantity then it will lead to gigantism while the less secretion
of this hormone causes dwarfism.

30. A man becomes unconscious due to head injury. A pin is pricked on his foot, he
withdraws his foot. Why? Explain.
Ans: Withdrawal of the foot when a pin is pricked on the foot is an example of the reflex action
and reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord and not by the brain. Hence, although being
injured on the head, the person will withdraw his foot.
Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)
1. Compare nervous and hormonal mechanism for control
Ans: Difference between nervous control and hormonal control is given below:

Nervous control Hormonal control

Work is done by the nervous

Work is done by hormones.
system.

Short lasting response Long lasting response

Not specific Highly specific

Made up of neurons Made up of secretory cells

Messages transferred in the Messages transferred in the

form of electrical signals. form of chemical signals.

Transferred along nerve fibres Transferred along blood stream

Messages travel quickly Messages travel slowly

2. Mention one function for each of these hormones.

a. Thyroxine
Ans: Thyroxine controls the overall metabolic rate of the body.
b. Insulin
Ans: Insulin converts glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles and controls the blood sugar
level.
c. Adrenaline
Ans: Adrenaline increases heartbeat and blood pressure.
d. Growth hormone
Ans: Growth hormones are responsible for body growth and development of bones.
e. Testosterone.
Ans: Testosterone is the male hormone and develops male sex organs and secondary sex
characteristics like moustache, beard and voice.

3. Write the following:

a. What are hormones?
 Ans: Hormones are chemical substances which help in growth, control and coordination of a
living organism. They are secreted in very small amounts by endocrine glands.
b. list four characteristics of hormones
Ans: Four characteristics of hormones are –
• They are required in very less amounts.
• Hormones are specific in their function.
• They act away from the site of production.
• Deficiency or over secretions of hormones have negative effects in the body.

4. Describe Nervous systems in humans.

Ans: A flow chart of the human nervous system is given below: