International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 599~607

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp599-607  599

Diligence analysis for micro grid systems in islanded mode of

operation with optimal switching control of converter

Pritha Gupta1, Mahesh Singh2, Shimpy Ralhan3, Mangal Singh4

1
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India
2
Department of Robotics and Automation Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International
(Deemed University), Pune, India
3
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India
4
Department of E&TC, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: To operate a microgrid system in islanded mode, it is essential to analyze the
economic feasibility and performance of the system. The proposed system
Received Sep 5, 2024 integrates two or more renewable energy sources, providing a promising
Revised Dec 7, 2024 solution for meeting energy needs sustainably. Conducting a techno-economic
Accepted Dec 26, 2024 analysis of such microgrid systems is critical to maximizing the efficient
utilization of renewable energy sources. The simulations for these microgrid
systems are performed using HOMER Pro software, where various economic
Keywords: parameters—such as cost of energy (COE), electricity production, net present
cost (NPC), carbon emissions, fuel consumption, and payback period—are
Annual cost evaluated for the proposed systems. Additionally, the system's performance is
CO2 emission analyzed using PSIM software, which incorporates optimal switching control.
Cost of energy (COE) The results are further validated using a prototype hardware setup. The
Islanded mode of operation findings indicate that the PV/hydro system with NPC: 705,658 Rs and
Micro grid system payback period: 9.65 years is the most suitable option for meeting the
Net present cost (NPC) electricity demand in rural areas. Also, through optimal switching control
Optimal switching control applied to the micro grid converter the output voltage achieved is seven levels
and harmonic distortion is 3.7% for voltage and 1.7% for the current.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Pritha Gupta
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus
Bhilai 491001, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The growth of micro grid systems, especially in rural and off-grid areas, has been fueled by the global
need for dependable and sustainable energy solutions [1], [2]. By combining several renewable energy sources,
including hydro, solar and wind, microgrids provide a decentralized method of energy production and delivery
that guarantees a reliable and sustainable power supply. Among their operational modes, islanded operation is
particularly significant, as it enables microgrids to function independently from the main grid, offering
resilience in areas with limited or no grid connectivity [3].
This study focuses on the techno-economic analysis and performance evaluation of hybrid renewable
energy-based micro grid systems operating in islanded mode. By integrating two or more renewable energy
sources, these systems promise a sustainable solution for meeting rural energy demands while minimizing
environmental impacts [4], [5]. Advanced simulation tools, including HOMER Pro and PSIM, are employed
to assess the economic viability and operational performance of proposed systems. Moreover, hardware
validation provides practical insights into system feasibility. The findings highlight the potential of hybrid

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

600  ISSN: 2088-8694

configurations, particularly the c system, in addressing rural electrification challenges with optimal efficiency
and cost-effectiveness.

2. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF MICROGRID SYSTEM (CASE STUDY)

The rising demand for electricity in India, driven by factors like industrial development, agriculture,
and living standards, has left many rural areas without adequate energy access. Tendua, a village in the
Balrampur district of Chhattisgarh, is one such location. This study aims to address its energy needs through a
simulation model utilizing PV/hydro and PV/diesel microgrid configurations, developed using HOMER Pro
software. The research includes an economic feasibility analysis of these systems to determine their potential
for sustainable rural electrification [6].

2.1. Site and resource assessment

A comprehensive survey was conducted in Tendua, accounting for load requirements and available
natural resources such as solar radiation, hydro flow from the Kanhar River, and wind data sourced from
NASA. The village has 100 houses with a total population of 500, requiring an estimated load of 10 kW
compared to the existing 2 kW capacity. Monthly solar radiation data showed an average of 5.98 kWh/m²/day,
with seasonal variations. This data informed the development of hybrid energy systems combining solar and
hydro resources.

2.2. Proposed microgrid configuration

The study simulated and analyzed two hybrid microgrid configurations to evaluate their performance
and feasibility. These configurations were optimized in HOMER Pro to ensure they met the load demand
efficiently while minimizing costs [7], [8]. Component details, including installation and maintenance costs,
were specified for accurate simulation and analysis. Figures 1 and 2 represents the simulation of proposed
micro grid systems.

2.2.1. System 01: PV-hydro-battery-converter configuration

This configuration consists of the PV system hybrid with the hydro generator. The major key
components used for developing the energy model are:
- Photovoltaic (PV) panels: The system incorporates 10 kW of PV panels, leveraging solar energy as a
renewable power source to supply electricity.
- Hydro generator: A 98 kW hydro generator forms the backbone of this configuration, utilizing a consistent
water flow to provide a reliable and sustainable energy supply.
- Battery storage: The system uses 52 strings of lead-acid batteries to store excess energy generated during
periods of high production and supply power during demand peaks or low production periods. Lead-acid
batteries are chosen for their cost-effectiveness and reliability.
- Converter: A 3 kW converter is included in the system to manage the conversion of DC power generated
by the PV panels and batteries into AC power for consumer use. This ensures compatibility with the
electrical requirements of the load.

2.2.2. System 02: PV-diesel-battery-converter configuration

This configuration mirrors System 01 in design but replaces the hydro generator with a 98 kW diesel
generator. The key components are as follows:
- Photovoltaic (PV) panels: Retains the 10 kW solar PV system, providing a renewable energy component
to reduce reliance on conventional fuels.
- Diesel generator: Substitutes the hydro generator with a 98 kW diesel generator, introducing a non-
renewable energy source for power generation. This setup is typically employed in scenarios where hydro
resources are unavailable or inconsistent.
- Battery storage: Similarly integrates 52 strings of lead-acid batteries for energy storage and load balancing.
- Converter: A 3 kW converter is also included to handle power conversion tasks.

2.2.3. Comparison and purpose of simulations

The primary objective of simulating these configurations is to:
- Assess the techno-economic feasibility of the two systems.
- Compare their energy generation capabilities, fuel consumption, emissions, and overall efficiency.
- Analyze their suitability for rural applications, taking into account factors such as resource availability,
operational costs, and environmental impact.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 599-607
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  601

By incorporating both renewable (solar, hydro) and non-renewable (diesel) resources, the study aims to identify
the most sustainable and cost-effective configuration for off-grid or rural areas with varying resource
accessibility.
The hybrid microgrid configurations were optimized using HOMER Pro, a sophisticated tool for
modeling and analyzing hybrid energy systems, ensuring they met electrical load demands efficiently while
minimizing costs. The optimization process focused on fulfilling the load demand consistently, even during
peak periods, while minimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), a crucial metric that captures the average
cost of electricity over the system's lifetime. Detailed cost analyses included capital costs for installation,
operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for periodic servicing, replacement costs for components like batteries
and converters, and fuel costs for the diesel generator in System 02. The technical and economic details of each
component, such as efficiency, lifetime, and operational characteristics, were specified for accurate simulation.
Resource availability, including solar irradiation, water flow for the hydro generator, and diesel supply, was
incorporated to evaluate the systems' feasibility under different conditions. Environmental considerations were
also a significant part of the analysis, aiming to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from the
diesel generator in System 02. Multiple scenarios and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the
robustness of each system design under varying economic and environmental factors. The optimization
provided insights into the performance, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of the two configurations,
emphasizing the role of renewable resources like PV and hydro in reducing costs and emissions. It also
highlighted the trade-offs of using a diesel generator in areas without consistent hydro resources, demonstrating
the feasibility of tailored hybrid systems for rural electrification.
The performance analysis revealed that the PV/hydro system (MG-01) outperformed the PV/diesel
system (MG-02) in terms of annual energy generation, producing 17,900 kWh/year compared to
16,700 kWh/year from MG-02. This difference underscores the advantage of integrating a hydro generator,
which can harness a consistent renewable energy source to enhance overall system output. Both systems
demonstrated high reliability, with minimal unmet load and negligible capacity shortages, ensuring they
effectively met the 10 kW load demand even during peak consumption periods. Additionally, the analysis
identified that MG-01 exhibited a slightly higher level of excess electricity compared to MG-02. This surplus
energy indicates that MG-01 has a greater ability to scale up to meet future increases in energy demand, making
it a more adaptable option for growing energy needs in rural or off-grid settings. The scalability of MG-01
could also provide opportunities for additional applications, such as integrating electric vehicle charging or
powering new community facilities. This performance metric highlights the potential long-term benefits of
leveraging a renewable energy-based hybrid system like PV/hydro, not only in meeting current demands but
also in accommodating future expansion with minimal additional investment.

Figure 1. Energy model of microgrid-01 Figure 2. Energy model of microgrid-02

(PV/hydro) systems (PV/diesel) systems

2.3. Economic analysis

The cost analysis included metrics like capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX),
and net present cost (NPC). Table 1 shows the PV/hydro (MG-01) and PV/diesel microgrid (MG-02). The
PV/hydro system (MG-01) required higher initial investment costs compared to the PV/diesel system (MG-
02), primarily due to the capital-intensive nature of hydro generator installation and associated infrastructure.
However, over the system's lifespan, MG-01 proved to be significantly more sustainable and cost-effective. A
key factor contributing to this long-term economic advantage is the zero fuel consumption characteristic of the
hydro generator, which eliminates the recurring expense associated with diesel procurement and transportation
in MG-02. In addition to economic savings, MG-01's reliance on renewable energy sources (solar and hydro)
ensured zero greenhouse gas emissions during operation, making it an environmentally superior alternative.
This aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon footprints and transition toward cleaner energy systems. By

Diligence analysis for micro grid systems in islanded mode of operation with … (Pritha Gupta)
602  ISSN: 2088-8694

contrast, MG-02's dependence on a diesel generator led to continuous fuel costs and emissions, making it less
favorable from both economic and environmental perspectives.
Figure 3 presents a comparative analysis of the key economic and environmental metrics for the two
hybrid microgrid configurations: PV/hydro system (MG-01) and PV/diesel system (MG-02). The metrics in
Table 1 include (a) net present cost (NPC), (b) annualized cost, (c) CO2 emissions, and (d) discounted payback
period, providing a comprehensive evaluation of their performance. The PV/hydro system (MG-01)
demonstrated superior economic feasibility with a discounted payback period of 9.20 years, significantly
shorter than the 13-year payback period of the PV/diesel system (MG-02). Although MG-01 required higher
upfront capital costs due to the hydro generator's installation, its reduced operational expenses, zero fuel costs,
and absence of emissions enhanced its long-term financial attractiveness. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
for MG-01 was calculated at 13.8%, a robust figure that further supports its recommendation for
implementation. The higher IRR reflects the system's ability to generate better returns on investment over its
lifecycle compared to MG-02. In contrast, MG-02's reliance on a diesel generator contributed to recurring fuel
costs and substantial CO2 emissions, making it less environmentally sustainable and economically viable in
the long run. Overall, the analysis in Figure 3 highlights the PV/hydro system's economic and environmental
advantages, reinforcing its suitability for sustainable rural electrification and long-term energy planning.

2.4. Comparative insights

The economic and environmental viability of a standalone PV system, PV/hydro microgrid, and
PV/diesel microgrid were evaluated. With a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 12.52/kWh as compared to
24.39/kWh for the PV/diesel system, the PV/hydro system was found to be the most balanced choice.
Additionally, the PV/hydro system achieved better production efficiency without reliance on fossil fuels,
making it a sustainable choice for Tendua. Both systems efficiently met the demand with minimal excess
electricity and unmet load.MG-01 showed lower lifecycle costs and shorter payback periods, despite higher
initial investment.MG-01 produced no emissions, aligning with global sustainability goals.

Table 1. PV/hydro (MG-01) and PV/diesel micro grid (MG-02)

PV/hydro micro grid (MG-01) PV/diesel micro grid (MG-02)
NPC 705,658 Rs NPC 63,850 Rs
Annualized cost 54,298 Rs Annualized cost 4,939 Rs
Discounted payback period 9.65 years Discounted payback period 13 years
CO2 emissions Zero CO2 emissions 207,076 kg/year

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 3. Comparison of key economic and environmental metrics for the two hybrid microgrid
configurations: (a) net present cost (NPC), (b) annualized cost, (c) CO2 emission,
and (d) discounted payback period for MG-01 & MG-02

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 599-607
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  603

3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (PSIM SIMULATION)

To guarantee the dependability of the entire system, the suggested converter is especially made for
microgrid systems [9]-[11]. Through the use of an auxiliary circuit and the proposed architecture, the standard
inverter's levels are extended, resulting in a seven-level output voltage and a considerable drop in total harmonic
distortion (THD) [12]. By increasing the multilevel inverter’s level, THD can be further reduced. Voltage levels
are increased and THD is further reduced when a multilevel inverter is incorporated into a hybrid system [13],
[14]. By using multilevel inverters, this method enhances the voltage gain and performance profile of traditional
inverters. Furthermore, THD is successfully decreased by expanding the multilevel inverter system's level count
[15], [16]. Figure 4 illustrates how PSIM software was used to simulate this suggested system. The suggested
converter's ideal switching order for micro grid systems is shown in Table 2. Additionally, the voltage level is
brought close to sinusoidal with the aid of an auxiliary circuit and appropriate switching sequences.

Figure 4. Simulation model of converter with optimal switching in PSIM

Table 2. Switching structure

Voltage levels (V) Active switches Inactive switches
V1+V2+V3 S1 S4 S2 S3 S5 S6
V1+V2 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S6
V1 S4 S6 S1 S2 S3 S5
0 S3 S4 S1 S2 S5 S6
-V1 S2 S5 S1 S3 S4 S6
-(V1+V2) S2 S6 S1 S3 S4 S5
-(V1+V2+V3) S2 S3 S1 S4 S5 S6

4. PROTOTYPE HARDWARE SETUP (EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS)

A step-down transformer is used in the hardware prototype seen in Figure 5 to reduce a 230 V supply
voltage to 12 V and 24 V. A diode bridge rectifier is then used to transform this lower voltage into direct current
(DC) [17], [18]. The hybrid multilevel inverter's input circuit receives the rectified DC voltage as an
asymmetrical source. Table 3 lists the parts needed for the hardware configuration.

Table 3. Hardware component details

S.No Component Model/type Details
1 MOSFET IRF630FP -
2 Step-down transformer - 0-12 V, 5 mA; 0-24 V, 5 mA
3 Diode IN4007 -
4 Capacitors - 1000 μF
5 Bridge rectifier IC DB105 -
6 Optocoupler MCT2E -
7 Resistors - 1 kΩ
8 Voltage regulator IC 7812, 7824 -
9 Arduino UNO ATmega328 Input voltage: 7-12 V
14 digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)
6 analog inputs
32 k flash memory
Clock speed
10 LED - 2.0-2.5 V, 50 mA

Diligence analysis for micro grid systems in islanded mode of operation with … (Pritha Gupta)
604  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 5. Simulation model of converter with optimal switching in PSIM

The driver circuit primarily serves to boost the switching voltage for the MOSFETs while maintaining
isolation between the power circuit and the microcontroller circuit [19], [20]. Its output is connected across the
gate and emitter terminals of the MOSFETs. An MCT2E optocoupler is employed to relay signals from the
microcontroller to the driver circuit [21]-[23]. The hardware setup is integrated with an Arduino UNO, which
generates PWM pulses for the MOSFETs, enabling precise and efficient control of the inverter [24]-[26].

5. VALIDATION OF SIMULATION RESULTS

The proposed modified converter for the microgrid system was simulated using PSIM, a powerful
tool designed for the simulation and analysis of power electronics and motor drive systems. PSIM was
employed to evaluate the performance of the converter under optimal switching control strategies, ensuring
efficient operation and reliable delivery of power to the load. The primary objective of the simulation was to
achieve the desired load voltage and current waveforms, which are critical for maintaining system stability and
ensuring power quality. The switching control technique implemented in the converter dynamically adjusts the
switching sequences of power electronic devices, optimizing the energy flow within the microgrid system. This
approach minimizes losses, reduces harmonic distortion, and ensures that the load is supplied with a voltage
and current waveform closely matching the required specifications. As depicted in Figure 6(a), the simulation
results illustrate the precise and stable load voltage waveform achieved through the proposed converter design.
Similarly, Figure 6(b) demonstrates the corresponding load current waveform, which is smooth and free from
significant distortions, indicating the effectiveness of the switching control strategy. These results validate the
performance of the modified converter, showcasing its ability to meet the microgrid system's operational
requirements while enhancing efficiency and reliability. The simulation highlights the potential of this
approach to improve the overall performance of hybrid energy systems in real-world applications.

Figure 6. Simulation of (a) load voltage and (b) load current

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 599-607
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  605

The suggested converter for the micro grid system has a prototype hardware installed in the laboratory.
In Channels 1 (CH-1) and 2 (CH-2), respectively, the output voltage and load current waveforms obtained from
the DSO are shown in Figure 7. It is clear from the wave structure that the load current is pulsating DC and
that the seven level voltages have been attained. As a result, the output load current and voltage are verified.
According to Figures 8 and 9, the overall harmonic distortion is 3.7% of the load voltage and 1.7% of the load
current of the fundamental frequency, respectively.

Figure 7. Load voltage and load current (experimental)

Figure 8. % THD analysis of load voltage

Figure 9. %THD analysis of load current

Diligence analysis for micro grid systems in islanded mode of operation with … (Pritha Gupta)
606  ISSN: 2088-8694

6. CONCLUSION
The study highlights the techno-economic feasibility of microgrid systems for rural electrification,
specifically in Tendua. The PV/hydro microgrid system offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution,
providing reliable electricity while reducing dependency on fossil fuels. The outcomes suggest that hybrid
renewable energy systems could play a critical part in addressing India's rural energy challenges, particularly
in areas with abundant natural resources like solar and hydro potential. Additionally, the PSIM software is used
to evaluate the converter operation performance through optimal control strategy, and the output from the
converter is observed as near to sinusoidal. The converter performance with the multiple energy sources for
the micro grid is also validated through the hardware setup. Thus, such systems can contribute to energy sector,
rural development, and environmental sustainability. This study underscores the importance of supporting
renewable energy initiatives and subsidizing initial costs to enable widespread adoption in rural areas.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Dwivedi and Y. Pahariya, “Techno-economic feasibility analysis of optimized stand-alone PV and hybrid energy systems for
rural electrification in India,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, vol. 104, pp. 911–919, Aug. 2023, doi:
10.1007/s40031-023-00906-y.
[2] M. J. Khan, A. K. Yadav, and L. Mathew, “Techno economic feasibility analysis of different combinations of PV-Wind-Diesel-
Battery hybrid system for telecommunication applications in different cities of Punjab, India,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 577–607, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.076.
[3] S. P. Makhija and S. P. Dubey, “Optimally sized hybrid energy system for auxiliaries of a cement manufacturing unit with diesel
fuel price sensitivity analysis,” International Journal of Ambient Energy, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 267–272, Apr. 2017, doi:
10.1080/01430750.2015.1086680.
[4] D. Wang et al., “A method for evaluating both shading and power generation effects of rooftop solar PV panels for different climate
zones of China,” Solar Energy, vol. 205, pp. 432–445, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.009.
[5] P. Kumar, N. Malik, and A. Garg, “Comparative analysis of solar - battery storage sizing in net metering and zero export systems,”
Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 69, pp. 41–50, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2022.05.008.
[6] M. Baneshi and F. Hadianfard, “Techno-economic feasibility of hybrid diesel/PV/wind/battery electricity generation systems for
non-residential large electricity consumers under southern Iran climate conditions,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 127,
pp. 233–244, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.008.
[7] F. Odoi-Yorke, S. Abaase, M. Zebilila, and L. Atepor, “Feasibility analysis of solar PV/biogas hybrid energy system for rural
electrification in Ghana,” Cogent Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1080/23311916.2022.2034376.
[8] B. K. Das, M. A. Alotaibi, P. Das, M. S. Islam, S. K. Das, and M. A. Hossain, “Feasibility and techno-economic analysis of stand-
alone and grid-connected PV/Wind/Diesel/Batt hybrid energy system: A case study,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 37, p. 100673,
Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100673.
[9] F. Rinaldi, F. Moghaddampoor, B. Najafi, and R. Marchesi, “Economic feasibility analysis and optimization of hybrid renewable
energy systems for rural electrification in Peru,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 731–748, Apr.
2021, doi: 10.1007/s10098-020-01906-y.
[10] J. Li, P. Liu, and Z. Li, “Optimal design and techno-economic analysis of a solar-wind-biomass off-grid hybrid power system for
remote rural electrification: A case study of west China,” Energy, vol. 208, p. 118387, Oct. 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.energy.2020.118387.
[11] S. Salisu, M. W. Mustafa, O. O. Mohammed, M. Mustapha, and T. A. Jumani, “Techno-economic feasibility analysis of an off-grid
hybrid energy system for rural electrification in Nigeria,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.
261–270, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2019.09.013.
[12] K. K. Gupta, A. Ranjan, P. Bhatnagar, L. K. Sahu, and S. Jain, “Multilevel inverter topologies with reduced device count: A review,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 135–151, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2405012.
[13] S. P. Gautam, L. Kumar, and S. Gupta, “Hybrid topology of symmetrical multilevel inverter using less number of devices,” IET
Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2125–2135, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2015.0037.
[14] K. K. Gupta and S. Jain, “A novel multilevel inverter based on switched dc sources,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 3269–3278, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2282606.
[15] E. Babaei, S. Laali, and Z. Bayat, “A single-phase cascaded multilevel inverter based on a new basic unit with reduced number of
power switches,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 922–929, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2014.2336601.
[16] A. K. Sadigh, V. Dargahi, and K. A. Corzine, “New multilevel converter based on cascade connection of double flying capacitor
multicell converters and its improved modulation technique,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 6568–
6580, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2387066.
[17] A. Dwivedi et al., “Intelligent energy storage system for standalone PV systems: optimizing battery performance with ultra
capacitors,” Library Progress International, vol. 44, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.48165/bapas.2024.44.2.1.
[18] A. Dwivedi et al., “Design and analysis of modified AC to DC converter topology for fast electrical vehicle charging,” Library
Progress International, vol. 44, no. 3, 2024, doi: 10.48165/bapas.2024.44.2.1.
[19] M. R. A and K. Sivakumar, “A Fault-Tolerant Single-Phase Five-Level Inverter for Grid-Independent PV Systems,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 7569–7577, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2455523.
[20] U.-M. Choi, K.-B. Lee, and F. Blaabjerg, “Diagnosis and tolerant strategy of an open-switch fault for T-Type three-level inverter
systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 495–508, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2269531.
[21] S. K. Chattopadhyay and C. Chakraborty, “Performance of three-phase asymmetric cascaded bridge (16 : 4 : 1) multilevel inverter,”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 5983–5992, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2424191.
[22] A. Dwivedi and Y. Pahariya, “Design and analysis of hybrid multilevel inverter for asymmetrical input voltages,” Journal of
Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 16, pp. 3025–3036, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42835-021-00814-5.
[23] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodríguez, “Control of power converters in AC microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734–4749, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2199334.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 599-607
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  607

[24] S. Shrivastava, B. Subudhi, and S. Das, “Distributed voltage and frequency synchronisation control scheme for islanded inverter‐
based microgrid,” IET Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 48–56, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0020.
[25] B. Keyvani-Boroujeni, G. Shahgholian, and B. Fani, “A distributed secondary control approach for inverter-dominated microgrids
with application to avoiding bifurcation-triggered instabilities,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
Electronics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 3361–3371, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.2974756.
[26] B. Fani, G. Shahgholian, H. H. Alhelou, and P. Siano, “Inverter-based islanded microgrid: A review on technologies and control,”
e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 2, p. 100068, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.prime.2022.100068.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Pritha Gupta currently working as assistant professor in the department of

Electrical Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology Engineering College, Durg,
Chhattisgarh, India. She holds a B.E. degree with first class (Hon.) in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University,
Bhilai, India in July 2010, she obtained her M.E. degree in Power Electronics from
CSVTU, Bhilai, India. in March 2013. She has authored many research papers. Her areas
of research interest are power electronics, optimization techniques, power quality
improvement, and control techniques. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Dr. Mahesh Singh currently working as associate professor in the Department

of Robotics and Automation Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology (Deemed
University), Pune, India. He holds B.E. degree with Honors in Electrical Engineering from
Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, India in August 2004. He obtained his
M.Tech. with first class (Hon.) from Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical
University, Bhilai, India in July 2009 and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Swami
Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.) He is member of IEEE and Institute of
Engineers (IE). He has authored papers in 11 International Journals and Conferences and
14 National conferences. His areas of research interest are power system stability control,
optimization technique, power quality improvement, and control technique. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Shimpy Ralhan is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Shri

Shankaracharya Technical Campus, where she has been teaching for over 23 years. Her
research focuses on optimization in electric power systems, application of artificial
intelligence to relay coordination, modeling, simulation & design of intelligent controllers,
renewable energy sources, and grid integration. She has published extensively in peer-
reviewed journals and conferences. When she is not working on research or teaching, she
enjoys mentoring young scholars. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Mangal Singh is working as an Associate Professor, Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering at Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis
International (Deemed University), Pune. He has an experience of more than 22 years in the
field of Teaching, Research and Administration. He obtained his graduation in Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering from National Institute of Technology (formally
known as GEC), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and M.Tech. in Communication Engineering
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal. Dr Singh obtained his Ph.D. in Communication
Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. He has served as
Associate Professor, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad and Associate Professor, Electronics & Communication
Engineering, Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh. He has
published several research papers in the area signal processing for communications,
particularly multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) for wireless communication systems in
International refereed/peer-reviewed Journals and presented/published more than 20 papers
in National/International Conferences/Proceedings. He has 3 Indian patents published and
one Australian patent grant in his credit. He has guided several PG/ PhD dissertations. He is
a Senior Member of IEEE and life member of the IETE and ISTE, India. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Diligence analysis for micro grid systems in islanded mode of operation with … (Pritha Gupta)