DYNAMICS

Chapter 12- Kinematics of a particle.

Contents of Class 12-1 (Rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion):
12.1- Introduction to Dynamics.
12.2- Rectilinear motion (Continuous motion).
12.3- Rectilinear motion (Erratic motion).
12.4- General curvilinear motion.
12.5- Rectangular Components.
12.6- Motion of a projectile.

Today’s Objectives (Students will be able to):

1. Recall the definition of position, displacement, velocity, and
acceleration of a particle traveling along a straight path.
2. Calculate position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle using
parametric equations.
3. Describe the motion of a particle along a curved path using
rectangular components (x-y coordinates).
4. Analyze the free-flight motion of a projectile.
INTRODUCTION TO Section 12.1
DYNAMICS
 Introduction to Dynamics

The study of Dynamics is divided in:

Kinematics: describe the motion of rigid bodies and particles
without considering the applied forces.
Kinetics: analyzes the motion of particles and rigid bodies
considering the motion forces.

• The particles are concentrated masses (like a point with mass)

without shape or dimensions. Therefore, a particle is an ideal
model to simplify the calculations.

• A rigid body is another ideal model and represents a body that

never deforms.

Today, we start learning about the kinematics of the particle!

Motion of a particle: Rectilinear or curvilinear?

A particle has rectilinear

motion when the position,
velocity, and acceleration of
the particle can be located
on a straight line.

A particle has curvilinear

motion when the position,
velocity, and acceleration of
the particle can be located
along a curved line in two or
three dimensions.
 Rectilinear motion of a particle
Depending on how is the rectilinear motion, the particle can
be studied considering:

ERRATIC MOTION: When particle motion

has to be described by a series
of functions or graphs to define
the motion (position, velocity or
acceleration) at different intervals

CONTINUOS MOTION: When particle motion

s 6t 2 − t 3
=
can be described by a single
mathematical function along the
path to describe its position,
velocity or acceleration.
 This boat is moving in a straight-
line path and can be studied as a
particle moving in rectilinear
x = f(t) motion.

The positions (x) of the boat can

be defined along a straight line
depending on time x =f (t).

The boat velocities (v) can be

obtained as the time derivative of
its position v =dx/dt .

SECTION 12.2 - RECTILINEAR The boat accelerations(a) can be

MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN calculated as the time derivative
CONTINUOUS MOTION. of its velocity a =dv/dt .
Rectilinear motion of a particle
(Position)
POSITION COORDINATE of a particle is defined by positive or
negative distance from a fixed origin (x = 0) on a path line.
Origin Origin
1 2 3 4 -1

Particle position with positive Particle position with negative

distance from origin. (x = 5 m) distance from origin. (x’ = -2)

In general, the motion of a particle is

known if the position coordinate is given x 6t 2 − t 3
=
for every value of time t.
That means x = f(t)

The particle motion may be expressed as

a function or in form of a graph x vs. t.
For example:
Typical units are meters (m)
or feet (ft).
Rectilinear motion of a particle
(Position, displacement and distance traveled)

Remember:

a) Position is the distance from the origin of the

coordinates: S
b) Displacement is the change in position: ∆S = S(t) – S(t+∆t)

c) Distance traveled is the total length of particle

motion along the path: D = S(t) + S(t+∆t)
Rectilinear motion of a particle
(Velocity)

VELOCITY of a particle is the rate

of change of its position in time.

∆x
The average velocity during a time interval ∆t is: vavg =
P x(m) t(s)
( x2 − x1 ) (5 − 2)
∆t
e.g: 1 2 1 vavg
= = = 1.5 m/s
2 5 3 (t2 − t1 ) (3 − 1)
d ( x)
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position: v=
d ( x) d dt
e.g: Function: x = 2t =
2 , v =
dt dt
(=2t 2
) 4t
Because the velocity of a particle has magnitude, direction and sense is
common in dynamic calculation consider velocity as a vector, but for some
practical purposes it is analyzed as scalar magnitude (named as speed).

Typical units are (m/s) or (ft/s).

Rectilinear continuous motion of a particle
(Acceleration)

ACCELERATION is the rate of

change of its velocity in time.

The average acceleration of a particle during a time interval ∆t is:

∆v
aavg =
∆t
The instantaneous acceleration is the time-derivative of velocity:

d (v) d 2 ( x)
=a =
dt dt 2
Because the acceleration of a particle has magnitude, direction
and sense is common in dynamic calculation consider
acceleration as a vector.
Typical units are (m/s2) or (ft/s2).
Summary of kinematics relations
(rectilinear continuous motion of a particle)
• By derivation.
Velocity: Acceleration: Other relation:
dx dv dx dv
v= a= dt = =
dt dt v a

• By integration.

Position: Velocity:
x t v t v x

∫ dx = ∫ vdt
xo o
∫ dv = ∫ a    
vo o
dt or ∫ v ⋅ dv = ∫ a ⋅ dx
vo xo

Note that xo and vo represent the initial position and

initial velocity of the particle at time t = 0.
Rectilinear motion of a particle
There are some cases of rectilinear motion where acceleration is
constant.

A common example of constant acceleration is the gravity acceleration

in the free fall motion. In this case:

a c = g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2 ft/s 2

When the ball is released in free fall, it has

zero velocity but a constant acceleration of
9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2.
Summary of kinematics relations
(rectilinear continuous motion of a particle)

In cases of constant acceleration (a = ac ) can be

used the following Big 4 kinematic equations:

v t

∫=
dv ∫ a
vo o
c ⋅ dt           v
yields = vo + a c ⋅ t
s t

∫ ∫
2
ds = v        
⋅dt yields     s = s o +v o ⋅ t + (1 2) a c ⋅ t
so 0
v s

∫v ∫s
2 2
v ⋅d v = a
      yields       v
⋅d s = v o +2 ⋅ ac ⋅ ( s − so )
v + vo
s= vavg ⋅ t= ⋅t
o o

Here, for position : S = x

EXAMPLES PROBLEMS
12.2- Rectilinear motion
(Continuous motion).
Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.1
Kinematics equations for
At X0 = 0 ft, a particle has constant acceleration!
an initial velocity Vo = 3 ft/s Given:
to the left and a constant v0 = - 3 ft/s
acceleration a = 2 ft/s2 to x0 = 0 ft
the right. ac = 2 ft/s2 Constant
t=3s
Find S at 3 seconds
Find its position when t = 3 s.
x= xo + vo ⋅ t + (1 2) ac ⋅t 2
x 0 ft + ( −3 ft/s )( 3s ) + (1 2 ) ( +2 ft/s 2 ) ( 3s )
2
=
x = 0 ft − 9ft + 9ft
x = 0 ft
 How does the particle start with speed moving away
from the origin and after 3 seconds it returns?
This can be explained by considering that the particle stops and
changes the direction of velocity when moves to the left.
Calculation of time at point of return (when v = 0):
3
v= vo + at 0 =−3 + 2t t= = 1.5 s
2 The particle stops at 1.5 s and starts
Constant acceleration moving with constant acceleration
a = 2 ft/s2 to the right
a = 2 m/s2 to the right.
Distance traveled between t = 0 and t = 1.5 s:

At t = 0: Vo = -3 m/s x = xo + vo ⋅ t + (1 2) ac ⋅t 2
At t = 1.5 s: V = 0 x= 0 − 3 (1.5s ) + (1 2) 2 (1.5s ) 2
x= −4.5 + 2.25 = −2.25 m
Distance traveled between t = 1.5 s and t = 3 s:
⋅t (1 2) 2 ⋅ ( 3 − 1.5 )
2 2
At t = 1.5 s: Vo = 0 = x (1 2) ac=
At t = 3 s: V = 0
x = 2.25 m Position = x = 0
Return to the origin (x = 0)! Displacement = ∆S = 0
Distance traveled = S = 4.5 m
Kinematics of a
particle
No constant
acceleration
Example – 12.2
The brakes of a car are applied,
causing a deceleration of a =- 6t ft/s2
( t is in seconds). Car stops at 300 ft. a=−6t =
dv
dt
dv = a dt
Find: t
a) Car velocity (Vo) just before the dx
=v ∫=
a dt
dt
Answer to part A
brakes were applied, t =0

b) Time required for the car to stop. dx = v dt

0
x = ∫ v dt Answer to part B
VO
Finding an equation for velocity depending on time
(Using the time derivatives for kinematics terms)

Initial velocity Vo =?
Final velocity V = 0
Given: a = −6t ft / s 2
dv dv
Knowing: a = −6t =
dt dt
Grouping same terms: dv =−6t ⋅ dt
v t

Applying defined integral:

∫ dv = ∫ ( −6t ) ⋅ dt
v0 t0

 t 2   t02 
v − v0 =  −6  −  −6 
 2  2
At:
 t 2   02 
v=0 0 − v0 =  −6  −  −6 
to = 0  2  2

t2 v0 = 3t 2
−v0 =−6 →
2
Where t is time required
to stop the car.
Finding relationship between time and position.

Given: v = 3t 2
dx dx
Knowing: v= 3t 2 =
dt dt
Grouping same terms: = 3t 2 ⋅ dt
dx
x t

(
∫ ∫ ) dt
2
Applying defined integral: dx = 3t
x0 t0
 t 3   t0 3 
x − x=
0 3  − 3 
 3  3 
At:
 t 3   03 
x0 = 0; 300 −=
0 3  − 3 
x = 300 ft,  3  3 
t0 = 0
300 = t 3
Then:
2
=t =
3
v 3=
300 6.69 s = t 134.3 ft / s
 Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.3
Initially, the car travelsalong a
straight road with a speed of 35 m/s.
The brakes are applied, and the speed
of the car is reduced to10 m/s in 15 s.

Find: ∆v vB − v A
a
= =
a) Constant deceleration of the car. t t
b) Total distance traveled (S) by the 1
s = x0 + v0 ⋅ t + aC ⋅ t 2
car with the brakes applied. 2
Applying fundamental equations of
kinematics for constant acceleration.

Constant acceleration:
∆v v1 − v0 vB − v A
a
= = =
t t t
10 − 35
a= = −1.667 m / s 2
15

Distance traveled with 1

s = x0 + v0 ⋅ t + aC ⋅ t 2
constant acceleration: 2
In this case: x0 = 0; v0 = 35 m/s
1
s =0 + 35 ⋅15 + (−1.667) ⋅ (15) 2 =337.5 m
2
Or: vB + v A
=s vaverage=
⋅t ⋅t This solution only apply
2 with constant acceleration
10 + 35
=s 15 337.5 m / s
⋅=
2
Rectilinear Motion. Section 12.3
Erratic motion.
 Rectilinear Motion. Erratic motion.
When a particle has erratic motion then its position, velocity, and
acceleration cannot be described by a single continuous mathematical
function along the path. In these cases, a series of functions will be
required to specify the motion at different intervals.
For this reason, it is convenient to represent the motion as a graph.

A cyclist moves along a straight road and his position The acceleration of a sports car traveling The acceleration of a motorcycle
depends on the weather. During the start he travels along a straight road is described on the traveling along a straight road is
less distance than when he reaches his rated speed. graph as a function of distance. described by the v–t graph.
Rectilinear Motion. Erratic motion.
If a graph of the motion relates any two of the variables: Position (s),
Velocity (v), acceleration (a) and Time (t), then the following differential
equations can be used to obtains the two other variables:

∆s d (s)
vavg = v=
∆t dt
a ⋅ ds =v ⋅ dv
∆v d (v )
aavg = a=
∆t dt

Here, for position : ∆S = ∆x

d(s) = d(x)
Rectilinear Motion. Erratic motion.

Recall:

Derivative is the slope (rate of

change) of a tangent line to the
curve of the mathematical
function at the given point.

Integral is the area under the

curve of the mathematical
function between two points.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
12.3- Rectilinear motion
(Erratic motion).
Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.4
Acar starts fromrest at s =0 and
travelsalong a straight road with the
speed shown by the v–t graph.

Find:
a) The acceleration for the time
intervals: Graph of the car speed as a function of time.
t =0 to t =5 s
t =5 to t =20 s
t =20 to t =30 s
b) The total distance that the car
travelsuntil it stops when t =30 s.
The acceleration over time is obtained by
calculating the slope of the tangent line of V vs T.

Time interval: t = 0 to t = 5 s.
∆v v final − vinitial 20 − 0
slope= a= = = = 4 m / s2
t t 5

Time interval: t = 5s to t = 20 s.
In this time interval velocity is constant (v = 20 m/s)
then acceleration is zero. a = 0

Time interval: t = 20s to t = 30 s.

∆v v final − vinitial 0 − 20
slope = a = = = = −2 m / s 2
t t 10
The total distance is the sum of all displacements over time

In each interval, it is assumed that the origin

of the displacement is equal to zero.
Time interval: t = 0 to t = 5 s. a = 4 m/s2
s1 = x0 + v0 ⋅ t + 1 aC ⋅ t 2
2
For: xo = 0 and v0 = 0
1 1
s1= aC ⋅ t 2= ( 4 ) ⋅ ( 5 ) = 50 m
2

2 2

Time interval: t = 5s to t = 20 s. a = 0 m/s2

s2 = v ⋅ t = 20 ⋅15 = 300 m

Time interval: t = 20s to t = 30 s. a = -2 m/s2

s3 = x0 + v0 ⋅ t + 1 aC ⋅ t 2
2
For: xo = 0 and v0 = 20 m/s
1 1
s3 = v0 ⋅ t + aC ⋅ t 2 = 20 ⋅10 + (−2) ⋅ (10) 2 = 100 m
2 2
S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 50 + 300 +100 = 450 m
 How to calculate the car displacement by another way?

s = v ⋅ t = Area under the curve

20 ⋅ 5
=s1 Area
= = 50 m 20 ⋅10
1
2 =s3 Area
= 3 = 100 m
2

s2 = Area2 = 20 ⋅15 = 300 m

 CURVILINEAR MOTION Section 12.4
(THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT MOVING IN A CURVED PATH IS
CALLED CURVILINEAR MOTION)
 Curvilinear motion
Applications:
Roller coaster named
Formula Rossa at the
Ferrari World park
in Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates.
Ereb Emerets

This is the fastest roller coaster

on the planet, with speeds of
up to 240 km/h (150 mph).

Riders in this roller coaster support strong tangential accelerations due

to the changes of the train speed (240 km/h in 4.9 s = 13.7 m/s2) and
normal accelerations due to changes of direction in the curved path
during the motion.
CURVILINEAR MOTION:
RECTANGULAR Section 12.5

COMPONENTS
 Curvilinear motion
The curvilinear motion can be traced using x-y-z coordinates over time.
   
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j + z(t)k
Deriving the path coordinates as a function of time can be
obtained the velocity and acceleration as a function of time.

Velocity:
 dr(x) dx(t)  dy(t)  dz(t) 
v= = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt dt
   
v = vx i + v y j + vz k
Note: In curvilinear motion the velocity is always tangent to
the path (recall: definition of derivative of a function)
Acceleration:

 dv(t) dv x (t)  dv y (t)  dv z (t) 
a= = i+ 2
j+ 2
k
dt dt dt dt
   
a = a x i + a y j + azk
Rectangular components in curvilinear motion
3D 2D
      
• Position vector r = x i + y j + zk r xi + yj
=
      
• Velocity vector v = vx i + v y j + vzk v vx i + vy j
=
      
• Acceleration vector a = a x i + a y j + a zk a ax i + ay j
=

Magnitudes of the position, velocity and acceleration vectors can

be computed as the resultants of the rectangular components:

r= rx 2 + ry 2 + rz 2 =r rx 2 + ry 2

v= vx 2 + v y 2 + vz 2 =v vx 2 + vy2

a= a x 2 + a y2 + a z2 =a a x 2 + a y2
EXAMPLES PROBLEMS 12.4- General curvilinear
motion.
12.5- Rectangular
Components.
 Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.5
The position of a point Ais defined
by the vector rA(t), where t is in
seconds.
  
( 4 2
)
r A ( t ) = 4t i + 4t j m
Plan:
We need to applied time-derivative:
Determine the magnitude of the 
velocity and acceleration of Awhen  ( )
v A( t ) =
d r A( t )

t =0.5 s. dt

 (
a A( t ) =
)
d v A( t )
dt
Velocity of particle A as function of time.
Calculation of velocity
  
Knowing: ( 4 2
r A (t) = 4t i + 4 t j m )
Applying time-derivative:


v A (t) =
(
d r A (t)
=
)
d ( 4t 4 )  d ( 4t 2 ) 
i+ j
dt dt dt
  
v A (t)= 4 ⋅ (4 t 3 )i + 4 ⋅ (2t) j
  
( 3
v A (t) = 16t i + 8t j m / s )
At t = 0.5 s:
  
Velocity vector: ( )
v A (0.5s) = 2i + 4 j m / s

Velocity magnitude: vA = 22 + 42 = 4.47 m / s

Acceleration of particle A as function of time.
Calculation of acceleration
  
Knowing: ( 3
v A (t) = 16t i + 8t j m / s)
Applying time-derivative:


a A (t) =
(
d v A (t) ) = d (16t ) i + d (8t ) j
3

 dt  dt dt
a A (t)= 16 ⋅ (3t 2 )i + 8 j
  
( )
a A (t ) = 48t i + 8 j m / s 2
2

At t = 0.5 s:
  
Acceleration vector: ( )
a A (0.5s) = 12i + 8 j m / s 2

Acceleration magnitude: a A= 122 + 82= 14.4 m / s 2

 Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.6 Plan:
Calculating ay:
Given:
Aparticle travels along the parabolic path • Calculate acceleration
=
d v y( t )
aY =
( )
d (t 2 )
along y axis by:
y =x2. The component of velocity along dt dt
the y axis is vy =t2 , where dimensionsare Calculating ax:

in millimeters and time in seconds. • Calculate acceleration ( )

d vx( t )
along x axis by: a X = dt

Find at t =3 seconds: • Calculate velocity ( )

d x(t )
The componentsof the particle’s along x axis by: v X =
()
t
dt
acceleration along y and x axes (ay , ax) . • Calculate position
along x axis by: x= y dy = v y dt

t3 t3
=y v dt ∫ ( t ) dt
∫=
2
y= x=
y
3 3
 Calculate acceleration ay

Time-derivate of velocity along y axis.

Knowing: vy = t2

d v y (t ) 
aY =
dt
d 2
aY =
dt
( t )= 2 ⋅ t

Acceleration along Y axis as function on time: aY = 2 ⋅ t

At t = 3 s: aY = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 m/s 2
Answer: ay = 6 m/s2
 Finding relation between y-coordinate and time.
To obtain x = f(x)

dy
Knowing: vy = t2 and v y = v y dt = dy
ay = 6 m/s2 dt
Integrating velocity over time:
Applying the integral over time to velocity:

aX = ? ∫ dy = ∫ v dt
y

3
t
=y ∫=
t 2 dt
3

t3
We get the position on y axis as function on time: y=
3
 Obtaining the x-coordinates as a function of time

ay = 6 m/s2 t3
Knowing: y= and y = x2
3
Then: t3
aX = ? = x2
3
1
t 3 2 1 32
x=  x
= ⋅t
3 3

Position on X axis as function on time: x = 0.5777 t(3/2)

 Calculating velocity vx

1 32 y=
t3
ay = 6 m/s2
Knowing: x
= ⋅t 3
3
3
=x 0.5777 ⋅ t 2

Velocity = Time-derivate of x position.

dx
vx =
aX = ? dt
d  1 32  1 d t3 2
vx
=  ⋅t =

dt  3  3 dt

1  3  3 2−1 3 1
vx =⋅  t =⋅ t
3 2 3 2

3
Velocity on x axis as function on time: =vx ⋅ t
2⋅ 3
 Calculating velocity ax

1
ay = 6 m/s2 3
t3 Knowing:=vx ⋅t 2
y=
3 2⋅ 3
Acceleration = Time-derivate of Vx
vx 0.866 ⋅ t
=
dvx d  3 1

ax =
=  ⋅t 
2
aX = ? dt dt  2 ⋅ 3 
1
 1 2 −1 
1
3
=x 0.5777 ⋅ t 2
3 dt 32
ax = ⋅ = ⋅ t 
2 ⋅ 3 dt 2⋅ 3  2 
3  − 12 
Acceleration on X axis ax
= ⋅t 
as function on time: At t = 3 s: 4⋅ 3  
0.433 0.433
ax = =a x = 0.25 m/s 2

t 3 Answer: ax = 0.25 m/s2

Acceleration of the particle at t = 3 seconds

ay = 6 m/s2

ay = 6 m/s2

ax = 0.25 m/s2
vx 0.866 ⋅ t
=

ax = 0.25 m/s 2
aA
= a X2 + aY2

=aA 0.252 + 62
aA
= 0.252 + =
62 6 m/s 2
MOTION OF A Section 12.6
PROJECTILE
 Motion of a projectile
The use of rectangular components to describe the position,
velocity, and acceleration of a particle is effective when the
motion of the particle can be described in different way at
x, y and z directions.

The parabolic path of projectile motion is a good

example because it can be studied as two
different rectilinear motions:

1- Horizontal direction with zero acceleration

and constant velocity,

2- Vertical direction with constant acceleration

(i.e., from gravity).
 Motion of a projectile
When air friction is not considered, the only force acting on the
projectile is its weight, which causes in the projectile a constant
downward acceleration of ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 or g = 32.2 ft/s2
 HORIZONTAL Motion of a projectile

ax = 0
Since the acceleration is
zero then the velocity in
the horizontal direction
remains constant, so:

v=
x constant= v 0 ⋅ cos θ
Constant velocity

The position in the x direction can be determined by:

x = x 0 + vx ⋅ t
x =x 0 + ( v0 ⋅ cos θ ) t In this equation, air friction
is not considered.
 VERTICAL Motion of a projectile
+
Since the positive y-axis is
directed upward, then:
ay = - g
The rectangular component -
of the initial velocity on
the vertical (y axis) is:
v0=
Y
v0 ⋅ sin θ
v y v oY -=
= g t v 0 sin θ − g ⋅ t
Therefore, the application y = y o + v oY ⋅ t – ½ ⋅ g ⋅ t 2
of the constant acceleration
(ay = -g) equations produces: vy2
= vo Y 2 – 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( y – yo )
When the projectile goes up the velocity is positive (+)
and when it goes down the velocity is negative (-).
Motion of a projectile (parabolic path)
By mathematical procedure
it is possible to obtain:

Time of flight (vy = - voy):

2 ⋅ v 0 ⋅ sin θ
t max =
g

Maximum height reached (vy = 0):

( v 0 ⋅ sin θ )
2

y max =
2⋅g

Horizontal range (using t = time of flight):

v 0 2 ⋅ sin ( 2θ )
x max =
g
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12.6- Motion of a
projectile.
 Kinematics of a
particle
Example – 12.7
Apilot wants todrop markers at
remote locations. If he flies at a
constant velocity v0 =40 m/s at
altitude h =30 mand the marker is
released with zerovelocity relative
to the plane.

At what horizontal distance d from

the desired impact point should the
marker be released?
Set a system of coordinate axes
with a fixed reference frame.

Y (+)

X (+)
Horizontal (x) motion of marker (velocity remains
constant and equal to airplane velocity)

Horizontal velocity:
Knowing: ax = 0
Release angle θ = 00
v=
x v =
0x v 0 cos=θ 40cos 0
= 
40 m / s
Horizontal displacement:
Initial position x0 = 0 when the marker
is released from the airplane.
Final position x = d when the marker is
in the desired impact point.

x = x 0 + v x ⋅ t = 0 + 40 ⋅ t = 40t
Equation of horizontal
distance traveled.
d = 40t
Now, we need to know the time (t) taken by the
vertical drop of marker (it is the free-flight time).
Vertical (y) motion of marker (acceleration remains
constant and equal to gravitational acceleration)
Knowing:
a y = −9.81 m / s 2 Y positive is upward, and
acceleration ay is downward
Release angle θ = 00
v 0 y= v 0 ⋅ sinθ= 40 ⋅ sin0= 0
Vertical displacement
Initial position y0 = h = 30 m when the
marker is released from the airplane.
Final position y = 0 m when the marker
is in the ground.
1
y = y0 + v0 y ⋅ t + ⋅ a y ⋅ t 2
2
1
0= 30 + 0 ⋅ t + ⋅ ( −9.81) ⋅ t 2= 30 − 4.905t 2
2
30
0 30 − 4.905t
= 2
= t = 2.47 s
4.905
free-flight time
Plug in the flight time into equation of horizontal
travelled distance

Equation of horizontal
distance traveled.
d = 40t
Knowing:

t = 2.47 s
d=40t =40 ⋅ 2.47 =98.8 m

Answer:

The marker should be released

at a horizontal distance from the
point of impact equal to 98.8 m.
 Contents of Class
(Rectilinear motion):
QUESTIONS 12.1- Introduction to
TO CONSOLIDATE KNOWLEDGE Dynamics.

12.2- Rectilinear
motion.
Question 1 (Rectilinear Motion)

C, D
The acceleration of gravity is: _____
a) 3.14 m/s2
b) 9.81 m/s
c) 32.2 ft/s2
d) 9.81 m/s2
Question 2 (Rectilinear Motion)

C
The instantaneous velocity of a particle is: _____.

That is
a) The displacement in a time interval v=∆s / ∆t average
velocity

b) The acceleration in a time interval v=∆a / ∆t

c) the time-derivative of position v = ds / dt
d) the time-derivate of acceleration v = da / dt
Question 3 (Rectilinear Motion)

B
Velocity as a function of time is equal to ____

t1
a) v(t ) = ∫ s (t ) dt
to
t1

b) v(t ) = ∫ a (t ) dt
to

t1
c) =
v(t ) ∫ ( a(t ) + x(t ) ) dt
to

v( t )
d) = vo 2 + 2ac ( x - xo )
Question 4 (General curvilinear motion)
In curvilinear motion, the direction of the instantaneous velocity is
A
always ________

A) Tangent to the path.

B) Perpendicular to the path.
C) None of the above
Question 5 (Motion of a projectile)
C
The downward acceleration of an object in free-flight motion is _____
A) zero
B) increasing with time
C) 9.81 m/s2
D) 9.81 ft/s2
Question 6 (Motion of a projectile)
A
The horizontal component of velocity remains _________ during a
free-flight motion.
A) Constant
B) Variable
C) At 9.81 m/s2
D) At 32.2 ft/s2
Question 7 (Motion of a projectile)
A particle has an initial velocity Vo at an angle θ with respect to the
D
horizontal. The maximum height it can reach is when ________

A) =
φ 30°
φ
B) = 45°

C) =
φ 60°

D) =
φ 90°
Question 8 (Motion of a projectile)
A projectile is given an initial velocity Vo at an angle θ above
the horizontal. The velocity of the projectile when it hits the
A
slope is ______the initial velocity Vo.

A) less than
B) equal to
C) greater than
D) None of the above.
 PROBLEMS.
TO CONSOLIDATE KNOWLEDGE
Contents of Class:

12.2- Rectilinear
motion (Continuous
motion).

12.4- General
curvilinear motion

12.5- Rectangular
Components

12.6- Motion of a
projectile
Group problem solving -12.1
The position of a particle moving along a straight horizontal path is
defined by the relation x = 6t4 - 2t3 - 12t2 + 3t + 3, where x and t
are expressed in meters and seconds, respectively.
When a = 0, find:

a) the time (t), Plan:

d ( x( t ) )
b) the position (x),
c) the speed (v)
1. Find equation of velocity: v( t ) =
dt
d (vt )
2. Find equation of acceleration:a
(t ) =
dt
3. Set acceleration to zero and find speed (v).

4. With v when acceleration equal zero, find position (x).

5. With x (when a = 0), find time (t).
Group problem solving -12.2
A ball is thrown upwards in vertical direction at 10 m/s from a window located 20 m
above the ground. Knowing that ball acceleration is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2
downward (gravity acceleration), find:

(a) Time (tymax) taken for ball to reach its highest elevation,
(b) Highest elevation (ymax) reached by the ball
(c) Velocity (vfinal) of the ball when it hits the ground.

∆v v − v0
Problem with constant ac
= =
acceleration ! ∆t t − t0
So, the following y = y0 + v0 ⋅ t + o.5 ⋅ ac ⋅ t 2
equations can be
used:
v 2 = v o 2 +2 ⋅ ac ⋅ ( y − yo )

We first need to
set a datum line
Group problem solving -12.3
A driver is traveling on a straight road at 110 ft/s (75 mph) and his car
decelerate at a =-0.4v (where v is velocity in ft/s).

Find the braking distance S (car stopped).

We need to find equation of v = f(x)!

dx dv
v= a=
dt dt

dx dv v ⋅ dv v ⋅ dv dv
dt
= = a ⋅ dx =v ⋅ dv dx = = = −
v da a −0.4v 0.4

dx = −2.5dv
Group problem solving – 12.4
( y − 40 )
2
When a rocket reaches an altitude of y = 40 m, its
path is described by: x= (m)
160
Also, the rocket is rising with a constant vertical velocity of vy = 180 m/s.
When the rocket reaches an altitude of y = 80 m, determine for the rocket:
a) The magnitude of the velocity
b) The magnitude of acceleration

Plan:
Curvilinear motion with rectangular coordinates.

v= v y2 + vx2 = 1802 + vx2

d  ( y − 40 ) 
2
1 d
⋅ ( y − 40 )
2
vx =   =
dt  160  160 dx

a y = 0 constant velocity
d ( vx )
a= 2
a +a = 2 2
0 +a 2 ax =
y x x dx
Group problem solving – 12.5
The ball at A is kicked with a speed VA = 80 ft/s and angle θA = 30°
as shown in figure. Determine the depth y where the ball strikes the
ground. Assume a horizontal distance in the ground of 180 ft.

Horizontal motion:
v=
x v=
0 constant
ax = 0
x x0 + ( v0 cos θ ) t
=
Vertical motion:
a y= g= 9.81 m/s 2
y = y0 + ( vo sin θ ) t − 0.5 ⋅ a y ⋅ t 2
vy ( v0 sin θ ) − a y ⋅ t
( v0 sin θ ) − 2 ⋅ a y ( y − y0 )
2 2
v y
Group problem solving – 12.6
A golf ball is struck with a velocity of 80 ft/s as shown.
Determine the distance d to where it will land.
y

Horizontal motion:
v=
x v=
0 constant
ax = 0
x x0 + ( v0 cos θ ) t
= x

Vertical motion:
a y= g= 9.81 m/s 2
y = y0 + ( vo sin θ ) t − 0.5 ⋅ a y ⋅ t 2
vy ( v0 sin θ ) − a y ⋅ t
( v0 sin θ ) − 2 ⋅ a y ( y − y0 )
2 2
v y
Group problem solving – 12.7
Find the magnitude vA of the initial velocity of the basketball to
pass through the basket. Consider the basketball as a particle.
Horizontal motion: y
v=
x v=
0 constant
ax = 0
x x0 + ( v0 cos θ ) t
=
x

Vertical motion:
a y= g= 9.81 m/s 2
y = y0 + ( vo sin θ ) t − 0.5 ⋅ a y ⋅ t 2
vy ( v0 sin θ ) − a y ⋅ t
( v0 sin θ ) − 2 ⋅ a y ( y − y0 )
2
v y2
Group problem solving – 12.8
Find the release angle θ so that the ball thrown by the pitcher hits the
catcher's mitt at point A. The ball is thrown with a speed of 40 m/s.
y

x
Vertical motion:
a y= g= 9.81 m/s 2
Horizontal motion:
v= v= constant y = y0 + ( vo sin θ ) t − 0.5 ⋅ a y ⋅ t 2
x 0
ax = 0 vy
= ( v0 sin θ ) − a y ⋅ t
x x0 + ( v0 cos θ ) t
=
( v0 sin θ ) − 2 ⋅ a y ( y − y0 )
2
=v y2