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Chapter 4 Revised PDF

The document covers measures of central tendency, specifically the mean, median, and mode, detailing their properties, computation methods, and applications in real-life situations. It includes examples for calculating each measure using both ungrouped and grouped data, as well as special cases like weighted and geometric means. The document emphasizes the importance of these measures in understanding data distributions and making comparisons.

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27 views29 pages

Chapter 4 Revised PDF

The document covers measures of central tendency, specifically the mean, median, and mode, detailing their properties, computation methods, and applications in real-life situations. It includes examples for calculating each measure using both ungrouped and grouped data, as well as special cases like weighted and geometric means. The document emphasizes the importance of these measures in understanding data distributions and making comparisons.

Uploaded by

alarconlonagrace
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of Central Tendency

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, you must have:
1. Discussed the properties of the three different measures of central
tendency: the mean, median and the mode;

2. Computed the measures of central tendency;

3. Manifested appreciation of the applications of the measures of


central tendency in daily life situation.
Think about it!
Questions to ponder:
a. How did you compute the average score? What greatly
affects the mean?

b. What do we call the middle most score? What affects this


value?

c. How many scores appeared frequently? What are they?


What do we call them? Would it be possible that you can
easily determine the mode?
Lesson 1: Mean
• The arithmetic mean, often called as the mean, is the most
frequently used measure of central tendency. The mean is
the only common measure in which all values play an equal
role, meaning to determine its values you would need to
consider all the values of any given data set. The mean is
appropriate to determine the central tendency of an interval
or ratio data.

• The symbol ” 𝑥̅ ” x bar is used to represent the mean of a sample and


the symbol “µ” is used to denote the mean of a population.
A. Properties of the Mean
1. A set of a data has only one mean.
2. Mean can be applied for interval and ratio data.
3. All values in the data set are included in computing the
mean.
4. The mean is very useful in comparing two or more data
sets.
5. Mean is affected by the extreme small or large values on a
data set.
6. Mean is the most appropriate in symmetrical data.
B. Mean for ungrouped Data
• 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
• Sample Mean: 𝑥̅= ∑ 𝑥 𝑛
• Where: 𝑥̅= sample mean
• 𝑥 = the value of any particular observations or
measurement.
• ∑𝑥 = sum of all x′s
• n = total number of values in a sample.
•Where: 𝜇 = population mean

•𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠


𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.

• 𝑁 = total number of values in the population.


Example 1:
The daily rate of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are
₱550,₱420, ₱560, ₱500, ₱700, ₱670, ₱860, ₱480. Find the mean daily
rate of employees.

The sample mean daily salary of employees is ₱592.50.


Example 2:
Find the population mean of the ages of 9 middle –management
employees of a certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51,
58, and 55.

The mean population age of middle- management employee is 52.11


C. Mean for Grouped Data

• Where: 𝑥̅= sample mean


• 𝑓 = frequency
• 𝑥 = the value of any particular observations or measurement.
• ∑𝑓𝑥 = sum of all the products of 𝑓 and 𝑥 ′ 𝑠.
• 𝑛 = total number of values in the sample
• 𝑓 = frequency

• 𝑥 = midpoint

• ∑𝑓𝑥 = sum of all the products of 𝑓 and 𝑥 ′ 𝑠.

• 𝑁 = total number of values in the population


Example 3:
Determine the mean of the frequency distribution on the ages
of 50 people taking travel tours. Given the table

Solution:
Step1. Determine the midpoints on each class limit.
Step 2. Multiply each class frequency ( f ) with the corresponding
midpoint (x) to obtain the product of fx.
Step 3. Get the sum of the product of fx.
Step 4. Apply the formula to obtain the value of the sample mean.
Thus, the mean age of the frequency distribution of people taking travel is 49.18
•Weighted Mean

•Geometric Mean
A. Weighted Mean
The weighted mean is particularly useful when various classes or
groups contribute differently to the total. The weighted mean is found
by multiplying each value by its corresponding weight and dividing the
sum of the weights.
Example 1:
At the Mathematics Department in a State College there are 18
instructors, 12 assistant professors, 7 associate professors, and 3 professors.
Their monthly salaries are Ᵽ30,500, Ᵽ33,700, Ᵽ38,600, and Ᵽ45,000.
What is the weighted mean salary?
Solution:

The weighted mean salary is Ᵽ33,965.


B. Geometric Mean
The geometric mean of a set of n positive numbers is defined as
the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the product of the 𝑛 numbers. There are two main
applications of geometric mean, the first is to average percents,
indexes, and relatives, the second is to establish the average percent
increase in production, sales, or other business transactions or
economic series from one period of time to another.
Formulas:
Example 2:
Suppose the profits earned by the MSS Construction Company on five projects
were:5, 6, 4, 8, and 10 percent, respectively. What is the geometric mean profit?

Solution:

The geometric mean profit is 6.26 percent.


Example 3:
Badminton as a sport grew rapidly in 2015. From January to December 2015 the
number of badminton clubs in Metro Manila increased from 20 to 155. Compute the
mean monthly percent increase in the number of badminton clubs.

Solution:
Note that 12 months are involved. However, there are only 11 monthly rates of change.
That is, we compute the changes from January to February, from February to March,
March to April, April to May, and so forth. So n is 12 and 𝑛 − 1 = 11 monthly percent
increases.

Hence, badminton clubs are increasing at a rate of almost 0.2046 or 20.46% per month.
Lesson 2: MEDIAN
The median is the midpoint of the data array.
When the data set is ordered, whether ascending
or descending, it is called a data array. Median is
an appropriate measure of central tendency for
data that are ordinal or above, but it is more
valuable in an ordinal type of data.
A. Properties of Median
1. The median is unique, there is only one median for a set
of data.
2. The median is found by arranging the set of data from
lowest to highest (highest
to lowest) and getting the value of the middle observation.
3. Median is affected by the number of values.
4. Median can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data
5. Median is most appropriate in a skewed data.
B. Median for Ungrouped Data
To determine the value of median for ungrouped data we need to
consider two rules:
1. If n is odd, the median is the middle ranked.

2. If n is even, then the median is the average of the two middle ranked
values.

Median (Rank Value) =n+1


____
2
Note: n is the sample size. For population, we use 𝑁.
Example 1:
Find the median of the ages of 9 middle- management employees of
a certain company. The ages are: 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 55.
Step 1: Arrange the data in order.
45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Hence, the median age is 53 years.


Example 2:
The daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are Ᵽ550, Ᵽ420, Ᵽ560, Ᵽ500, Ᵽ700, Ᵽ670,
Ᵽ860, Ᵽ480. Find the median daily rate of employees.
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data in order.
Ᵽ420, Ᵽ480, Ᵽ500, Ᵽ550, Ᵽ560, Ᵽ670, Ᵽ700, Ᵽ860
Step 2: Select the middle rank value using the formula:
𝑛+1
(𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = 2
𝑛+1 8+1 9
Median (𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = = 2 =2 = 4.5
2
Step 3: Identify the median in the data set.
Ᵽ420, Ᵽ480, Ᵽ500, Ᵽ550, Ᵽ560, Ᵽ670, Ᵽ700, Ᵽ860

𝟒. 𝟓𝒕𝒉
Since the middle point falls between Ᵽ550 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Ᵽ560, we can determine
the median of the data set by getting the average of the two values.

550+560 1,110
Median = = =Ᵽ555
2 2
Therefore, the median daily rate is Ᵽ555.
Lesson 3: Mode
The mode is the value in a data set that appears most frequently.
Like the median, and unlike the mean, extreme values in a data set do
not affect the mode. A data may not contain any mode if none of the
values are “most typical”.
A data set that has only one value that occurs the greatest
frequency is called the unimodal. If the data has two values with the
same greatest frequency, both values are considered the mode and the
data set is bimodal. If the data set has more than two modes, then the
data set is said to be multimodal. There are some cases when a data set
value has the same number frequency. When this occurs, the data set
is said to be no mode.
A. Properties of Mode
1. The mode is found by locating the most frequently occurring value.

2. The mode is the easiest average to compute

3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given
data set.

4. Mode is not affected by the extreme small or large values. 5. Mode


can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data.
Example 1:
The following data represent the total unit sales for smart phones from
a sample of 10 communication centers for the month of August: 15, 17,
10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9. Find the mode.

Solution:

The ordered array for these data is 8, 9,10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14,
15, 17, since 10 appear 3 times more times than the other,
therefore the mode is 10.
Unimodal
Example 2:
An operations manager in charge of a company’s manufacturing keeps track of the
number of manufactured LED television in a day. Find the mode of the following
data:20, 18, 19, 25, 20, 21, 20, 25, 30, 29, 28, 29, 25, 25, 27, 26, 22, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20.

Solution:

The ordered array for these data:


19, 20, 20,20, 20, 21, 22,25,25,25,25,26,27,28,29,29,30

There are two modes 20 and 25, since each of these values
occurs four times.
Be safe
and
Godbless class!!!


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