### What is Database Design?

Database design is about planning and organizing how data will be stored in a system so that it’s easy to access,
update, and manage. Imagine it like setting up a well-organized filing cabinet. Each drawer holds specific
information, and you can quickly find what you need.

### Key Steps in Database Design:

1. **Understand the Requirements**

First, figure out what data you need and how it will be used. For example, if you’re designing a database for a
store, you’d need to track products, customers, orders, and so on.

2. **Design the Structure (Blueprint)**

Create a **map** (called an **Entity-Relationship Diagram or ERD**) that shows what pieces of information
(called "entities") are needed and how they are connected.
- **Entities**: Things you need to store, like "Customer" or "Product."
- **Attributes**: Details about these things, like “Customer Name” or “Product Price.”
- **Relationships**: How things are connected, like “Customer places Order.”

3. **Organize the Data to Avoid Repetition (Normalization)**

After you have your blueprint, you’ll want to make sure the data is organized in a way that reduces repeating
information. Think of it as keeping things neat—so you don’t store the same information in multiple places,
which can cause problems later.

For example, instead of storing a customer's address with every order they make, store it just once in a separate
place and link the orders to that address. This way, if a customer’s address changes, you don’t have to update
every order.

4. **Build the Database**

After designing the structure, you'll create the actual database using a tool like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or
Microsoft SQL Server. This involves setting up the tables (like folders in your filing cabinet) and organizing
them with clear labels (called **primary keys**).

5. **Test and Improve**

Once the database is set up, you test it to make sure it works well. You check if data can be stored, retrieved,
and updated quickly. If it's too slow, you might add extra tools like **indexes** to speed things up.

6. **Ongoing Maintenance**
Finally, databases need to be kept up to date. You'll back them up regularly, check their performance, and
make improvements as the system grows or changes.

### Why Is This Important?

Without a good design, data can get messy, slow, or hard to work with. A well-designed database:
- Makes it easy to find the information you need.
- Helps prevent mistakes and errors.
- Ensures the system runs efficiently, even as it grows.

### Example
Imagine you’re building a database for a school:
- **Entities**: "Student," "Teacher," "Class"
- **Attributes**: For "Student," you have name, age, grade. For "Teacher," you have name, subject.
- **Relationships**: A student "enrolls" in a class, and a teacher "teaches" a class.

You’d organize the data so that:

- **Students** and **Teachers** are stored in separate tables.
- **Classes** might link students and teachers together in a third table.

In short, database design is about organizing data so it makes sense, is easy to use, and keeps everything running
smoothly.

Does that make sense, or would you like more detail on any part?

What is a Database?

Imagine you have a giant digital **notebook** where you store a lot of information. You could store details
about anything, like your favorite books, movies, or even your friends. But, if you don’t organize it well, finding
the right info could get confusing.

A **relational database** is like having a super-organized notebook with different sections (tables), and each
section helps you keep track of related information. It's like having separate pages for different things but linking
them together in a smart way.

### How Does It Work?

1. **Tables Are Like Pages in a Notebook**

Each **table** is like a page in your notebook. You might have a page for “Friends,” a page for “Books,” and
a page for “Movies.”
Each table will store different kinds of information, like names, ages, and favorite books.

2. **Rows Are Like the Data You Write Down**

In each table, you write down **rows** of information. Each row is like a new entry or a new record. For
example, on the "Friends" page, one row might look like this:

| Name | Age | Favorite Color |

|----------|-----|----------------|
| Alice | 10 | Blue |
| Bob | 10 | Green |

Here, each row is a record about one friend.

3. **Columns Are Categories of Information**

Each column in a table holds one type of information. In our "Friends" table, we have three columns:
**Name**, **Age**, and **Favorite Color**. These columns tell us what kind of information we are storing.

4. **Primary Key (Unique ID)**

Each table needs a **Primary Key** — a special way to make sure that each row is unique and can be easily
identified. For example, in your "Friends" table, you might have a column called "FriendID" (a number like 1, 2,
3, etc.) that helps you tell each person apart. You could think of this like giving each of your friends a special
number, so it’s easy to call them by that number instead of their name.
5. **Relationships (Links Between Tables)**
Sometimes, you want to link tables together. For example, let’s say you also have a table for **Books** and
you want to know which book each of your friends loves. You could use the **FriendID** in both the “Friends”
and “Books” table to link them.

Example:

- In the **Friends** table, we have Alice with **FriendID = 1**.

- In the **Books** table, we could store that Alice’s favorite book is “Harry Potter” and use **FriendID = 1**
to show it’s Alice’s choice.

This is like having an address book where you can easily look up which book belongs to which friend!

### Why Is It Good?

A relational database keeps everything neat and connected, like a big map. If you want to know what your
friends like to read, you can go from the "Friends" table to the "Books" table quickly, without mixing things up.

This makes it easy to:

- Find information without getting confused.
- Change something (like a friend’s age) and have it automatically update.
- Store lots of information but keep it organized!

### Example for You:

Let’s say you want to make a database for your **favorite books** and the **friends** who like them. You
would make two tables:

1. **Friends Table**:
| FriendID | Name | Age | Favorite Color |
|----------|--------|-----|----------------|
|1 | Alice | 10 | Blue |
|2 | Bob | 10 | Green |

2. **Books Table**:
| BookID | Title | FriendID (who likes it) |
|--------|--------------------|-------------------------|
|1 | Harry Potter |1 |
|2 | Percy Jackson |2 |

Here, you can easily see:

- Alice (FriendID = 1) loves "Harry Potter."
- Bob (FriendID = 2) loves "Percy Jackson."

And if Bob’s favorite color changes, you can go to the **Friends** table and update it without affecting the
books!

### Simple Summary:

- **Tables** are like pages in a notebook.
- **Rows** are like the info you write down.
- **Columns** are like categories of info.
- A **Primary Key** gives each row a special number to help identify it.
- **Relationships** link tables together so information can be connected.

Relational databases help keep things organized, so you don’t lose track of anything!

Does this explanation help? Let me know if you'd like more examples!

Alright, let's break down **integrity constraints** in a simple way!

### What are Integrity Constraints?

Imagine you have a toy box where you keep your toys. If you follow some simple rules, like only putting in toys
that fit in the box and making sure each toy is in good shape, your toy box stays organized and easy to use.

**Integrity constraints** are like those rules, but for a **database**. They make sure that the data in your
database is **correct**, **consistent**, and **reliable**.

So, instead of just dumping information into a database, integrity constraints help keep it organized by making
sure the data follows certain rules. This way, you don’t accidentally mess things up, like putting an incorrect
number or forgetting to fill out important details.

### Types of Integrity Constraints:

1. **Entity Integrity** (The "Unique ID" Rule)

This is like saying **"every toy must have its own special ID."**

In a database, every row (record) in a table needs to have something called a **primary key**, which is a
special number or ID that makes each row unique. This helps you tell apart different pieces of information (like
different friends or different books). You can't have two things with the same ID.

**Example**:
Imagine you have a table for **Friends**. Every friend must have a **unique FriendID** so you can tell them
apart, like:
- FriendID 1 = Alice
- FriendID 2 = Bob

2. **Referential Integrity** (The "Linking" Rule)

This is like saying **"every toy's part must be in the right box."**

In a database, when you link different tables together, you want to make sure they’re connected in the right
way. This means that if one table has a reference to something in another table (like a "FriendID" in the "Books"
table), that reference must actually exist. You can't link to something that isn’t real.

**Example**:
If you have a **Books** table and you want to say which friend likes which book, you can’t put a FriendID
that doesn’t exist.
So, if Alice has **FriendID = 1** in the "Friends" table, then you can link her to a book in the **Books**
table like:
 - FriendID 1 -> "Harry Potter"

But you can’t put a FriendID like 99 (if it doesn’t exist) in the Books table because there’s no such person with
FriendID = 99.

3. **Domain Integrity** (The "Correct Info" Rule)

This is like saying **"each toy must be the right kind."**

In a database, each column (or category of information) has to have the right kind of data. You can’t put a
word where you’re supposed to put a number, or a date where a name is supposed to go. It helps prevent
mistakes by making sure the data is **correct**.

**Example**:
- If you have a column for **Age** in the **Friends** table, you should only put numbers in that column (like
10, 11, etc.). You can't accidentally put "blue" in the **Age** column because that's not a valid age!

4. **User-Defined Integrity** (The "Special Rules" Rule)

This is like saying **"you can only put toys that are still working and not broken in your toy box."**

Sometimes you might have special rules for your database based on what you need. For example, you could
say that a **student’s age** should always be **between 5 and 18**. Or you could say a **friend's phone
number** should always have 10 digits.

**Example**:
- In the **Friends** table, you could set a rule that says, "Age must always be 10 or more." That way, you
can’t accidentally add a friend who’s 2 years old.

### Why Are Integrity Constraints Important?

They keep your data **safe, clean, and correct**, and they make sure you don’t make mistakes, like adding
information that doesn’t fit or linking things incorrectly. It’s like having a checklist of rules to make sure
everything stays organized and works properly!

### Simple Example:

Let's say you’re making a database for your **friends** and **books**:

- **Friends Table**:
- **FriendID** (unique ID for each friend)
- **Name** (their name)
- **Age** (how old they are)

- **Books Table**:
- **BookID** (unique ID for each book)
- **Title** (book name)
- **FriendID** (who likes this book)

Here’s how the integrity rules would work:

1. **Entity Integrity**: Every friend must have a unique **FriendID** (no two friends can share the same
number).

2. **Referential Integrity**: If you say that Bob likes "Harry Potter," **FriendID = 2** in the Books table, it has
to match a real friend in the **Friends** table. You can’t link Bob’s book to a **FriendID = 99** if there’s no
friend with that ID.

3. **Domain Integrity**: The **Age** of each friend should only be a number (not words), and the
**FriendID** must be a number as well.

4. **User-Defined Integrity**: You might set a rule that says a friend’s **Age** should be between 10 and 18
to make sure only reasonable ages are included.

By following these rules, your database stays clean and organized!

---

Does that make sense now? Let me know if you want any part explained further!
Great question! Let’s break **Functional Dependencies** down into something easy to understand, just like we
did before.

### What Are Functional Dependencies?

Imagine you’re in charge of a **library**. You have a list of books and their details, like the book's **Title**,
**Author**, and **ISBN** (a special number that identifies the book).

A **functional dependency** is a rule that helps you figure out how one piece of information (like the book’s
**Title**) can help you figure out other pieces of information (like the **Author** or **ISBN**).

### Here's the simple idea:

If **knowing one thing** about a book (like its **Title**) lets you **figure out other things** about that book
(like its **Author**), that’s a functional dependency.

### Example:

Let’s say you have a table of books with the following information:

| Book Title | Author | ISBN |

|-------------------|-----------------|-------------|
| Harry Potter | J.K. Rowling | 9780747532743 |
| Percy Jackson | Rick Riordan | 9780786838653 |
| The Hobbit | J.R.R. Tolkien | 9780345339683 |

In this case:

- If you know the **Book Title**, you can figure out the **Author** and the **ISBN** because each book has
a unique title.
So, we can say: **"Book Title → Author"** and **"Book Title → ISBN"**.

This means the **Book Title** functionally depends on the **Author** and the **ISBN**.
### More Simple Example:

Let’s say you have a table for your **Friends** with their details:

| FriendID | Name | Age |

|----------|--------|-----|
|1 | Alice | 10 |
|2 | Bob | 10 |

- **FriendID → Name**: If you know a friend’s **FriendID**, you can figure out their **Name**. So,
**FriendID** determines **Name**.
- **FriendID → Age**: If you know a **FriendID**, you can also figure out their **Age**. So, **FriendID**
determines **Age**.

### What Does This Mean?

In simpler words, **functional dependencies** are like saying, "If I know one thing about something, I can find
out other things that are connected to it." It's like if you know a friend’s **ID** in your school, you can easily
find their **name** and **age**.

### Why Are They Important?

- **Keep things organized**: They help us understand how data is related and how to keep everything neat and
connected.
- **Avoid mistakes**: If we know how things depend on each other, we can make sure we don’t store things
incorrectly, like having the wrong **Name** or **Age** for a **FriendID**.

### Let’s Break It Down with a Simple Rule:

In a **library** database:
- If you know the **ISBN** number of a book, you can figure out the **Title** and **Author** of that book.
So, **ISBN → Title** and **ISBN → Author**. This means the **ISBN** uniquely determines the **Title**
and **Author**.

### What Happens if You Don’t Follow Functional Dependencies?

If we don’t follow these rules, it could cause problems, like:

- Storing the wrong information (e.g., mixing up the name of a book or the name of a friend).
- Making it harder to find the information you need.

### Simple Summary:

**Functional dependencies** are like **rules** that say, "If you know one thing, you can figure out other
things." They help keep everything in the database organized and accurate!

---

I hope that makes it clearer! Let me know if you need more examples or if something is still confusing!
Sure! Let’s talk about **Normalization** in a way that’s easy to understand.

### What Is Normalization?

Imagine you’re organizing your **toy collection**. You don’t want to have toys scattered all over the place, and
you definitely don’t want to repeat the same toy information in multiple places. **Normalization** is like
cleaning up your toy collection so everything is organized in the best way possible.

In a **database**, normalization helps you organize data to avoid repeating information and keeps it easy to
manage. It’s like making sure every piece of information has its own neat spot, and you don’t end up writing the
same thing over and over again.

### Why Do We Need Normalization?

Without normalization, your data can become messy, like a toy room where toys are everywhere, and you can’t
find what you need. If you have the same information in many places, it’s also easy to make mistakes (like
changing a toy’s name in one spot but forgetting to change it in another spot).

**Normalization** helps:
- **Avoid repetition**: You don’t store the same data over and over again.
- **Fix mistakes**: It’s easier to update information in one place, rather than in many spots.

### How Does Normalization Work?

Think of it like steps or levels. There are different **"normal forms"** (like steps), and each step makes your
database a little bit better organized.

Let’s start with an example:

### Example: Organizing a Toy Collection Database

Suppose you want to create a database for your **toys**, and you want to store the toy’s **name**, **type**,
and the **owner’s name**.

You might start with a table that looks like this:

| Toy Name | Toy Type | Owner Name |

|-----------------|------------|-------------|
| Teddy Bear | Stuffed | Alice |
| Action Figure | Plastic | Alice |
| Barbie Doll | Plastic | Bob |
| Teddy Bear | Stuffed | Bob |

Now, notice:
- The **Toy Name** "Teddy Bear" is repeated.
- The **Owner Name** "Alice" and "Bob" are also repeated.

This is **not normalized** because we’re repeating information in many places. We can **fix this** by
breaking it down into smaller tables.

### Step 1: First Normal Form (1NF)

**1NF** says, "Make sure there are no repeated groups of data."

To fix this, we can break the table into smaller parts. Instead of repeating the toy name and owner over and over,
we create two separate tables: one for **Toys** and one for **Owners**.

#### Toy Table (1NF):

| ToyID | Toy Name | Toy Type |
|-------|-----------------|------------|
| 1 | Teddy Bear | Stuffed |
| 2 | Action Figure | Plastic |
| 3 | Barbie Doll | Plastic |

#### Owner Table (1NF):

| OwnerID | Owner Name |
|---------|-------------|
|1 | Alice |
|2 | Bob |

Now, the **Toy Table** and **Owner Table** don’t have repeated rows of data anymore.

### Step 2: Second Normal Form (2NF)

**2NF** says, "Make sure that every piece of information in a table depends on the whole key." In simple
terms, it means if we have a **Toy Table**, the **Owner Name** should not be in that table because it’s not
directly related to the toy. The **Owner Name** should be in the **Owner Table**.

We will now create a third table that links the **Toys** to their **Owners**.

#### Toy Table (1NF):

| ToyID | Toy Name | Toy Type |
|-------|-----------------|------------|
| 1 | Teddy Bear | Stuffed |
| 2 | Action Figure | Plastic |
| 3 | Barbie Doll | Plastic |

#### Owner Table (1NF):

| OwnerID | Owner Name |
|---------|-------------|
|1 | Alice |
|2 | Bob |

#### Toy Owner Table (2NF):

| ToyID | OwnerID |
|-------|---------|
|1 |1 |
|2 |1 |
|3 |2 |
|1 |2 |

### Step 3: Third Normal Form (3NF)

**3NF** says, "Make sure there’s no unnecessary information that doesn’t depend on the key."
In this case, everything is already organized. So, the database is already in **Third Normal Form (3NF)**.
We’ve removed all unnecessary repetition and ensured that each piece of information only depends on the
primary key (like ToyID or OwnerID).

### Final Tables After Normalization:

1. **Toy Table (1NF)**:

| ToyID | Toy Name | Toy Type |
|-------|-----------------|------------|
| 1 | Teddy Bear | Stuffed |
| 2 | Action Figure | Plastic |
| 3 | Barbie Doll | Plastic |

2. **Owner Table (1NF)**:

| OwnerID | Owner Name |
|---------|-------------|
|1 | Alice |
|2 | Bob |

3. **Toy Owner Table (2NF)**:

| ToyID | OwnerID |
|-------|---------|
|1 |1 |
|2 |1 |
|3 |2 |
|1 |2 |

### Why Is Normalization Important?

- **Avoids repetition**: You don’t repeat the same data over and over again.
- **Saves space**: By organizing things neatly, you don’t waste space storing repeated data.
- **Makes updates easier**: If something changes (like a toy’s name), you only need to change it in one place,
not in many rows.
- **Keeps the data clean**: It helps make sure the data is organized in a way that avoids mistakes and confusion.

### Simple Summary:

- **Normalization** is about organizing your data so it’s neat and doesn’t repeat unnecessarily.
- It has **steps (normal forms)** like 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF, that help you break down and clean up your database.
- This makes your database **more efficient** and **easier to manage**.

---

I hope that makes normalization clearer! Does this explanation help? Let me know if you have any questions!
Alright, let’s talk about **Physical Database Design** in a way that's easy to understand!

### What is Physical Database Design?

Imagine you have a big **toy box** where you keep all your toys. Now, you’ve already decided what toys go in
the box and how they should be organized, but you also need to figure out how to arrange the toys inside the box
so they are easy to find and take out quickly.

In a **database**, **Physical Database Design** is like figuring out how to organize and store all the
information inside the computer so it can be accessed fast and easily. It’s about making sure the database is
**efficient**, **fast**, and **easy to manage**, just like how you would arrange your toys in a way that makes
sense.

### Steps of Physical Database Design:

Let’s break it down with a simple example. Suppose you have a **library database** where you store
information about books, authors, and borrowers.

1. **Choosing How to Store the Data**

 Imagine you need to decide where to store your toys: on shelves, in boxes, or in baskets. In the same way, with
a database, you need to decide **how to store** the data. Some data might be better stored in **tables** that are
easy to access, while other data might need to be split into smaller parts so it’s quicker to find.

- You might **store data** in **tables** (like boxes for each category of toys: one box for cars, another for
dolls).
- **Indexes** are like labels on the toy boxes that help you find a toy faster. For example, you could put a
label saying “All Cars” so you can quickly grab that box.

2. **Choosing Where to Store the Data**

Now you need to figure out where to **physically** store your toys. Do you store them in the bedroom, under
the bed, or in a closet? For databases, this means deciding where to **store the actual data** in the computer.
The data might be stored on a **hard drive** or in a **cloud storage**.

- You need to decide whether to store data in **fast storage** (like an SSD) or on **slower storage** (like a
regular hard drive). Just like you’d put your favorite toys somewhere easy to reach, you store the most important
data in places that are quick to access.

3. **Organizing the Data**

Just like how you might decide to arrange your toys by size or color, you’ll need to **organize** the data in a
way that’s easy to access. For example:
- **Tables** in a database should be organized so that related data is grouped together.
- If you have information about a **book** (like title, author, year), you might organize all that info into one
table, so it’s easy to find everything about a book at once.

4. **Optimizing for Speed**

Imagine you need to quickly grab a toy out of your box. You might put the most-used toys on top and the ones
you rarely play with at the bottom. For databases, this means **optimizing** (making it faster) by:
- Creating **indexes**: These are like having a list of toys and their locations, so you don’t have to search the
entire toy box.
- **Partitioning**: Splitting big boxes into smaller ones so you can find toys faster.
- **Caching**: Keeping your favorite toys right at the top, ready to play with, so you don’t need to go digging
for them.

5. **Backup and Security**

What happens if you lose your toys? You’d want to make sure you have a way to **back them up** (store a
copy somewhere safe) and that they are **safe** from getting lost or broken.
In databases, **backups** are made regularly to keep the data safe. Also, you might use **security** features
to make sure that only certain people can access the information (like keeping your toy collection private).

6. **Managing Growth**
Your toy collection is going to keep growing, right? As your toys grow, you’ll need more space to store them.
The same thing happens with databases: as more data is added, you need to make sure there is enough **space**
and the database can handle more information without slowing down.

You might:
- **Scale** the database (add more storage space as needed).
- **Archive** old data (put away toys you don’t play with often).

### Simple Example: Library Database

Let’s say you’re designing a **library database**. Here’s how **Physical Database Design** might work for
your library:

1. **Tables and Organization**:

You organize the database into **tables**:
- **Books Table** (stores book information like title, author, ISBN)
- **Borrowers Table** (stores information about library members)
- **Transactions Table** (stores which books have been borrowed)

2. **Indexes**:
You create an **index** for the **ISBN** (like a shortcut or label to help quickly find a book by its ISBN).

3. **Storage Location**:
You decide to store your data on a **fast computer disk** (so it’s easy to get to quickly) and keep old records
on a **slower disk** (where you can access them less often).

4. **Backup**:
You make **backup copies** of your database every day in case something happens (like a computer crash),
so the library’s information is never lost.

### Why Is Physical Database Design Important?

- **Speed**: If the database is well-designed, it can find and retrieve data really fast, just like grabbing your
favorite toy from the top of the toy box.
- **Efficiency**: You can store more data in less space, and you don’t have to repeat the same information over
and over again.
- **Safety**: You keep your data safe by making sure it’s backed up and secure.

### Simple Summary:

**Physical Database Design** is about deciding:

- **How** to store data (like choosing the best toy box).
- **Where** to store it (on the best computer disk).
- **How to organize** it so you can find things quickly.
- **How to back it up** and keep it safe.
- Making sure the database is ready to **grow** as more data comes in.

It helps make the database **fast**, **organized**, and **secure**.

---

Does that make sense now? Let me know if you want to go over any part again!
Alright! Let’s talk about **Decomposition of Relational Schema** in a way that's easy to understand!

### What is Decomposition of Relational Schema?

Imagine you have a big **toy box** that’s filled with a lot of toys, but it’s too messy, and it’s hard to find the
toy you want. **Decomposition** is like breaking down that big, messy toy box into smaller, organized boxes
so you can easily find your toys. Each smaller box holds only the toys of a certain type, like one box for cars, one
for dolls, and another for action figures.

In a **database**, a **relational schema** is like a big collection of data tables. **Decomposition of a

relational schema** means **breaking** that big, complicated set of data tables into **smaller, simpler tables**
so everything is easier to manage and understand.

### Why Do We Decompose a Relational Schema?

When we design databases, sometimes all the information in one table can be too messy, confusing, or repetitive.
By breaking it into smaller pieces, we make sure:
- **Data is organized**: Each piece of information belongs in the right place.
- **Avoid repetition**: We don’t store the same data over and over again.
- **Easier updates**: If something changes (like a toy’s name), we can change it in just one place.

### How Do We Decompose a Relational Schema?

Let’s look at a simple example to help explain how **decomposition** works!

### Example: Library Database

Let’s say we have a library database that stores information about **Books**, **Authors**, and
**Borrowers**. We might start with a big table like this:

| BookID | Book Title | Author Name | Author Birth Year | Borrower Name | Borrower Address |
|--------|--------------------|-----------------|-------------------|---------------|------------------|
|1 | Harry Potter | J.K. Rowling | 1965 | Alice | 123 Main St. |
|2 | Percy Jackson | Rick Riordan | 1962 | Bob | 456 Oak St. |
|3 | The Hobbit | J.R.R. Tolkien | 1892 | Alice | 123 Main St. |

### What’s Wrong with This Table?

- **Repetition**: The **Author Name** and **Author Birth Year** are repeated for each book they’ve written.
So if an author writes more than one book, their info shows up more than once!
- **Mixing categories**: We're mixing **Books**, **Authors**, and **Borrowers** all in one table, making it
hard to manage.

### Decomposing the Big Table:

To make this easier to manage, we can break the table down into **smaller tables**, each focusing on just one
category of information. This helps remove repetition and makes the database easier to update.

#### Step 1: Separate the Information into Different Tables

1. **Books Table** (stores only book details):

| BookID | Book Title |
|--------|------------------|
|1 | Harry Potter |
|2 | Percy Jackson |
|3 | The Hobbit |

2. **Authors Table** (stores only author details):

| Author Name | Author Birth Year |
|-----------------|-------------------|
| J.K. Rowling | 1965 |
| Rick Riordan | 1962 |
| J.R.R. Tolkien | 1892 |

3. **Borrowers Table** (stores only borrower details):

| Borrower Name | Borrower Address |
|---------------|------------------|
| Alice | 123 Main St. |
| Bob | 456 Oak St. |

4. **Book Borrowers Table** (links books to the people who borrowed them):
| BookID | Borrower Name |
|--------|---------------|
|1 | Alice |
|2 | Bob |
|3 | Alice |
#### Step 2: Why Is This Better?

- **Less repetition**: Now, the **Author Name** and **Author Birth Year** only appear once in the
**Authors Table**, no matter how many books they write.
- **Easier updates**: If an author’s **Birth Year** changes, you only need to change it in one place (the
**Authors Table**), instead of updating it in every book row.
- **Clearer organization**: Each table now focuses on just one type of information, making it easier to manage.

### What Happens After Decomposition?

After you break down the tables, you have to make sure everything is still **linked** correctly. In our example,
the **Book Borrowers Table** helps link the **Books Table** with the **Borrowers Table**, so we know
which borrower has which book.

### Summary of Decomposition:

**Decomposing** a relational schema means breaking down a big table into smaller, simpler tables so
everything is more organized and easier to manage. We:
1. **Separate** different types of data (like books, authors, and borrowers).
2. **Remove repetition** (like authors’ names).
3. **Link** the tables together to keep the data connected (like linking books to borrowers).

### Why Is Decomposition Important?

- **Keeps things organized**: It makes the data easier to manage and less messy.
- **Avoids mistakes**: If something changes (like an author's birth year), you don’t have to update it in multiple
places.
- **Makes it easier to find things**: By separating data into different categories, you can find the information
you need faster.

---

Does that make sense? Let me know if you'd like to go over any part again!

Alright! Let’s talk about **Decomposition of Relational Schema** in a way that's easy to understand!

### What is Decomposition of Relational Schema?

Imagine you have a big **toy box** that’s filled with a lot of toys, but it’s too messy, and it’s hard to find the
toy you want. **Decomposition** is like breaking down that big, messy toy box into smaller, organized boxes
so you can easily find your toys. Each smaller box holds only the toys of a certain type, like one box for cars, one
for dolls, and another for action figures.

In a **database**, a **relational schema** is like a big collection of data tables. **Decomposition of a

relational schema** means **breaking** that big, complicated set of data tables into **smaller, simpler tables**
so everything is easier to manage and understand.

### Why Do We Decompose a Relational Schema?

When we design databases, sometimes all the information in one table can be too messy, confusing, or repetitive.
By breaking it into smaller pieces, we make sure:
- **Data is organized**: Each piece of information belongs in the right place.
- **Avoid repetition**: We don’t store the same data over and over again.
- **Easier updates**: If something changes (like a toy’s name), we can change it in just one place.

### How Do We Decompose a Relational Schema?

Let’s look at a simple example to help explain how **decomposition** works!

### Example: Library Database

Let’s say we have a library database that stores information about **Books**, **Authors**, and
**Borrowers**. We might start with a big table like this:

| BookID | Book Title | Author Name | Author Birth Year | Borrower Name | Borrower Address |
|--------|--------------------|-----------------|-------------------|---------------|------------------|
|1 | Harry Potter | J.K. Rowling | 1965 | Alice | 123 Main St. |
|2 | Percy Jackson | Rick Riordan | 1962 | Bob | 456 Oak St. |
|3 | The Hobbit | J.R.R. Tolkien | 1892 | Alice | 123 Main St. |

### What’s Wrong with This Table?

- **Repetition**: The **Author Name** and **Author Birth Year** are repeated for each book they’ve written.
So if an author writes more than one book, their info shows up more than once!
- **Mixing categories**: We're mixing **Books**, **Authors**, and **Borrowers** all in one table, making it
hard to manage.

### Decomposing the Big Table:

To make this easier to manage, we can break the table down into **smaller tables**, each focusing on just one
category of information. This helps remove repetition and makes the database easier to update.

#### Step 1: Separate the Information into Different Tables

1. **Books Table** (stores only book details):

| BookID | Book Title |
|--------|------------------|
|1 | Harry Potter |
|2 | Percy Jackson |
|3 | The Hobbit |

2. **Authors Table** (stores only author details):

| Author Name | Author Birth Year |
|-----------------|-------------------|
| J.K. Rowling | 1965 |
| Rick Riordan | 1962 |
| J.R.R. Tolkien | 1892 |

3. **Borrowers Table** (stores only borrower details):

| Borrower Name | Borrower Address |
 |---------------|------------------|
| Alice | 123 Main St. |
| Bob | 456 Oak St. |

4. **Book Borrowers Table** (links books to the people who borrowed them):
| BookID | Borrower Name |
|--------|---------------|
|1 | Alice |
|2 | Bob |
|3 | Alice |

#### Step 2: Why Is This Better?

- **Less repetition**: Now, the **Author Name** and **Author Birth Year** only appear once in the
**Authors Table**, no matter how many books they write.
- **Easier updates**: If an author’s **Birth Year** changes, you only need to change it in one place (the
**Authors Table**), instead of updating it in every book row.
- **Clearer organization**: Each table now focuses on just one type of information, making it easier to manage.

### What Happens After Decomposition?

After you break down the tables, you have to make sure everything is still **linked** correctly. In our example,
the **Book Borrowers Table** helps link the **Books Table** with the **Borrowers Table**, so we know
which borrower has which book.

### Summary of Decomposition:

**Decomposing** a relational schema means breaking down a big table into smaller, simpler tables so
everything is more organized and easier to manage. We:
1. **Separate** different types of data (like books, authors, and borrowers).
2. **Remove repetition** (like authors’ names).
3. **Link** the tables together to keep the data connected (like linking books to borrowers).

### Why Is Decomposition Important?

- **Keeps things organized**: It makes the data easier to manage and less messy.
- **Avoids mistakes**: If something changes (like an author's birth year), you don’t have to update it in multiple
places.
- **Makes it easier to find things**: By separating data into different categories, you can find the information
you need faster.

---

Does that make sense? Let me know if you'd like to go over any part again!