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Dbms 6,7,8

The document outlines the creation and usage of PL/SQL procedures and functions, including examples for displaying messages, finding minimum and maximum values, and calculating factorials. It also covers SQL commands for inserting, updating, and deleting records in a database, along with transaction control commands like COMMIT and ROLLBACK. Additionally, it describes the implementation of a trigger to monitor salary changes in a customer table.

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Jenifer M
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5 views7 pages

Dbms 6,7,8

The document outlines the creation and usage of PL/SQL procedures and functions, including examples for displaying messages, finding minimum and maximum values, and calculating factorials. It also covers SQL commands for inserting, updating, and deleting records in a database, along with transaction control commands like COMMIT and ROLLBACK. Additionally, it describes the implementation of a trigger to monitor salary changes in a customer table.

Uploaded by

Jenifer M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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311521205024

PROGRAM:

Creates a simple procedure that displays the string 'Hello World!'


CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;

The above procedure named 'greetings' can be called with the EXECUTE keyword as
EXECUTE greetings;

The procedure can also be called from another PL/SQL block


BEGIN
greetings;
END;
DROP PROCEDURE greetings;

IN & OUT Mode


DECLARE
a number; b number; c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
findMin(a, b, c);
dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);
END;

IN & OUT Mode


DECLARE
a number;
PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN OUT number) IS BEGIN
x := x * x;
END;
BEGIN
a:= 23;
squareNum(a);
dbms_output.put_line(' Square of (23): ' || a); END;
311521205024

Creating a Function
Select * from customers;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalCustomers RETURN number IS
total number(2) := 0; BEGIN
SELECT count(*) into total FROM customers;
RETURN total;
END;
/

Calling a Function
DECLARE
c number(2); BEGIN
c := totalCustomers();
dbms_output.put_line('Total no. of Customers: ' || c); END;
/

Computes and returns the maximum of two values.


DECLARE
a number; b number; c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number) RETURN number
IS
z number; BEGIN
IF x > y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
Z:= y; END IF; RETURN z;
END; BEGIN
a:= 23;
b:= 45;
c := findMax(a, b);
dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c); END;
/
Calculate the factorial of a number
DECLARE
num number; factorial number;
FUNCTION fact(x number) RETURN number
IS
f number;
BEGIN
IF x=0 THEN f := 1;
ELSE
f := x * fact(x-1); END IF;
RETURN f; END;
BEGIN
num:= 6;
factorial := fact(num);
dbms_output.put_line(' Factorial '|| num || ' is ' || factorial); END/
311521205024

OUTPUT:

Procedure created.
Hello World
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Hello World
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Minimum of (23, 45) : 23


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Square of (23): 529


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Function created.

Total no. of Customers: 6


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Maximum of (23,45): 45
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Factorial 6 is 720
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT:
311521205024

PROGRAM:
INSERT command
INSERT INTO student(id, name) values(value, value);

Insert NULL value to a column


INSERT INTO Student VALUES(102,'Alex', null);

Insert Default value to a column


INSERT INTO Student VALUES(103,'Chris', default)

UPDATE command
UPDATE student SET age=18 WHERE student_id=102;

Updating Multiple Columns


UPDATE student SET name='Abhi', age=17 where s_id=103;

UPDATE Command: Incrementing Integer Value


UPDATE student SET age = age+1;

DELETE command
DELETE FROM student;
DELETE FROM student WHERE s_id=103;

COMMIT, ROLLBACK AND SAVEPOINT SQL COMMANDS


INSERT INTO class VALUES(5, 'Rahul');
COMMIT;
UPDATE class SET name = 'Abhijit' WHERE id
= '5'; SAVEPOINT A;
INSERT INTO class VALUES(6,
'Chris'); SAVEPOINT B;
INSERT INTO class VALUES(7,
'Bravo'); SAVEPOINT C;
SELECT * FROM class;
ROLLBACK TO B;
SELECT * FROM class;
ROLLBACK TO A;
SELECT * FROM class;

OUTPUT:
101 Adam 15
102 Alex

S_id S_Name age


101 Adam 15
102 Alex
311521205024

103 chris 14

S_id S_Name age


101 Adam 15
102 Alex
103 chris 14

S_id S_Name age


101 Adam 15
102 Alex 18
103 chris 14

s_id name age


101 Adam 15
102 Alex 18
103 Abhi 17

s_id name age

101 Adam 15

102 Alex 18

103 Abhi 17

S_id S_Name age


101 Adam 15
102 Alex 18

id name

1 Abhi

2 Adam

4 Alex

id name
1 Abhi
2 Adam
4 Alex
5 Abhijit
6 Chris
7 Bravo
311521205024

id name
1 Abhi
2 Adam
4 Alex
5 Abhijit
6 Chris

id name
1 Abhi
2 Adam
4 Alex
5 Abhiji
t

RESULT:

PROGRAM:

Select * from customers;


311521205024

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes


BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON
customers FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
DECLARE
sal_diff number;
BEGIN
sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
END;/
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (7, 'Kriti', 22, 'HP',
7500.00 );
UPDATE customers
SET salary =
salary+ 500
WHERE id = 2;

OUTPUT:

Trigger created.
Old salary:
New salary: 7500
Salary difference

Old salary: 1500


New salary: 2000
Salary difference: 500

RESULT:

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