CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Reading

1. Definition of Reading

Reading is an extremely complex activity. It requires a blend of verbal and

cognitive skills. Reading requires the recognition of letters, words, phrases, and

sentences, which relates to linguistic abilities. It also requires certain language

skills, including vocabulary, sentence organization, spelling, and pronunciation.

According to Nuttal (1982), as for skills, reading is viewed as primarily

including meaning, more especially the transfer of meaning from one mind to

another: the transfer of a message from a writer to a reader.

There are numerous ways to define reading. The majority of experts agree on

a few fundamental elements of reading. It is obvious that a single,

straightforward description will not be adequate because reading will be

described and characterized in a variety of ways. There are numerous definitions

and explanations for reading.

Reading is one of the basic communication skills, but it is a very complex

process. It is difficult to arrive at a precise definition of the reading process.

Even though researchers have not resolved this problem of definition (Helman et

al., 1981). Harmer added that reading is a task that primarily involves the brain

and sight. The brain must determine the meaning of the data that the eyes receive

before it can act. A reading text, as contrast to a hearing text, advances at the rate

of the reader (except where the reader is trying to read an advertisement that
 flashes past a train window). To put it another way, readers control how quickly

they wish to (or are able to) read a text, whereas listeners frequently have to do

their best with a text whose speed is determined by the speaker.

Reading is followed by comprehension, or reading can be done

independently of comprehension, because reading is the first step in obtaining

information from a text or book. Language experts have debated the definition of

understanding.

According to Savage & Mooney (1979), comprehension is a cognitive

process that involves the capacity to interpret and infer meaning from printed

language.

2. Types of Reading

Francoise Gellet (1982) distinguishes between two types of reading:

a. Extensive reading

Longer texts are read extensively, usually for personal enjoyment. This

fluency exercise focuses mostly on global understanding. Reading a

newspaper, article, short story, or novel is an example.

We require an extensive reading that actively encourages reading

outside of class. The amount of reading necessary to acquire fluency and

efficiency is very large—much larger than what most students will do if left

to their own devices—and class time is always in short supply.

However, some class time should be set out for in-depth reading in

order to keep students interested and to prepare them for dealing with

lengthy materials. Students who have not developed the habit of reading are
 frequently intimidated by books and require the direction and encouragement

that a structured intensive reading program may offer. The same text can

also be utilized to train in both intensive and comprehensive reading because

there is no clear line between them; instead, essential passages from the text

can be used for focused study, which will in turn illuminate the book as a

whole.

b. Intensive Reading

Shorter texts are read intensively in order to glean specialized

information. This requires reading for specifics, which requires greater

accuracy. The accuracy exercise that requires reading for detail is probably

what this activity is more likely to stress. Reading dose instructions for

medication is an example of how the reader is attempting to take in all the

information provided.

Intensive reading entails approaching the text under the tight

supervision of the teacher (the correct sort of supervision) or under the

supervision of a task that compels the pupils to read the text with great

attention. The goal of intensive reading is to develop a comprehensive and

in-depth understanding of the material, including both the meaning and the

process by which it is generated. Since the primary goal of the intensive

reading session is to teach pupils reading methods, the "how" is just as

crucial as the "what."

Short texts that can be studied in a lesson or two are easier to handle

than longer ones, of course. Additionally, it is commonly accepted that in

comprehend the phrases, paragraphs, and chapters that make up that total.

But it's also true that we frequently comprehend a book without fully

comprehending every aspect of it; we should make the most of this ability

and encourage our pupils to grow on it. This implies that we should pay

attention to both intensive and extensive reading.

c. Purpose Reading

The various and complex goals of reading are in accordance with the

numerous definitions and explanations of reading that have been put forth.

William provided a quotation that McDonough & Shaw (2003) used to

classify reading into: (1) "Getting basic information from the text, (2)

Getting specialized information from a text, and (3) For enjoyment or for

interest.

According to Penny Ur's (1996) suggested that reading objectives are:

(1) In order to read words, we must recognize and decode letters, (2) In order

to comprehend the text's meaning, we must comprehend every word, (3)

Reading a text takes longer the more symbols (letters or words) there are in

it, (4) When we read, we infer meaning, and (5) Understanding a text begins

with an understanding of the words that make it up.

Almost every main reason for reading is relevant in academic contexts.

A reading curriculum must therefore take into account how pupils learn to

read for a variety of reasons, at the very least the reading: (1) to find

knowledge, (2) to understand something in general, (3) to acquire new

However, to get pupils to use their knowledge to aid in their

comprehension of a reading is a fundamental goal in the teaching of reading.

These are some precise details concerning reading's objectives that some

linguists have suggested. It can be concluded that reading with a purpose

aids attention to information. As a result, such goals are most successful

when they are chosen by the readers. Also, before reading a selection, the

purpose for reading must be determined. Only by following this process the

reader can effectively focus their attention while reading. The stated

intention can then be utilized as a starting point for a conversation to

establish whether the reader has succeeded in his objectives.

B. Social Media

Social media is a medium online, with users being able to easily participate, share,

and create content including blogs, social networks, wikis, forums and the world virtual.

Blogs, social networks and wikis is a form of social media that most commonly used by

communities around the world. Opinion others say that social media is an online media

that supports social interaction and social media using web- based technology which

turns communication into interactive dialogue. And which allows the creation and

exchange of user-generated content". Social networks are sites where anyone can create

a web page private, then connect with friends to share information and communicate.

The largest social networking includes Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter. If media

traditional use of print media and broadcast media, then media social use of the internet.

Media social invites anyone who interested in participating with contribute and give
feedback openly comment and share information in time fast and unlimited.

When internet technology and mobile phones are getting more advanced than the

media. Social media is also growing rapidly. Now to access facebook or twitter for

example, can be done anywhere and anytime only by using a mobile phone. That's how

fast people can access social media lead to phenomena big on the flow of information is

not only in developed countries, but also in Indonesia. Because the speed of social media

is also starting seems to replace the role of the media conventional mass in spread the

news. Fast the development of social media today because everyone can have their own

medium. If for have traditional media such as television, radio, or newspapers are

needed large capital and labor which is a lot, then it is different with media. A social

media user can access using social media with internet network even though the access

is slow, without big cost, without expensive tools and done alone without employees.

We as a social media user with free to edit, add, modify both text, images, videos,

graphics and various model’s other content.

McGraw Hill Dictionary states that social media is a means used by people to

interact with each other by creating, sharing, and exchanging information and ideas

in a network and virtual community. Without realizing it, our lives today are never

separated from social media, as if social media has become a basic need for all of

us.

This is proven by many sociologists and marketing communication experts

that the biggest factor that changes the lives of people in the world today is social

media. This phenomenon is similar to the Industrial Revolution which redefined the

human way of life at the end of the 18th century, as well as social media which was
an extraordinary phenomenon in the early 20th century (Sulianta, 2015).

Communication using social media is the dissemination of information that

will disseminate information to other people on the web network and that

information will spread everywhere in the network. The web managing information

becomes out of control because the information will be stored in global data storage

programs.

Social media is an online medium, with its users being able to easily

participate, share, and create content for blogs, social networks, wikis, forums and

virtual worlds. Blogs, social networks and wikis are the most common forms of

social media used by people around the world. Kaplan & Haenlein (2010) define

social media as a group of internet-based applications that build on ideological and

technological foundations that enable the creation and exchange of use-generated

content.

This social networking site is also an application that allows users to be able

to connect by creating personal information so that they can connect with other

people. Personal information can be such as photos, sending videos, making voice

calls and video calls, for example: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube and so

on.

With all the conveniences provided by social media, it is undeniable that

social media has become a new media that is in great demand by the public, from

the lower classes to the intellectuals. The variety of types of applications and the

ease of application make social media a friend for its users. Social media has a very

important role for human life, in daily activities of course everyone uses social
 media as a means of getting or seeking information, ranging from places, food,

scholarships, politics and so on. Then as a place to establish friendships, former

friends who lost contact can finally meet through social media and even though we

are far apart we can still keep in touch intensely (Rahmadi, 2016).

The emergence of the internet has given a lot of influence and changes in

human life. If initially the communication relationship between humans was limited

by space and time, then the presence of the internet has eroded these boundaries to

create an unlimited flow of information and communication. With the internet,

situations in a region or country can quickly spread to all corners of the world

directly without having to wait long. Internet access gives us the ability to bypass a

news source. We no longer need to listen to 24-hour news broadcasts via radio or

television and wait for the news. On the internet, we can check news and get

information online at any time (Ardianto, 2009).

C. Twitter

1. Twitter History
Twitter ( /ˈtwɪtər/) is an online social networking a n d microblogging service that
allows users to send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters, which
known as chirps (tweets). Twitter was founded in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, and
his social networking site launched in July. Since its launch, Twitter has become one
of the ten most visited sites on the Internet and was nicknamed with “short messages
from the Internet”. On Twitter, unregistered users can only read tweets, while
registered users can write tweets through the website interface, messages (SMS), or
through various applications for mobile devices.

The emergence of Twitter itself cannot be separated from the invention of

communication technology such as radio, television and the internet. After James

Clerk Maxwell in 1864 which can unexpectedly show the speed of light manifested
from the relationship between the two types of violence, successively Heinrich

Rudolf Hertz experimented with radio waves in his laboratory in 1887, and from his

research he was able to demonstrate that electromagnetic waves exist by

successfully making an instrument for generating and detecting VHF or UHF radio

waves. And then researchers’ others such as Quqliermo Marconi, Reginald

Fessenden, Lee De Forest, David Samoff and still many others with their respective

inventions that further refine.

The main assumptions of Dennis McQuail (1987) about the importance of

mass media:4 1) Media is a changing and evolving industry that creates jobs, goods

and services and revive other related industries. Media is also an industry in itself

have rules and norms that link the institution to societyand other social institutions.

On the other hand, the media industry is regulated by society. 2) Management mass

media is a source of power - a tool of control, management and innovation in

community that can be utilized as a substitute for power or other resources. 3)

Media is a location (or norm) that is increasingly playing a role, to present events in

people's lives, both nationally and internationally. 4) Media often acts as a vehicle

for cultural development, not only in the sense of development of art forms and

symbols, but also in terms of developing procedures, fashion, lifestyle, and norms.

Mass communication that can be accessed by anyone has its communicant

heterogeneity. According to Herbet Blumer, giving characteristics about the

characteristics of the audience/communicant as follows: following: 1) Audience in

mass communication is very heterogeneous. It means to have heterogeneity of

composition or arrangement. When viewed from the origin, they come from
 various groups in society. 2) Contains individuals who do not know or know each

other other. Between individuals that do not interact with each other directly. 3)

They don't have leadership or formal organization.

On its journey, social media emerged which was originally used to connect people

classmate at a university. But it turns out that this application is liked and gets good

response so that it is further developed. Call it Friendster, Facebook, Twitter, Linkd

In and many others.

2. Development of Twitter in Indonesia

The public is given many treats and is free to choose from the many types of

new media. They have very diverse choices for consuming Web advertising media,

DVD and CD-ROM media virtual reality environments (Augmented Reality),

Integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony, digital

cameras, Web sites, Streaming audio and video, chat rooms, e-mail, online

communities, Social media, Web blogs/vlogs, Podcasting, SMS/MMS, mobile

content.

These social media were originally intended to bring friends together who are

separated but still feel the need for contact with each other. But it turns out in its

development is used as a means of self-existence. Found a lot in media certain

social networks that the friends they have in their social networks are sometimes

not friends they've met before, but it's from social media that they've come to be

meet. Even though there are also those who only choose to be friends in the world
of social media without having to meet and communicate.

Twitter which is a social media and is categorized as new media/alternative

media is an information network consisting of 140-character messages called

tweets. This is a new easy way to find the latest news or what’s happening

especially related to the things you enjoy. Twitter was founded in March 2006 by

Jack Dorsey, and his social networking site was launched in July. Say twitter

literally means 'twitter'. This site has the concept of a micro blog in its use.

Twitter has four development strategies which are : (1) Promote company blog

posts through company accounts, (2) Communicating social media support issues to

support the team, and conduct an evaluation afterward, (3) Build a reputation, and

(4) Promoting other people's networks.

Some of the advantages of Twitter compared to other social media include

its wide reach, not only friends, but also able to reach public figures, the

potential for advertising in the future is greater, communication occurs very

quickly (updates), and multilink (connected to many networks) (Kassotakis,

2010). This has shown that Twitter is the preferred social media favored by the

public today. Twitter helps spread information more quickly which will then

become a topic discussed by its users. Mass media such as television,

newspapers, magazines, tabloids also use twitter as a transmitter of news. This

makes it easier for people to get information quickly and updated because news

can be updated at any time by the mass media through social media. Twitter

here is also used by the mass media to interact with the audience. In this

context, the public can directly give their opinion or comment on a news issued
 by certain mass media through Twitter. Vice versa, the mass media can find out

directly and quickly the reactions or responses of their readers. The

development of the internet has made many online media appear and are

increasingly popular among the public. The most popular characteristic of

online news is that it is real time, gaining depth and a wider and even different

point of view. Interactivity can also be seen from the provision of feedback

from readers who read a news through the comments column presented. News,

stories, events, can be published immediately when the incident is taking place.

D. Generation-Z

Generation Z is a post-millennial generation with a birth range between 1995-2012,

so currently it is categorized as 27-10 years old. They grow up with the digital

world and spend their free time exploring the web (Francis & Hoefel, 2018 in Fuad

Zis et al., 2021). Generation Z in Indonesia according to (Irfan, 2018) has several

characteristics including being open-minded, liking contemporary forms of content,

following social changes and happy to compromise or socialize. This generation is a

generation that has a lot to do with cyberspace, knows technology for a long time

and can influence their personality.

E. Previous Study

This part presents some previous studies. The purpose of the presenting the

previous study is to know gab or discrepancies of what makes the previous studies

different from the present study. The first was study conducted by Prima Gusti Yanti

(2021) with the title “The Effect of using Social Media Twitter Towards Students’
Reading Comprehension”. This study aims to determine the effect of the activity of

using social media on the ability of college students to reading comprehension. This

type of research is quantitative with a correlational method. The sample in this study

was taken with simple random sampling. PBSI FKIP UHAMKA active students

approximately 600 students who if taken a sample of 25% at random, would choose

150 students. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and reading tests, while

data analysis using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression equations.

The results of this study indicates that the intensity of the use of social media in

the percentage of students is 45% moderate, 25% low, 25% high, and 7% very high,

obtained the regression equation = 68.945 0.004𝑥. These findings indicate that the

more activity on social media, the lower the level of reading comprehension although

not significantly.

The second study was from Nadia Sasmita (2018) with the title “Faktor yang

Mempengaruhi Kemampuan Berbahasa Inggris Mahasiswa Penddikan Administrasi

Perkantoran”. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the ability of English

speakers Education Administrative Office students. This research is a descriptive

research with qualitative approach. Informants in this study are students of

Administrative Education Office. Data collection techniques used are observation,

interview and documentation. Steps in analyzing data are using data collection

techniques, data reduction, datapresentation, and conclusion. Validity checks with

source and method triangulation. The results of this study indicate that in general the

factors that affect the ability of English students Education Administration Office

includes 4 factors, among others: 1) Ability Listening, in this case the students have
 vocabulary vocabulary and concentration is still low, 2) Ability Reading, the factors

that influence the students are the reading motivation and the vocabulary that is still

low, 3) Speech Capability, in this case affecting students' speaking ability is the lack of

student confidence and lack of mastery about most types of grammar, 4) Writing

ability, affecting students is the lack of interest and lack of support in the environment

around the students.

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