UNIT – IV

User and Group Management: User accounts, local groups and group
memberships, configure networking and hostname resolution statically or
dynamically, start, stop, and check the status of network services and network
related commands.
Storage Management: List, create, delete, and modify physical storage partitions
and tools

PART -A: User and Group Management

Introduction to User & Group Management in Linux

As Linux is a multi-user operating system, there is a high need of an administrator,

who can manage user accounts, their rights, and the overall system security for User
management in Linux.

Read, Write, & Execute Permissions

Permissions are the “rights” to act on a file or directory. The basic rights are read,
write, and execute.

• Read: a readable permission allows the contents of the file to be viewed. A read
permission on a directory allows you to list the contents of a directory.
• Write: a write permission on a file allows you to modify the contents of that file. For
a directory, the write permission allows you to edit the contents of a directory (e.g.
add/delete files).
• Execute: for a file, the executable permission allows you to run the file and
execute a program or script. For a directory, the execute permission allows you to
change to a different directory and make it your current working directory. Users
usually have a default group, but they may belong to several additional groups.

A user is an entity, in a Linux operating system, that can manipulate files and
perform several other operations. Each user is assigned an ID that is unique for
each user in the operating system. we will learn about users and commands which
are used to get information about the users. After installation of the operating
system, the ID 0 is assigned to the root user and the IDs 1 to 999 (both inclusive)
are assigned to the system users and hence the ids for local user begins from 1000
onwards. In a single directory, we can create 60,000 users.

In Linux, user management revolves around creating, modifying, and deleting user
accounts, managing permissions, and controlling access to system resources.
Proper user management ensures that users have the appropriate level of access to
perform their tasks and prevents unauthorized access to sensitive information or
system resources.
Linux/Unix operating systems have the ability to multitask in a manner similar to
other operating systems. However, Linux’s major difference from other operating
systems is its ability to have multiple users. Linux was designed to allow more than
one user to have access to the system at the same time. In order for this multiuser

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design to work properly, there needs to be a method to protect users from each
other. This is where permissions come in to play.

User management includes everything from creating a user to deleting a user on

your system. User management can be done in three ways on a Linux system.

Graphical tools are easy and suitable for new users, as it makes sure you'll not run
into any trouble.

Command line tools includes commands like useradd, userdel, passwd, etc. These
are mostly used by the server administrators.

Third and very rare tool is to edit the local configuration files directly using vi.
1.To list out all the users in Linux, use the awk command with -F option. Here, we
are accessing a file and printing only first column with the help of print $1 and awk.
awk -F':' '{ print $1}' /etc/passwd

2. Using id command, you can get the ID of any username. Every user has an id
assigned to it and the user is identified with the help of this id. By default, this id is
also the group id of the user.

id username
Example: id test

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3.Using passwd command to assign a password to a user. After using this
command, we have to enter the new password for the user and then the password
gets updated to the new password.
passwd username
Example: passwd geeks

4. Accessing a user configuration file.

cat /etc/passwd
This command prints the data of the configuration file. This file contains information
about the user in the format.
username: x: user id: user group id : : /home/username : /bin/bash

5. The command to change the user ID for a user.

usermod -u new_id username
This command can change the user ID of a user. The user with the given username
will be assigned with the new ID given in the command and the old ID will be
removed.
Example: sudo usermod -u 1982 test

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6. The command to change the home directory. The below command change the
home directory of the user whose username is given and sets the new home
directory as the directory whose path is provided.
usermod -d new_home_directory_path username
Example: usermod -d new_home_directory test

7.Creating a User
In Linux, every user is assigned an individual account which contains all the files,
information, and data of the user. You can create multiple users in a Linux operating
system using Linux user commands. The steps for creating a user are:

Step 1) Use command sudo adduser

Step 2) Enter password for the new account and confirm

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Step 3) Enter details of the new user and press Y

New account is created.

8.Deleting, disabling account

For disabling an account using Terminal, remove the password set on the account.

sudo passwd -l 'username'

To delete an account, use the command –

sudo userdel -r 'username'

9.Adding users to the usergroups

You can view the existing groups on your Linux operating system by
entering the following Linux user commands:
groupmod "Press Tab key twice"

10.Add a user to a group, use the following syntax:

sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME

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The system would ask for authentication and then it would add the user
to the group.

11. check whether the user is in a group by this command.

And it would show it as

12.Removing a user from Usergroup

Use the following syntax for removing a user.

sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME

13.Finger
This command is used to procure information of the users on a Linux
machine. You can use it on both local & remote machines

The syntax ‘finger’ gives data on all the logged users on the remote and
local machine.

The syntax ‘finger username’ specifies the information of the user in User
administration in Linux.

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 Linux/Unix user management commands
User management in Linux is done by using Linux administration
commands. Here is a list of user management commands in Linux:

Command Description

sudo adduser username Adds a user

sudo passwd -l ‘username’ Disable a user
sudo userdel -r ‘username’ Delete a user
sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME Add user a to a usergroup
sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME Remove user from a user group
finger Gives information on all logged in user
finger username Gives information of a particular user
Linux Groups
Linux groups are the community of the users that have the right to administrate and
organize the users and file permission in a Linux system. The main motive of creating
a group is to define the set of permissions such as read and write permission or
allowing the shared resources of groups.

Users can be listed in different groups. Group allow us to set permission on the group
level instead of setting the permission on individual level.

Every Linux distribution have a graphical tool to manage groups. Groups can be
managed by graphical tools, command line tools and by vi or vigr depending upon the
user's experience. Only experienced users should use vi or vigr to manage groups,
since it will do proper locking or changes in the file.

Types of Linux Groups

In Linux-based system, there are two types of groups, which are:

Primary group: When we create a file through a specific user account, by default, the
filegroup is set to the user's primary group. It will provide the same name as the file
user group as the user account name. The primary group stores the user information in
/etc/passwd file.

Secondary or supplementary group: The main motive to create a secondary group

is to allow the specific permission to limited users. For example, if we want to add any
user to the sudo group, the added user will inherit the sudo rights, and be able to run
the sudo commands. If we add a user to the docker group, then it will inherit the
properties of the docker group and be able to run the docker commands.

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A user can be added to precisely one primary group. It is not necessary to add a user
to a secondary group, so a user can be added to zero or more secondary groups

1.groupadd: The groupadd command creates or add a group in our system.

Syntax:
1. groupadd <groupName>
Example:
1. groupadd php
2. groupadd java
3. groupadd android
4. groupadd spring

Look at the above snapshot, groups php, java, android and spring are created with
groupadd command.

2.Group File: The /etc/group file defines the group membership. A user can be a
member of more than one group.
Syntax:
1. /etc/group

Look at the above snapshot, first column indicates group name, second is the
group's encrypted password which may remain empty also, third is group
identification (GID) and fourth is the list of members. Fourth list is empty as these
groups do not have members.

3.Groups: The group command talks about the group where current user belongs
to.
Syntax: groups

Look at the above snapshot, user jtp and sssit belongs to the different groups.

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4. Add a user to a Group:Adding users to a group is a straight forward process. We
can add users to a group by using usermod command. To add a user to a group,
execute this command, followed by the group name and user name. The group name
is the name of a group in which you want to add a particular user.
let's create two users, user1 and user2, execute the command as follows:
1. sudo useradd user1
2. sudo useradd user2
The above command will add the two users called user1 and user2. Consider the
below output:

To add the user to a group, execute the following command:

1. sudo usermod -a -G jtpGroup user1
The above command will add the user1 to jtpGroup. Consider the below output:

The -a option used to append the group; it is recommended to use this option when
adding a new user to a group. If you do not use the -a option, the user will be
removed from any group not specified after -G option.
If the usermod command executes successfully, it will not display any output, but in
case of failure, it will post warning messages such as user or group does not exist.

5.Add user to multiple groups:Linux system allows us to add a user to various

groups. However, a user only can be added to one primary group, but it can be
added to any number of the secondary group.
To assign a user to a secondary group, use the usermod command, followed by
group names ( separate them by a comma) and user name.
let's create secondary groups named JtpGroup2 and JtpGroup3:
1. sudo groupadd JtpGroup2
2. sudo groupadd JtpGroup3
Now, add the user1 (which is already added to JtpGroup, so its primary group is
JtpGroup) to the secondary group jtpGroup2, JtpGroup3. Execute the below
command.
1. sudo usermod -a -G jtpGroup, JtpGroup2, JtpGroup3 user1
The above command will add the user1 to JtpGroup2 and JtpGroup3 without
removing it from JtpGroup. Consider the below output:

we can specify any numbers of groups, specify them by a comma after the primary
group.

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6.List the Groups in Linux:Many groups exist in Linux; these groups can be user-
defined as well as pre-defined. We can list all the available groups by using getent
command.
To list all the available groups in the Linux system, execute the command as follows:
1. getent group
The above command will display a large list of pre-defined and user-defined
groups. Consider the below snap of the output:

The above snap of the output is taken from the last. At the starting of the output, there
is an extensive list of pre-defined groups.

7.Remove a User from Group:The Linux system allows us to remove a user from a
group. To remove a user from a group, execute the gpasswd command with -d
option followed by group name and user name. Consider the below command:
1. sudo gpasswd -d user1 jtpGroup
The above command will remove the user from the JtpGroup. Consider the below
output:

This group will be assigned a new group configuration at the next login. If the user
is logged in, the changes cannot be seen immediately.

8.Change a User's Primary Group:A user can be added to more than one group.
In such scenarios, there will be only one primary group, and the others will be
secondary groups. The access permission of files will be assigned to the primary
group. Sometimes we may need to change the primary group; it can be changed by
using the usermod command.
To change the user's primary group, execute the usermod command as follows:
1. sudo usermod -g JtpGroup2 user1
Consider the below output:

The above command will remove the user1 from JtpGroup and add it to JtpGroup2.
The -g option is used to assign a user to a primary group, and -G option is used to
assign a user to a secondary group.
9.usermod:
The group members can be edited with usermod or useradd command. If a group
is not listed then by default, usermod command will remove the user from every
group of which he is a member.
Here, -a (append) option is used to prevent this from happening.
Syntax:

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 1. usermod -a -G <group> <userName>
Example:
1. usermod -a -G php akki
2. usermod -a -G php abc
3. usermod -a -G java jtp

Look at the above snapshot, we have displayed the list of /etc/group.

User akki and abc are added into the group php, user jtp is added into java.

10.groupmod: With the help of groupmod command you can change the name of
an already existing group.
Syntax:
1. groupmod -n <oldGroup> <newGroup>
Example:
groupmod -n sql spring

Look at the above snapshot, group spring is changed into sql.

11.groupdel: The command groupdel will delete a group permanently from the
system.
Syntax:
1. groupdel <group>
Example:
1. groupdel sql

Look at the above snapshot, group sql is deleted from the system.

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12.gpasswd: Control of group membership can be passed on to another user with
gpasswd command.
Syntax: gpsswd -A <user> <group>
Example: gpasswd -A jtp java

Look at the above snapshot, we have passed the membership of java to the user with
command "gpasswd -A jtp java". Then we su to jtp and add aaa to java.
Group administrators need not to be a member of the group. They can add or
remove a member without being a member of that group.
File /etc/gshadow keeps the information about the group administrators as shown
in below snapshot.

To remove all the administrators from a group, set an empty administrator list.
Syntax:
1. gpasswd -A "" <group>
Example:
1. gpasswd -A "" java

Look at the above snapshot, administrator jtp is removed from the group java.

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 PART -B: NETWORKING COMMANDS
Linux Networking Commands

Linux networking commands are used extensively to inspect, analyze, maintain, and
troubleshoot the network/s connected to the system.

Every computer is connected to some other computer through a network whether

internally or externally to exchange some information. This network can be small as
some computers connected in your home or office, or can be large or complicated
as in large University or the entire Internet.

Maintaining a system's network is a task of System/Network administrator. Their task

includes network configuration and troubleshooting.

ifconfig Display and manipulate route and network interfaces.

ip It is a replacement of ifconfig command.

traceroute Network troubleshooting utility.

tracepath Similar to traceroute but doesn't require root privileges.

ping To check connectivity between two nodes.

netstat Display connection information.

ss It is a replacement of netstat.

dig Query DNS related information.

nslookup Find DNS related query.

route Shows and manipulate IP routing table.

host Performs DNS lookups.

arp View or add contents of the kernel's ARP table.

iwconfig Used to configure wireless network interface.

hostname To identify a network name.

curl or wget To download a file from internet.

mtr Combines ping and tracepath into a single command.

whois Will tell you about the website's whois.

ifplugstatus Tells whether a cable is plugged in or not.

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1.ifconfig: ifconfig is short for interface configurator. This command is utilized in
network inspection, initializing the interface, enabling or disabling an IP address,
and configuring an interface with an IP address. Also, it is used to show the network
and route interface.

The basic details shown with ifconfig are:

o MTU
o MAC address
o IP address

Syntax:

Ifconfig

2.ip: It is the updated and latest edition of ifconfig command. The command
provides the information of every network, such as ifconfig. Also, it can be used to
get information about a particular interface.

Syntax:

1. ip a
2. ip addr

3.traceroute: The traceroute command is one of the most helpful commands in the
networking field. It's used to balance the network. It identifies the delay and decides
the pathway to our target. Basically, it aids in the below ways:

o It determines the location of the network latency and informs it.

o It follows the path to the destination.
o It gives the names and recognizes all devices on the path.

Syntax:

1. traceroute <destination>

4.tracepath: The tracepath command is the same as the traceroute command, and
it is used to find network delays. Besides, it does not need root privileges. By default,
it comes pre-installed in Ubuntu. It traces the path to the destination and recognizes
all hops in it. It identifies the point at which the network is weak if our network is not
strong enough.

Syntax:

1. tracepath <destination>

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5.ping: It is short for Packet Internet Groper. The ping command is one of the widely
used commands for network troubleshooting. Basically, it inspects the network
connectivity between two different nodes.

Syntax:

1. ping <destination>

7.netstat: It is short for network statistics. It gives statistical figures of many

interfaces, which contain open sockets, connection information, and routing tables.

Syntax:

1. Netstat

8.ss: This command is the substitution for the netstat command. The ss command is
more informative and much faster than netstat. The ss command's faster response is
possible because it fetches every information from inside the kernel userspace.

Syntax:

1. Ss

9.nsloopup: The nslookup command is an older edition of the dig command. Also,
it is utilized for DNS related problems.

Syntax:

1. nslookup <domainname>

10.dig: dig is short for Domain Information Groper. The dig command is an
improvised edition of the nslookup command. It is utilized in DNS lookup to reserve
the DNS name server. Also, it is used to balance DNS related problems. Mainly, it is
used to authorize DNS mappings, host addresses, MX records, and every other DNS
record for the best DNS topography understanding.

Syntax:

1. dig <domainname>

11.route: The route command shows and employs the routing table available for our
system. Basically, a router is used to detect a better way to transfer the packets
around a destination.

Syntax:

1. Route

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12.host: The host command shows the IP address for a hostname and the domain
name for an IP address. Also, it is used to get DNS lookup for DNS related issues.

Syntax:

1. host -t <resourceName>

13.arp: The arp command is short for Address Resolution Protocol. This command is
used to see and include content in the ARP table of the kernel.

Syntax:

1. Arp

14.iwconfig: It is a simple command which is used to see and set the system's
hostname.

Syntax:

1. Hostname

15.curl and wget: These commands are used to download files from CLI from the
internet. curl must be specified with the "O" option to get the file, while wget is
directly used.

curl Syntax:

1. curl -O <fileLink>

wget Syntax:

1. wget <fileLink>

16.mtr: The mtr command is a mix of the traceroute and ping commands. It regularly
shows information related to the packets transferred using the ping time of all hops.
Also, it is used to see network problems.

Syntax:

1. mtr <path>

17.whois: The whois command fetches every website related information. We can
get every information of a website, such as an owner and the registration
information.

Syntax:

1. mtr <websiteName>

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18.ifplugstatus: The ifplugstatus command checks whether a cable is currently
plugged into a network interface. It is not available in Ubuntu directly. We can install
it with the help of the below command:

1. sudo apt-get install ifplugd

Syntax:

1. Ifplugstatus

19.iftop: The iftop command is utilized in traffic monitoring.

20.tcpdump: The tcpdump command is widely used in network analysis with other
commands of the Linux network. It analyses the traffic passing from the network
interface and shows it. When balancing the network, this type of packet access will
be crucial.

Syntax:

1. $ tcpdump -i <network_device>

PART -C : Storage Management

How much do you need to know about disks to successfully manage a Linux system?
What commands do what? How do you make good decisions about partitioning?
What kind of troubleshooting tools are available? What kind of problems might you
run into? This article covers a lot of territory – from looking into the basics of a Linux
file systems to sampling some very useful commands.

Disk technology
In the beginning days of Unix and later Linux, disks were physically large, but very
small in terms of storage capacity. A 300 megabyte disk in the mid-90’s was the size
of a shoebox. Today, you can get multi-terrabyte disks that are the size of a slice of
toast.

Traditionally, files resided within file systems that resided in disk partitions that were
themselves simply slices of disks. This organization still dominates today, though
servers in large data centers often take on an entirely different structure.

1.file

2.file system

3.disk partition

4. disk

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 /\

/ \

/ \

/ file \

/ \

/==========\

/ \

/ file system \

/ \

/==================\

/ disk partition \

/======================\

/ disk \

/==========================\

This simplistic view still works for many systems, but these days there are lot of
complexities that make disk management harder in some ways and easier in others.
A file system might be virtual – no longer residing on a single disk and more
complex to manage, but far easier to resize as needed. In fact, the entire system
could be virtual. And what we might manage as if it were a single disk could actually
be some portion of a very large disk array.

Disk management
Sysadmins generally have to deal with many issues when it comes to managing
disks. These include:
• Partitioning disks
• Creating file systems
• Mounting file systems
• Sharing file systems
• Monitoring free space within file systems
• Backing up (and sometimes restoring) file systems
The reasons to partition a disk include:

• protecting some file systems from running out of space (e.g., you may want
the OS partition to be separated from home directories or applications to keep
it from being affected if users’ files begin to take up far an excessive amount
of disk space)
• improving performance
• allocating swap space

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 • facilitating maintenance and backups (e.g., you might be able to unmount
/apps if it’s not part of / and you might want to back up /home more frequently
than /usr)
• more efficient (and targeted) fsck
• maintaining (particularly on test systems) multiple operating systems
• reserving enough disk space for file system expansion
• sharing select file systems with other systems

Partitioning commands
For most Linux servers, partitioning is done before the servers are deployed. On the
other hand, you might add disks at some later time or hold back some significant
amount of free disk space for future use.

To make changes or verify partitions, enter a command such as fdisk /dev/sda to

start fdisk interactively and then type m to see a list of the things that you can do with
the fdisk command.

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sda

Command (m for help): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table

q quit without saving changes

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit

x extra functionality (experts only)

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As you can see, the fdisk command provides a lot of functionality. The partitions that
you set up may look something like this configuration in which four partitions have
been set up on a single disk – /dev/sda.

sda

+------------+------------------------+--------------------+------+

| / 40G | /home 80G | /apps 70G | swap |

+------------+------------------------+--------------------+------+

sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4

Examining disk space and disk partitions

There are several excellent commands for examining disk partitions.
The df command is one of the most used commands for reporting on disk space
usage. With the -h option, the df command displays the measurements in the most
"human-friendly" format and that is, in fact, what the “h” is meant to imply. As you
can see in the example below, the measurements are displayed in kilobytes,
megabytes or gigabytes depending on the sizes rather than all using the same scale.

$ df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

udev 969M 4.0K 969M 1% /dev

tmpfs 196M 1.1M 195M 1% /run

/dev/sda1 37G 4.5G 31G 13% /

none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock

none 980M 152K 979M 1% /run/shm

none 100M 36K 100M 1% /run/user

/dev/sda3 28G 44M 26G 1% /apps

The pydf command (think "python df" as it's really a python script) also provides a
very useful disk usage display showing mount points and cute little illustrations for
how full each partition is.

$ pydf

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda1 37G 4534M 30G 12.1 [##...........] /

/dev/sda3 27G 44M 26G 0.2 [.............] /apps

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The parted command displays partition information in a different format:

$ sudo parted -l

Model: ATA WDC WD800AAJS-60 (scsi)

Disk /dev/sda: 80.0GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 40.0GB 40.0GB primary ext4 boot

2 40.0GB 50.0GB 10.0GB primary linux-swap(v1)

3 50.0GB 80.0GB 30.0GB primary ext4

The lsblk (list block devices) command illustrates the relationship between disks
and their partitions graphically and also supplies the major and minor device
numbers and mount points.

$ lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 74.5G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 37.3G 0 part /

├─sda2 8:2 0 9.3G 0 part [SWAP]

└─sda3 8:3 0 28G 0 part /apps

The fdisk command reports more details on disk partitions and uses very different
numbers. You can also use fdisk to create or delete partitions, list unpartitioned
space, change a partition type, or verify the partition table.

$ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders, total 156301488 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x000f114b

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 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 2048 78125055 39061504 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 78125056 97656831 9765888 82 Linux swap / Solaris

/dev/sda3 97656832 156301311 29322240 83 Linux

The sfdisk command is similar to fdisk, but makes some partition manipulation
activities easier to perform.

$ sudo sfdisk -l -uM

Disk /dev/sda: 9729 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track

Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0

Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 38146 38146 39061504 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 38147 47683 9537 9765888 82 Linux swap / Solaris

/dev/sda3 47684 76318 28635 29322240 83 Linux

/dev/sda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty

NOTE: A mebibyte (MiB) = 220 bytes or 1,048,576 bytes.

The cfdisk command can also be used to display or manipulate disk partitions.

$ sudo cfdisk

cfdisk (util-linux 2.20.1)

Disk Drive: /dev/sda
Size: 80026361856 bytes, 80.0 GB
Heads: 255 Sectors per Track: 63 Cylinders: 9729
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pri/Log Free Space 1.05*
sda1 Boot Primary ext4 39998.99*
sda2 Primary swap 10000.27*
sda3 Primary ext4 30025.98*
Pri/Log Free Space 0.10*

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 [ Help ] [ New ] [ Print ] [ Quit ] [ Units ]

[ Write ]

Create new partition from free space

Monitoring disk performance

The iostat command can display statistics that illustrate how disks are performing,
including how heavily they are being used. It also displays important measurements
that show how busy the CPU is and how much of its resources are used for types of
work. The system described below is idle more than 95% of the time. More
importantly for our focus on disks, the %iowait (CPU waiting on disk IO) is very low.
This would not be true if the disk were unusually busy and disk IO were a bottleneck.

$ iostat -x 60

Linux 3.13.0-129-generic (stinkbug) 08/31/2017 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

0.93 1.15 0.35 1.86 0.00 95.73

Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rkB/s wkB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await
r_await w_await svctm %util

sda 8.37 3.26 13.41 2.79 341.14 191.82 65.79 0.61 37.60 30.40
72.14 2.52 4.08

Probably one of the most informative commands for looking at disk health
is smartctl (part of smartmontools). While the command generates a lot of output, it
provides valuable measurements that might help you pinpoint disk problems,
particularly once you get used to working with its extensive output

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda1

smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-129-generic] (local build)

Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===

Model Family: Western Digital Caviar Blue Serial ATA

Device Model: WDC WD800AAJS-60M0A0

Serial Number: WD-WMAV37134378

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LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 0015c85ef

Firmware Version: 02.03E02

User Capacity: 80,026,361,856 bytes [80.0 GB]

Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical

Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]

ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS (minor revision not indicated)

SATA Version is: SATA 2.5, 3.0 Gb/s

Local Time is: Thu Aug 31 15:30:19 2017 EDT

SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.

SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===

SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:

Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity

was completed without error.

Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.

Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed

without error or no self-test has ever

been run.

Total time to complete Offline

data collection: ( 2700) seconds.

Offline data collection

capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.

Auto Offline data collection on/off support.

Suspend Offline collection upon new

command.

24
 Offline surface scan supported.

Self-test supported.

No Conveyance Self-test supported.

Selective Self-test supported.

SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering

power-saving mode.

Supports SMART auto save timer.

Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.

General Purpose Logging supported.

Short self-test routine

recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.

Extended self-test routine

recommended polling time: ( 36) minutes.

SCT capabilities: (0x303f) SCT Status supported.

SCT Error Recovery Control supported.

SCT Feature Control supported.

SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16

Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:

ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED

WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE

1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0

3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 143 140 021 Pre-fail Always - 3841

4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 178

5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0

7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0

9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 058 058 000 Old_age Always - 31203

25
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 100 051 Pre-fail Always - 0

11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0

12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 175

184 End-to-End_Error 0x0033 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0

187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0

188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0

190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 066 062 040 Old_age Always - 34

192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 103

193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 178

196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0

197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0

198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0

199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0

200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0

SMART Error Log Version: 1

No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1

Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error

# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 30349 -

# 2 Extended offline Aborted by host 80% 0 -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1

SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS

1 0 0 Not_testing

2 0 0 Not_testing

3 0 0 Not_testing

4 0 0 Not_testing

26
 5 0 0 Not_testing

Selective self-test flags (0x0):

After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.

If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

27