Lecture Notes: Compiled by Maqsood Ahmad (A.P. Maths.

) for
students of CUI, Lahore. (FA20-BCS-A&B, FA20-BSE-A).
Objective of Lecture 1+2:-
 Chapter1: Non-Homogeneous Linear system of equations
 Unknowns
 Unique solution
 No solution
 Infinitely many solutions
 Consistent system (unique soln or infinitely many solns.)
 Inconsistent system ( No soln)
 Homogeneous system
 Trivial solution (all unknowns are 0)
 Nontrivial solution (Infinitely many solutions)
 Equivalent systems
 Method of elimination (studied in class 12th )
 Matrices their handling and properties.
• Chapter2: Row Echelon Form (REF) OR Gauss-Elimination Method,
Row Reduced Echelon form (RREF) OR Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
• Row operations.
After studying this lecture, You are desired to do
Home Work: Do Questions 1-23 of Exercise 1.1, Questions 1-12 of Exercise
1.2, Questions 1-27 of Exercise 1.3, Questions 1-5 and 8-19 of Exercise 1.4
following link is extremely helpful in this regard.
https://www.slader.com/textbook/9780132296540-elementary-linear-algebra-with-
applications-9th-edition/196/

Chapter 1+2: Linear Equations and Matrices,

Solving Linear System
2𝑥1 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 5 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑)
2𝑥1 + √𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 1 (𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑)
2𝑥1 + (𝑥2 )𝑛 + 𝑥3 = 1 (𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑)
1
2𝑥1 + √3 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = (5)3 (𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡? ) 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
(1) Tiny System of linear eqns (Non-homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = −7
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 7
Solution: 𝑥1 = 2; 𝑥2 = 3 (Unique solution)
(2) Tiny System of linear eqns (Non-homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = −7
3𝑥1 − 9 𝑥2 = −21
Solution: 0=0 (Important, signaling some equation is redundant or
overlapping) (infinite many solution)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = −7 → 𝑥1 = −7 + 3 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
𝑥2 is free variable or arbitrary variable.
Soln1 𝑥2 = 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 2
Soln2 𝑥2 = 50 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 143 (Infinite many solution)
(3) Tiny System of linear eqns (Non-homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = −7
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 7
Solution: (No solution) 0 = -14
(1) Tiny System of linear eqns (Homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 0
Solution: 𝑥1 = 0; 𝑥2 = 0 (Unique solution) (Trivial soln)
(2) Tiny System of linear eqns (homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0
 3𝑥1 − 9 𝑥2 = 0
Solution: 0 = 0 → 𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0 → 𝑥1 = 3 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
Soln1: 𝑥2 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 3
Soln2: 𝑥2 = 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 15 (Infinite many solution) (Non-Trivial soln)
(3) Tiny System of linear eqns (homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0
Solution: (No solution 0 = -14) But here 0 = 0
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 0 → 𝑥1 = 3 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅
Soln1 𝑥2 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 3
Soln2 𝑥2 = 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 15 (Non-Trivial soln)
(1) Equivalent System of linear eqns (Non-homogenious)
𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = −7
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 7
Solution: 𝑥1 = 2; 𝑥2 = 3
(2) Other System of linear eqns (Non-homogenious)
8𝑥1 − 3 𝑥2 = 7
3𝑥1 − 2 𝑥2 = 0
10𝑥1 − 2 𝑥2 = 14
Solution: 𝑥1 = 2; 𝑥2 = 3
 Question 16: (Exercise 1.1)

3x+4y=s-----(1)
6x+8y=t ------(2)
2*(1) - (2)
6x+8y=2s-----(3)
-6x-8y=-t ------(4)
0=2s-t or t=2s-----(5)
(a) Consistent
When s=1 then t=2
When s=3 then t=6
When s=10 then t=20
(b) Inconsistent
Let s=1 and 𝒕 ≠ 𝟐; for s=3 take 𝒕 ≠ 𝟔
if s=10 take 𝒕 ≠ 𝟐𝟎
(c) Consistent
Relation t=2s.
Question 17: (Exercise 1.1)
x+2y=10-----(1)
3x+(6+t)y=30 ------(2)
3*(1)-(2)
3x+6y=30-----(3)
-3x-(6+t)y=-30 ------(4)
6y-(6+t)y=0
6y-6y-ty=0
ty=0----(5)
(a) Infinite many soln, t=?,
when t=0 then (5) implies 0=0 (important, overlapping or
redundancy)
x+2y=10-----(1)
3x+6y=30 ------(2)
x+2y=10 implies x=10-2y where y is any real number
Soln1: y=0, x=10 ; Soln2 y=10, x=-10
(b) When t=any number other than 0, say t=n then n*y=0 implies
y=0 then x=10 (Unique solution)
(c) Infinite values of t.
MATRICES
See pages (11, 12, 13) of Book.
Properties of Matrices that deviate from normality: (See page 39
of book)
(1) Commutative property
A, B are matrices. Then AB may or may not equal to BA.
1 2 1 2 1
𝐴=[ ] ;𝐵=[ ]
3 4 2×𝟐 2 3 −1 𝟐×3
5 8 −1
𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
11 18 −1 2×3
Whereas 𝐵𝐴 is even not defined.
1 2 1 1 2
𝐵=[ ] 𝐴=[ ]
2 3 −1 2×𝟑 3 4 𝟐×2
(2) Cancellation Law (for real numbers ac=ad implies c=d)
For Matrices
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 does not imply that B=C
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 is invertible (non-singular, i.e., det(A) is not zero) then we can
cancel A and B=C .
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 is not invertible (singular, i.e., det(A) is zero) then we cannot
cancel A and 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶.
0 1 1 1 2 5
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ]𝐶=[ ]
0 2 3 4 3 4
3 4
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 = [ ]
6 8
(3) Zero product with non-Zero Matrices. (for real numbers ab=0
implies either a=0 or b=0)
 0 1 3 7 0 0
Example1:𝐴 = [ ]; 𝐵 = [ ] : 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
0 2 0 0 0 0
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑏 2𝑏 0 0
Example2: 𝐴 = [ ]; 𝐵 = [ ]; 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
2𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎 −2𝑎 0 0
−1 0
Example3: 𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐼, 𝐴 = [ ]
0 −1
Example4: 𝐴2 = 𝑂; 𝐵2 = 𝑂
0 2 0 0
𝐴=[ ]𝐵=[ ]
0 0 1 0
Question11: Find two unequal 2 × 2 matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼
𝑎 𝑎+1
Solution: 𝐴=[ ]
𝑎−1 𝑎
𝑎 −𝑎 − 1
𝐵=[ ]
1−𝑎 𝑎
(We can solve example2 and question 11 using chapter 2)
Two important formulae: (1) (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
(2) (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻
Dot product and matrix multiplication
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 ∈ 𝑅; [𝑦] ∈ 𝑅 2 ; [𝑦] ∈ 𝑅 3 ;
𝑧
𝑎1
𝑎2
Similarly in general we have, 𝑎3 ∈ 𝑅 𝑛 Let 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑅 𝑛 ,
⋮
[𝑎𝑛 ]
 𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Then = 𝑎3 ; 𝒗 = 𝑏3 . Dot product of two vectors is defined as
⋮ ⋮
[𝑎𝑛 ] [𝑏𝑛 ]
𝒖•𝒗 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 +. . . + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑖
Now this dot product provide basis for matrix multiplication. Consider
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝒖 = 𝑎3 and 𝒗 = 𝑏3 as matrices. Then
⋮ ⋮
[𝑎𝑛 ]𝒏×𝟏 [𝑏𝑛 ]𝒏×𝟏
𝑏1
𝑏2
𝒖𝑻 𝒗 = [𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 ]𝟏×𝒏 𝑏3
⋮
[𝑏𝑛 ]𝒏×𝟏
= 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 +. . . + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
 Matrix Product Explanation:

𝟑𝟖 𝟒𝟒
Solution:- 𝑨𝑩 = [ ]
𝟔𝟕 𝟕𝟖
𝑨𝑩𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝑩𝟐𝟐 = 𝟕𝟖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒈𝒐
𝑨𝑩𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒈𝒐
𝑨𝑩𝟐𝟏 = 𝟔𝟕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Question 5: (Exercise 1.2)
𝑎 + 2𝑏 2𝑎 − 𝑏 4 −2
If [ ]=[ ] find a, b, c and d.
2𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑐 − 2𝑑 4 −3
Solution: Two matrices are equal if and only if their corresponding
entries are equal. i.e.
𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 4 … . . (1)
2𝑎 − 𝑏 = −2 … . . (2)
2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 4 … . . (3)
 𝑐 − 2𝑑 = −3 … . . . (4)
We got simple non-homogeneous linear system of equations in four
unknowns and can easily be solved by elimination method.
Cancelling b from (1) and (2), we get 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 2
Now cancelling d from (3) and (4), we get 𝑐 = 1, 𝑑 = 2
Question 5: (Exercise 1.3) Determine values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 so that
𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
𝒗• 𝒘 = 𝟎 and 𝒗• 𝒖 = 𝟎, where 𝒗 = [𝟏] , 𝒘 = [−𝟐] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒖 = [𝟖]
𝒚 𝟏 𝟐
Solution: 𝒗• 𝒘 = 𝟎 implies 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑦 = 0 … . . (1)
Similarly, 𝒗• 𝒖 = 𝟎 gives 𝑥 + 8 + 2𝑦 = 0 … . . (2)
Solving (1) and (2) 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = −6.
Chapter 2: Solving Linear Systems