Formula Sheet and Chapter Summary for CBSE Class 12 Mathematics (2024-

25)

1. Relations and Functions

 Important Formulas:
o A relation RRR from set AAA to set BBB is a subset of A×BA \times
BA×B.
o A function f:A→Bf: A \to Bf:A→B is a relation where each element
in AAA is related to exactly one element in BBB.
o Composition of functions: (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))(f∘g)
(x)=f(g(x)).
o Inverse function: f(x)f(x)f(x) is invertible if f∘f−1=If \circ f^{-1} =
If∘f−1=I.
 Viva Summary:
o Explain types of functions: one-one, onto, bijective.
o Describe the composition and inverse of functions.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is a function? Explain different types of functions.
 A function is a relation in which each element of the domain
is associated with exactly one element of the codomain.
Types include one-one (injective), onto (surjective), and
bijective functions.
2. Explain the composition of functions with an example.
 The composition of two functions fff and ggg is given by
(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)).
3. What is the inverse of a function?
 If f:A→Bf: A \to Bf:A→B is a one-to-one and onto function,
then its inverse is f−1:B→Af^{-1}: B \to Af−1:B→A, such that
f(f−1(x))=xf(f^{-1}(x)) = xf(f−1(x))=x and f−1(f(x))=xf^{-1}(f(x))
= xf−1(f(x))=x.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 Important Formulas:
o sin⁡−1(x)+cos⁡−1(x)=π2\sin^{-1}(x) + \cos^{-1}(x) = \frac{\pi}
{2}sin−1(x)+cos−1(x)=2π.
o tan⁡−1(x)+cot⁡−1(x)=π2\tan^{-1}(x) + \cot^{-1}(x) = \frac{\pi}
{2}tan−1(x)+cot−1(x)=2π.
o sin⁡(sin⁡−1(x))=x\sin(\sin^{-1}(x)) = xsin(sin−1(x))=x for x∈[−1,1]x \in
[-1, 1]x∈[−1,1].
o Domain and Range:
 sin⁡−1(x):[−1,1]→[−π2,π2]\sin^{-1}(x): [-1, 1] \to \left[-\frac{\
pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]sin−1(x):[−1,1]→[−2π,2π]
 cos⁡−1(x):[−1,1]→[0,π]\cos^{-1}(x): [-1, 1] \to [0, \
pi]cos−1(x):[−1,1]→[0,π]
 tan⁡−1(x):(−∞,∞)→(−π2,π2)\tan^{-1}(x): (-\infty, \infty) \to \
left(-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right)tan−1(x):(−∞,∞)→(−2π
,2π)
 Viva Summary:
o Explain the domain, range, and principal values of inverse
trigonometric functions.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is an inverse trigonometric function?
 An inverse trigonometric function is a function that
"reverses" the effect of the trigonometric function, giving us
the angle from a given value of the trigonometric ratio.
2. What is the principal value of inverse trigonometric functions?
 The principal value refers to the unique value of the angle
returned by the inverse trigonometric function, ensuring the
angle lies within the function's specified range.
 3. Explain the identity sin⁡−1(x)+cos⁡−1(x)=π2\sin^{-1}(x) + \cos^{-1}
(x) = \frac{\pi}{2}sin−1(x)+cos−1(x)=2π.
 This identity is derived from the complementary
relationship between sine and cosine functions.

3. Matrices
 Important Formulas:
o A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and
columns.
o Matrix addition is element-wise: (A+B)ij=Aij+Bij(A + B)_{ij} = A_{ij}
+ B_{ij}(A+B)ij=Aij+Bij.
o Transpose of a matrix: (AT)ij=Aji(A^T)_{ij} = A_{ji}(AT)ij=Aji.
o Multiplication of matrices: (AB)ij=∑AikBkj(AB)_{ij} = \sum A_{ik}
B_{kj}(AB)ij=∑AikBkj.
o Determinant of a matrix: ∣A∣=ad−bc|A| = ad - bc∣A∣=ad−bc for a
2x2 matrix.
o Inverse of a matrix: A−1=adj(A)∣A∣A^{-1} = \frac{\text{adj}(A)}{|
A|}A−1=∣A∣adj(A).
 Viva Summary:
o Explain types of matrices and operations like addition,
multiplication, and finding determinants.
o Describe the process of finding the inverse of a matrix.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is a matrix? Explain different types of matrices.
 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows
and columns. Types include row matrix, column matrix,
square matrix, diagonal matrix, identity matrix, and zero
matrix.
2. How do you calculate the determinant of a 2×2 matrix?
 end{pmatrix}A=(acbd), the determinant is ∣A∣=ad−bc|A| =
 For a matrix A=(abcd)A = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \

ad - bc∣A∣=ad−bc.
3. What is the inverse of a matrix and how is it calculated?
The inverse of a matrix AAA exists if and only if ∣A∣≠0|A| \
neq 0∣A∣=0. It is calculated as A−1=1∣A∣adj(A)A^{-1} = \


frac{1}{|A|} \text{adj}(A)A−1=∣A∣1adj(A).

4. Determinants
 Important Formulas:
o Determinant of a 2×2 matrix: ∣A∣=ad−bc|A| = ad - bc∣A∣=ad−bc.
o Cofactor Expansion: Used for finding determinants of larger
matrices.
o Cramer's Rule: Used to solve a system of linear equations using
determinants.
o Properties of determinants:
 ∣AB∣=∣A∣×∣B∣|AB| = |A| \times |B|∣AB∣=∣A∣×∣B∣
 ∣AT∣=∣A∣|A^T| = |A|∣AT∣=∣A∣
 Viva Summary:
o Explain how to calculate determinants using cofactor expansion.
o Solve linear systems using Cramer's Rule.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is the cofactor expansion method for calculating
determinants?
 Cofactor expansion involves expanding a determinant along
a row or column, breaking it down into smaller
determinants (minors).
2. What is Cramer's Rule?
  Cramer's Rule is used to solve a system of linear equations
using determinants. It expresses the solution to the system
as the ratio of determinants.

5. Continuity and Differentiability

 Important Formulas:
o A function f(x)f(x)f(x) is continuous at x=cx = cx=c if
lim⁡x→cf(x)=f(c)\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)limx→cf(x)=f(c).
o A function f(x)f(x)f(x) is differentiable at x=cx = cx=c if the
derivative exists at that point.
o Mean Value Theorem: If fff is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b] and
differentiable on (a,b)(a, b)(a,b), then there exists c∈(a,b)c \in (a,
b)c∈(a,b) such that: f′(c)=f(b)−f(a)b−af'(c) = \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}f′
(c)=b−af(b)−f(a)
 Viva Summary:
o Be prepared to define continuity and differentiability.
o Apply these concepts to check if a function is continuous or
differentiable.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is the difference between continuity and differentiability?
 Continuity means the function does not have any sudden
jumps or breaks at a point. Differentiability means the
function has a well-defined slope (derivative) at that point.
2. State and explain the Mean Value Theorem.
 The Mean Value Theorem states that for a function
continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b] and differentiable on (a,b)(a,
b)(a,b), there exists a point c∈(a,b)c \in (a, b)c∈(a,b) where
the derivative equals the average rate of change.
3. How do you test for the continuity and differentiability of a
function?
  Check if the function is continuous by ensuring the left-hand
limit, right-hand limit, and the function value at the point
match. Check differentiability by ensuring the derivative
exists at the point.

6. Applications of Derivatives
 Important Formulas:
o Maxima and Minima: A function f(x)f(x)f(x) has a local maximum
at x=cx = cx=c if f′(c)=0f'(c) = 0f′(c)=0 and f′′(c)<0f''(c) < 0f′′(c)<0.
o Optimization: Problems involving maximizing or minimizing a
quantity such as profit, cost, area, etc.
 Viva Summary:
o Understand how derivatives are used to find local maxima and
minima of functions.
o Solve optimization problems using derivatives.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is the process for finding maxima and minima of a
function?
 Find the first derivative f′(x)f'(x)f′(x), set it equal to zero to
find critical points. Then, use the second derivative test f′′
(x)f''(x)f′′(x) to determine whether it is a maximum or
minimum.
2. How do you solve optimization problems using derivatives?
 Set up the problem as a function to optimize (maximize or
minimize), take its derivative, find critical points, and
determine which yields the optimum value.

7. Integrals
 Important Formulas:
 o Integration by Substitution: ∫f(g(x))⋅g′(x) dx=F(g(x))+C\int f(g(x)) \
cdot g'(x) \, dx = F(g(x)) + C∫f(g(x))⋅g′(x)dx=F(g(x))+C
o Integration by Parts: ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \,
du∫udv=uv−∫vdu
o Definite Integrals: ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) -
F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
 Viva Summary:
o Understand and explain different methods of integration:
substitution, parts, and by partial fractions.
o Be able to evaluate definite integrals.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is the method of integration by substitution?
 Substitution is used when the integral contains a composite
function. Replace the composite function with a single
variable and simplify the integral.
2. Explain the integration by parts formula.
 The integration by parts formula is based on the product
rule of differentiation: ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \, dv = uv - \int v
\, du∫udv=uv−∫vdu.

8. Application of Integrals
 Important Formulas:
o Area under curves: The area between the curve y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x)
and the x-axis from x=ax = ax=a to x=bx = bx=b is ∫abf(x) dx\
int_a^b f(x) \, dx∫abf(x)dx.
 Viva Summary:
o Be prepared to find areas between curves using definite integrals.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. How do you calculate the area between two curves?
  To find the area between two curves y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x) and
y=g(x)y = g(x)y=g(x) over the interval [a,b][a, b][a,b],
compute ∫ab(f(x)−g(x)) dx\int_a^b (f(x) - g(x)) \, dx∫ab(f(x)
−g(x))dx.

9. Differential Equations
 Important Formulas:
o General solution of a differential equation: dydx=f(x,y)\frac{dy}
{dx} = f(x, y)dxdy=f(x,y)
 Viva Summary:
o Be ready to explain methods of solving simple differential
equations.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is a differential equation?
 A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives
that represents the relationship between a function and its
rates of change.
2. Explain the method of solving separable differential equations.
 A separable differential equation can be written as
dydx=g(x)⋅h(y)\frac{dy}{dx} = g(x) \cdot h(y)dxdy=g(x)⋅h(y).
Separate the variables and integrate both sides.

10. Vectors
 Important Formulas:
o Dot Product: A⃗⋅B⃗=∣A⃗∣∣B⃗∣cos⁡θ\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\
vec{B}| \cos \thetaA⋅B=∣A∣∣B∣cosθ
o Cross Product: A⃗×B⃗=∣A⃗∣∣B⃗∣sin⁡θ n^\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = |\vec{A}|
|\vec{B}| \sin \theta \, \hat{n}A×B=∣A∣∣B∣sinθn^
 Viva Summary:
 o Be prepared to explain vector operations such as dot and cross
products.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. What is the dot product of two vectors?

A⃗⋅B⃗=∣A⃗∣∣B⃗∣cos⁡θ\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \

 The dot product of two vectors A⃗\vec{A}A and B⃗\vec{B}B is

cos \thetaA⋅B=∣A∣∣B∣cosθ, where θ\thetaθ is the angle

between them.
2. Explain the cross product of two vectors.

a vector perpendicular to both, with magnitude ∣A⃗∣∣B⃗∣sin⁡θ|\

 The cross product of two vectors A⃗\vec{A}A and B⃗\vec{B}B is

vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \sin \theta∣A∣∣B∣sinθ.

11. 3D Geometry
 Important Formulas:
o Distance between two points: (x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2+(z2−z1)2\
sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2}(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1
)2+(z2−z1)2
o Equation of a plane: ax+by+cz=dax + by + cz = dax+by+cz=d
 Viva Summary:
o Be prepared to calculate distances between points, lines, and
planes in 3D geometry.
 Important Viva Questions:
1. How do you calculate the distance between two points in 3D?
 The distance between two points (x1,y1,z1)(x_1, y_1, z_1)
(x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2)(x_2, y_2, z_2)(x2,y2,z2) is given by:
(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2+(z2−z1)2\sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 -
y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2}(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2+(z2−z1)2
2. What is the equation of a plane in 3D?
  The equation of a plane is given by ax+by+cz=dax + by + cz =
dax+by+cz=d, where (a,b,c)(a, b, c)(a,b,c) is the normal
vector to the plane.

12. Linear Programming

 Viva Summary:
o Formulate a linear programming problem (LPP) and solve using
the graphical method.

13. Probability
 Important Formulas:
o Conditional Probability: P(A∣B)=P(A∩B)P(B)P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap
B)}{P(B)}P(A∣B)=P(B)P(A∩B)
o Bayes' Theorem: P(A∣B)=P(B∣A)P(A)P(B)P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A) P(A)}
{P(B)}P(A∣B)=P(B)P(B∣A)P(A)
o Binomial Distribution: P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1−p)n−kP(X = k) = \binom{n}
{k} p^k (1 - p)^{n-k}P(X=k)=(kn)pk(1−p)n−k
 Viva Summary:
o Explain conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and binomial
distributions.

This version provides a comprehensive breakdown of formulas, chapter

summaries, and important viva questions for all chapters.