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Experiment 9

The document outlines the objectives and theoretical background of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO), detailing its components and applications in measuring electrical signals. It provides a step-by-step lab procedure for calibrating the CRO and checking signals, along with the use of a 10x probe switch for high amplitude signals. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and versatility of the CRO in voltage measurement and signal visualization.

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Muhammad Sarfraz
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10 views3 pages

Experiment 9

The document outlines the objectives and theoretical background of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO), detailing its components and applications in measuring electrical signals. It provides a step-by-step lab procedure for calibrating the CRO and checking signals, along with the use of a 10x probe switch for high amplitude signals. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and versatility of the CRO in voltage measurement and signal visualization.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Sarfraz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 9: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

9.1 Objectives
The objectives of this lab include discussion of the CRO and its parts in detail, the components
used along with the CRO and its applications, the places where a CRO can be used.

9.2 Theoretical Background (Components of CRO)


The full form of “CRO” is the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. A CRO is a voltage signal measuring
and visualizing apparatus. It shows the electrical signals in the form of waveforms with respect to
time and their amplitude. The following block diagram shows the basic components of a typical CRO
and below are the components of a CRO.

1. Vacuum Tube: The whole working apparatus of the CRO is enclosed in a vacuum tube, the
vacuum helps proper functioning of the electron rays and prevent any interference with stray
gaseous atoms.
2. Electron Gun: The electron gun is a heated filament that works as a source of electrons. These
electrons are then accelerated and focused on the fluorescent screen in the front of the CRO
apparatus using different types of anodes.
3. Fluorescent Screen: There is a screen in front of the CRO where the electron ray strikes and
creates a glow. The surface is coated with phosphor in the inside, which is a fluorescent
material that produces glow when hit by high energy electrons. There are also some other
markings on screen, like the X & Y axes and other menu items.
4. Deflection Plates: There are two pairs of deflection plates, i.e., XX’ & YY’ deflection plates.
The XX’ deflection plates are the horizontal deflection plates; they are fixed in vertical order
and produce deflection along the horizontal axis. Similarly, the YY’ plates, fixed in horizontal
order, produce vertical deflection. The horizontal deflection plates are connected a time-
based sweep generator and the vertical deflection plates are connected to the input signal
that produce the waveform on the screen.
5. Time-Based Sweep Generator: The time-based sweep generator creates a saw tooth
waveform for the X axis, the beam then sweeps from the left most edge the right most edge
and then comes back instantly and repeats the same process. This process is carried out so
fast that this appears to our eyes as a single solid line on the screen.
6. AC-DC-Ground Coupling Switch: This switch is used to select which signal to show on the
screen.
• When Ground is selected, a solid horizontal line is shown on the screen, this mode is used
to calibrate the horizontal position of the line and bring it back to zero using the position
adjusting knobs on the apparatus.
• When AC is selected, the input waveform is shown on the screen, but the offset cannot
be seen in this mode, if there is any.
• When DC is selected, this mode will also show the waveform in its real form, but will also
show any DC offset, if there is any.
7. Probe: The probe is connected to the input of the CRO, there are two or more channels
available, depending upon the model of the CRO, and both can be connected at the same
time to show on the screen. The probe has a positive and a negative terminal to sense the
input signal.
There are many applications of the CRO, some of them are the measurement of current, voltage,
frequency, inductance, time period, admittance, power factor, and resistance as well.

9.3 Lab Work


Calibrate the CRO:
1. Connect the probe of the CRO to the input terminal.
2. Connect the positive end of the probe to the scope’s calibration terminal on the bottom left,
which provides a 2V, 1k Hz square wave.
3. Press “auto set” on the menu to automatically adjust the scope’s settings to view the signal
properly within the screen. Or you can manually adjust its vertical and horizontal offsets using
the position and VOLTS/DIV knobs available on the CRO. The VOLTS/DIV knobs (for vertical
and horizontal) adjust the “zoom” or stretching of the signal in their respective axes.
How to check 2V 50Hz signal by CRO:
1. Connect the probe of the CRO to the input terminal.
2. Connect the positive terminal of the probe to the positive of the signal generator and ground
to the ground.
3. Make sure the Scope is set to either AC or DC (if there is a DC offset) mode.
4. Set the vertical VOLTS/DIV to a value of about 0.5 V/Div.
5. Set horizontal Time/DIV to a value of about 5 ms.
6. Since the offset of the input signal is 0V (assumption from the given information), set the
vertical position on the CRO to 0V.
When and why is the 10x switch used on the Probe:
The 10x switch on the probe refers to an integrated attenuator that delivers an attenuation
of the value of 10. This increases the impedance of the circuit by a factor of 10 and reduces the
strength of the input signal by 10 times. The 10x probe is used to measure the high amplitude signals
and reduce the interference in the input signal. The 10x signal can also be used to bring a signal into
the scope’s range if it goes out of the range.
Procedure of the LAB Work:
1. Connect the probe the CRO on either of the two channels, make sure the channel displayed
on the screen is the same one as the one where probe is connected.
2. First calibrate the zero of the scope on the vertical axis. Press the F1 key on the menu beside
the screen and select the Ground coupling. A solid horizontal line can be seen, bring it the
zero on Y axis by rotating the vertical position knob of the channel where the probe is
connected.
3. Now to view a sample signal/calibrate the CRO to a signal, connect the positive end of the
probe to the scope’s calibration terminal on the bottom left and calibrate it using the steps
mentioned in the part one of Lab Work.
4. When the scope is calibrated to the 2V 1k Hz square wave signal, the functions of different
buttons present on the menu beside the screen can be observed. The F2 button turns on and
off the invert feature. F3 is used to set the bandwidth limit. And F4 key is used to select the
magnification of the probe (1x, 10x, 100x).
5. Disconnect the probe and turn of the CRO carefully to wrap up the experiment.

9.4 Quick Search


1. The trigger is used to determine where (in time) to start of the displayed signal. This feature
is used to view the displayed in relation to a secondary signal and is used for timing purposes.
For example, one may want to know the relationship of the input signal to the output signal.

2. You cannot view a current signal directly on a CRO, but you can kind of get the image of the
current signal by connecting a small resistor in parallel by using the simple relation V = IR.
Since the small resistors are put ohmic and do not mutate the original waveform of the signal.
But the resistance of this shunt resistor must be very small so that it does not drop a significant
amount of voltage across it and distorts the current flowing through the circuit. Secondly, if
the voltage dropped becomes very small, it might not be detected by the scope. So, you will
need an amplifier, that also does not change the waveform of the signal remarkably.
3. The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is always connected in parallel with the circuit element over
which voltage calculations have to be made. This is to prevent any current from flowing into
the CRO and distort the signals in the circuit.

9.5 Conclusion
A CRO is an important and very useful apparatus that is used to measure and visualize voltage
signals. The CRO is a very powerful tool that has tons of other uses as well in addition to just voltage
measurement and it must be used with a lot of care.

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