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Flip

Flip-flops are bistable multivibrators used in digital electronics for data storage and synchronization, with types including SR, D, JK, and T Flip-Flops, each having unique functionalities and applications. They are essential in registers, counters, and finite state machines, with specific timing parameters like setup time and propagation delay. Study resources include books and online courses for further learning on digital design and logic.

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10 views4 pages

Flip

Flip-flops are bistable multivibrators used in digital electronics for data storage and synchronization, with types including SR, D, JK, and T Flip-Flops, each having unique functionalities and applications. They are essential in registers, counters, and finite state machines, with specific timing parameters like setup time and propagation delay. Study resources include books and online courses for further learning on digital design and logic.

Uploaded by

Veera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Flip-Flop Study Material

Flip-flops are essential components in sequential logic circuits. They are used for data storage,
synchronization, and state machines in digital electronics. Below is a detailed study guide on flip-
flops, covering their types, working principles, truth tables, and applications.

1. Basics of Flip-Flops

A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator, meaning it has two stable states (0 or 1) and can store one bit
of data. Flip-flops are edge-triggered (operate on clock pulses), unlike latches, which are level-
triggered.

1.1 Types of Flip-Flops

• SR Flip-Flop (Set-Reset)

• D Flip-Flop (Data/Delay)

• JK Flip-Flop

• T Flip-Flop (Toggle)
Each flip-flop type has different behaviors and use cases.

2. Types of Flip-Flops & Working

2.1 SR Flip-Flop (Set-Reset Flip-Flop)

Function: Stores a single bit based on Set (S) and Reset (R) inputs.

• Logic Circuit: Uses two NOR gates (or two NAND gates for active-low input).

• Truth Table:

S R Q (Next State) Q' (Complement)

0 0 No Change No Change

0 1 0 (Reset) 1

1 0 1 (Set) 0

1 1 Invalid State Invalid

• Problem: The S = 1, R = 1 condition leads to an undefined state (not allowed).

• Solution: Use a JK Flip-Flop instead.

2.2 D Flip-Flop (Data/Delay Flip-Flop)

Function: Stores input D on the clock edge (prevents invalid states like SR Flip-Flop).

• Logic Circuit: Created by adding a NOT gate to an SR Flip-Flop.


• Truth Table:

D Clock Q (Next State)

0↑ 0

1↑ 1

• Feature: The D input directly determines the output Q, making it useful for registers &
memory units.

• Application: Used in shift registers, latches, memory storage.

2.3 JK Flip-Flop

Function: Eliminates the invalid state problem of the SR Flip-Flop.

• Logic Circuit: Uses two AND gates with feedback loops.

• Truth Table:

J K Q (Next State)

0 0 No Change

0 1 0 (Reset)

1 0 1 (Set)

1 1 Toggle (Q → Q')

• Feature: When J = 1, K = 1, the output toggles (flips between 0 and 1).

• Application: Used in counters, frequency dividers.

2.4 T Flip-Flop (Toggle Flip-Flop)

Function: Works as a binary toggle switch, changing states on every clock pulse.

• Derived From: JK Flip-Flop with J = K = 1.

• Truth Table:

T Clock Q (Next State)

0↑ No Change

1↑ Toggle (Q → Q')

• Feature: If T = 1, the output flips every clock pulse.

• Application: Used in counters, frequency division circuits.


3. Flip-Flop Timing Parameters

• Setup Time (Tsu): Minimum time before the clock edge that data must be stable.

• Hold Time (Th): Minimum time after the clock edge that data must remain stable.

• Propagation Delay: Time taken for the output to respond to the clock input.

• Clock-to-Q Delay: Time taken for Q to update after a clock edge.

4. Flip-Flop Applications

Flip-flops are used in:

• Registers (storage of multi-bit data)

• Counters (binary counting circuits)

• Frequency Dividers (reducing signal frequency)

• Shift Registers (serial-to-parallel conversion)

• Finite State Machines (FSMs) (used in digital system design)

5. Study Resources

Books:

1. "Digital Design" by M. Morris Mano

2. "Digital Logic and Computer Design" by M. Morris Mano

3. "Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design" by Stephen Brown & Zvonko Vranesic

Online Courses & Tutorials:

• NPTEL (IIT Digital Electronics Lectures)

• Coursera - Digital Electronics Fundamentals

• YouTube Channels (ECE Concepts, All About Electronics, Neso Academy)

6. Summary

Flip-Flop Type Input(s) Output Behavior

SR Flip-Flop S, R Set/Reset state, but has an invalid condition

D Flip-Flop D Output follows input D on clock edge

JK Flip-Flop J, K No invalid state, toggles when J = K = 1

T Flip-Flop T Toggles output every clock pulse

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