International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 622~632

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp622-632  622

Battery management system using Jaya maximum power point

tracking technique

Muhammad Hasbi Azmi1, Ayman Nurshazwan Abdul Rashid1, Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor2,
Muhammad Murtadha Othman1, Suleiman Musa3, Pusparini Dewi Abd Aziz4
1
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
2
Solar Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria
4
Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Gombak, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper introduces the development of a battery management system (BMS)
utilizing the Jaya-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique.
Received Jan 29, 2024 Previous studies have combined various MPPT techniques with switching
Revised Nov 30, 2024 methods, each having its pros and cons. Traditional MPPT methods are
Accepted Dec 9, 2024 common but have limited performance. Therefore, artificial intelligence (AI)-
based approaches are introduced to enhance and reduce the limitations faced.
The Jaya technique is straightforward and easy to implement, making it an
Keywords: attractive choice for MPPT in photovoltaic systems. It is recognized for its
effectiveness in eliminating the worst solutions and identifying the best
DC-DC buck converter solution with only a few control parameters required for operation. The
Jaya technique proposed work aims to develop a BMS using a DC-DC buck converter and the
Maximum power point Jaya MPPT technique. The objective is to find the MPP to achieve the desired
Maximum power point tracking performance level and ensure the effectiveness of maintaining battery quality,
Photovoltaic preventing overcharging or undercharging. The system is modeled in
MATLAB/Simulink. The findings indicate that the Jaya MPPT demonstrates a
tracking speed of less than 1 second to locate the maximum power point (MPP).
Furthermore, the BMS is capable of monitoring changes in state of charge
(SoC) to determine whether the system is in charging or discharging mode.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor
Solar Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The escalating global demand for energy, driven by population growth and increased utilization of
electrical and electronic technology, has placed unprecedented pressure on the power sector to deliver sufficient
electricity. This demand, coupled with the finite nature of conventional energy sources such as uranium, coal,
kerosene, oil, and natural gas, necessitates a shift towards efficient and sustainable energy solutions [1].
Conventional energy sources, while historically abundant and cost-effective, present environmental challenges
such as pollution, global warming, and adverse effects on human health. The combustion of fossil fuels releases
substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), and sulfur oxide (SO2), contributing to these
environmental concerns [2]. In response to these challenges, researchers are increasingly turning to renewable
energy sources, with solar energy gaining prominence due to its cleanliness, cost-effectiveness, abundance, and
low carbon emissions [3]. However, integrating renewable energy, particularly solar power, into existing grids
introduces complexities. The non-linear characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, influenced by atmospheric

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  623

conditions like solar irradiance and temperature variations, result in fluctuating output power [4]. To address this,
DC-DC converters play a pivotal role in regulating and optimizing power transfer between PV arrays and loads
or energy storage systems [5].
The inherent non-linear characteristics of PV systems, influenced by fluctuations in atmospheric
conditions like solar irradiance and temperature, result in unpredictable variations in output power. These
fluctuations pose challenges to the effective management of energy storage devices, particularly batteries, leading
to regular operation at low state-of-charge (SoC), frequent partial cycling, and suboptimal recharging
conditions [6], [7]. This, in turn, adversely impacts the longevity of batteries, posing a significant hurdle to the
reliable performance of solar power systems [8]. Additionally, conventional MPPT techniques used in PV systems
exhibit limitations, including slower convergence speed, higher steady-state oscillation, and lower efficiency
when compared to emerging AI-based MPPT techniques [9], [10]. The inadequate adaptation of conventional
techniques to changing weather conditions results in inaccurate tracking of the MPP, reducing overall PV system
efficiency [11].
Conventional control techniques for MPPT, the perturbation and observation (P&O) method, widely
employed for its simplicity is scrutinized for its inherent drawbacks such as sluggish tracking and oscillations
around the MPP [12]. In contrast, the incremental conductance (IC) methodology is introduced, demonstrating
superior accuracy and efficiency by utilizing instantaneous conductance to ascertain the MPP direction [13].
Additionally, the hill climbing (HC) approach, characterized by perturbing the duty cycle and deemed suitable
for less dynamic applications, is critically examined, revealing challenges related to slow convergence and
oscillations [14]. The subsequent section delves into AI control techniques, elucidating the applicability of fuzzy
logic control (FLC) for addressing nonlinear variations and the efficacy of artificial neural networks (ANN) in
achieving self-adaptation for efficient MPPT-based power harvesting [15], [16].
This paper addresses these challenges by focusing on the development and implementation of a battery
management system utilizing the Jaya MPPT technique. The objectives include constructing a BMS integrated
with a DC-DC buck converter for optimized charging processes and developing adaptive Jaya MPPT techniques
to maximize PV module power output under diverse weather conditions. The significance of this research lies in
its potential to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, especially in regions like Malaysia, where abundant
sunlight presents an opportunity for robust solar energy harnessing. The project's scope encompasses modelling
a battery, a DC-DC buck converter, and developing control algorithms to govern the charging process, ultimately
contributing to optimized power generation, and improved energy utilization.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Overview of the system
Figure 1 (see Appendix) depicts the flow of the standalone PV system design. The PV module
optimizes its performance by using solar irradiation and cell temperature as inputs. The DC-DC buck converter
takes the output voltage and current from the PV module as input, allowing for optimization of voltage or
current levels to maintain peak performance in varying environmental conditions. The Jaya MPPT achieves
this optimization by analyzing current and voltage measurements to determine the PV module MPP output.
Using this information, the Jaya MPPT calculates adjustments to the circuit, specifically modifying the duty
cycle that governs the DC-DC buck converter's operation. This modification in the duty cycle leads to changes
in the output voltage based on prevailing conditions. Ultimately, the generated energy is stored in a Battery,
providing power during periods without sunlight or unexpected power outages. A BMS controls the charging
and discharging operations to ensure the battery's lifespan. The simulation of this PV system is conducted using
MATLAB/Simulink.

2.2. Overall system design

Figure 2 outlines the structure of the PV system created with MATLAB/Simulink. It comprises a PV
array, a DC-DC buck converter with MPPT governing the duty cycle, and a gate for the MOSFET in the
converter. The DC-DC buck converter is linked to a battery management system, which is integrated to oversee
the charging and discharging of the battery.

2.3. PV module
For this study, Malaysian solar resources MYS-60P/B3/CF-235 solar PV module has been chosen as
the power source. Table 1 shows the PV module specifications including the electrical characteristics. The
PV array is configured with one series-connected module per string and one parallel string.

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Figure 2. Overall simulation system using MATLAB/Simulink

Table 1. Specification of PV module

Parameter Value
Maximum power (Pmax) 235 W
Voltage at max power (Vmpp) 30.6 V
Current at max power (Impp) 7.68 A
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 37.02 V
Short circuit current (Isc) 8.22 A
Total number of cells per module (Ncell) 60
Number of parallel string (NP) 1
Number of PV module in series per string (NS) 1

2.4. DC-DC boost converter

To optimize the PV system's operation at its MPP, a power electronic interface is indispensable
between the PV module and the load, allowing for the control of circuit parameters. In PV systems, DC-DC
buck converters, commonly known as step-down converters, play a pivotal role [17], [18]. These converters,
serving as power electronic devices, are designed to decrease voltage from the input side to the load output
while simultaneously increasing the current. DC-DC buck converters enable the regulation of both the output
voltage and the current drawn from the source, thereby controlling the input impedance of the converter through
duty cycle adjustment [19], [20]. Duty cycle control is achieved using the pulse width modulation (PWM)
technique, and the specific value of the duty cycle can be determined using any MPPT algorithm.
Figure 3 shows the buck converter circuit in MATLAB/Simulink. The fundamental operation of a
buck converter revolves around the rapid switching of an electronic component, such as a MOSFET, between
an 'on' and 'off' state to regulate the amount of energy delivered to the load. This switching process is governed
by PWM, wherein the duration of the 'on' time of the switch determines the average power supplied to the load.
A longer 'on' time results in a higher average output voltage. In the 'on' phase, energy is stored in an inductor
and subsequently transferred to the load. When the switch is 'off,' the energy stored in the inductor is released
to the load, ensuring a continuous power flow. Diodes within the circuit prevent the backflow of current,
guaranteeing that energy moves solely from the source to the load. Capacitors are also integrated to smooth
out the output voltage and reduce voltage ripples [21].

2.5. Implementation of Jaya MPPT technique

The Jaya algorithm, proposed by Rao [22], stands out as a simple and effective population-based
technique. Noteworthy for its parameter simplicity, the algorithm relies on just two parameters which is
iterations and population size [23]. Its fundamental approach involves iteratively converging toward the
optimal solution, designated as the best solution, while actively avoiding the worst solution [23], [24]. The
objective function for MPPT endeavors to maximize power output from the PV module, as defined in (1). In
this context, the particle solutions are characterized by the duty cycle Di.
𝑘+1
𝑃(𝐷𝑖,𝑗 ) > 𝑃(𝐷𝑖𝑘 ) (1)

Where, P(D) represents the instantaneous power at duty cycle Di, as defined by (2). The power of each
duty cycle, calculated using this formula, serves as a basis for comparing duty cycles with those from the
previous iteration.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  625
′
𝐷𝑖,𝑗 = 𝐷𝑖,𝑗 + 𝑟1(𝐷𝑖,𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − |𝐷𝑖, 𝑗|) − 𝑟2(𝐷𝑖,𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡 − |𝐷𝑖,𝑗 |) (2)

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 (3)

Where, 𝐷𝑖𝑘 and 𝐷𝑖𝑘+1 represent the current and updated values of the particle position (Duty),
respectively. Di, worst, and Di, best indicate the worst and best positions of the particles. The variables r1 and
r2 are uniformly distributed random numbers. The term ri,1 (Di, best − |Di,j |) s utilized to guide the candidate
solution towards the best solution, while the term −ri,2 (Di, worst − |Di,j |) is intended to aid a candidate solution
in moving away from the worst solution [25].
Figure 4 illustrates the Jaya MPPT technique flowchart. The process initiates with the system using
initial duty cycle values as a reference to identify the best and worst duty cycles. Each power corresponding to
the initial duty cycle is calculated using (3) and stored for future reference in determining the best and worst
solutions. After selecting the best and worst duty cycles based on power comparison, the system proceeds to
the Jaya algorithm to compute the new duty cycle. The modified duty cycle is stored, and its corresponding
power is calculated and stored. Following the modification of all initial duty cycles using (2), the powers of
the modified duty cycle are compared with those of the initial duty cycle or the previous iteration. The three
highest powers are then chosen as the new initial duty cycle, replacing the old values. From this new initial
duty cycle, the best and worst solutions are reselected, marking the completion of the first iteration. The system
iteratively updates the duty cycle until all power values are equal, indicating convergence.

Figure 3. Buck converter circuit in MATLAB/Simulink

2.5.1. Jaya MPPT optimization process

In this study, the Jaya algorithm is utilized to identify the maximum input power until the MPP is
attained. The underlying principle of this algorithm is grounded in the notion that the solution derived for a
specific problem should progress toward the best solution while steering clear of the worst solution [22].
Considering a population size of 3, representing candidate solutions, and two design variables duty cycle and
input power—the initial duty cycle population is established within the range of 0.1 to 0.95. The associated
objective function values are presented in Table 2. As the objective is a maximization function, the highest
input power is identified as the optimal or best solution, while the lowest value is deemed the worst solution.
From Table 2, the best solution aligns to the 2nd candidate and the worst solution corresponds to the
1st candidate. The new values of the duty cycle are calculated using (2) and will be compared with variables
in Table 1. If the input power from the PV is greater than the previous value, the new duty cycle values will
replace the existing ones. Table 2 shows the new values of the duty cycle and the corresponding values of the
objective function. From Table 2, it is evident that the best solution corresponds to the 2nd candidate, while
the worst solution aligns with the 1st candidate. Utilizing (2), new duty cycle values are calculated and
compared with the variables in Table 1. If the input power from the PV system surpasses the previous value,
the new duty cycle values replace the existing ones. Table 2 presents these updated duty cycle values along
with their corresponding objective function values. The values of input power of Tables 2 and 3 are compared
and the best and worst values of power are considered placed in Table 4. This completes the first iteration of
the Jaya algorithm.
Battery management system using Jaya maximum power point tracking technique (Muhammad Hasbi Azmi)
626  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 3 presents the updated values of variables and the objective function after the first iteration's
completion. The best solution is associated with the 2nd candidate, while the worst solution corresponds to the
1st candidate. This overview outlines the functioning of the Jaya algorithm in pursuing the MPP. The system
continuously monitors power values until reaching and stabilizing at the MPP. The system successfully
identifies the MPP when all power values among the three candidates are equal.

Figure 4. Flowchart of Jaya MPPT

Table 2. Initial population Table 3. New values of the duty cycle

Candidate Duty cycle Input power Status Candidate Duty cycle Input power
1 0.1 1.252 Worst 1 0.4259 227.7
2 0.5 227.8 Best 2 0.5677 197
3 0.9 128.7 - 3 0.7361 157.7

Table 4. Updated values of the duty cycle

Candidate Duty cycle Input power Status
1 0.4259 227.7 -
2 0.5 227.8 Best
3 0.7361 157.7 Worst

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2.6. Battery management system (BMS)

The primary goal of a BMS is to optimize battery energy utilization, mitigating the risk of degradation.
This involves careful oversight of charging and discharging to prevent overcharging and extend battery life.
The BMS monitors discharge, halting when the battery is depleted to prevent damage. Constant assessment of
the battery's SoC allows the BMS to adjust charging and discharging, ensuring proper handling, and protecting
against misuse. Figure 5 illustrates the BMS circuit in MATLAB/Simulink. The system operates in two modes:
charge and discharge. Currently, the battery's SoC is at 80%.

Figure 5. Battery controller circuit in MATLAB/Simulink

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed BMS employs the Jaya MPPT algorithm, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The
term steady state refers to the MPPT algorithm's performance under constant conditions of solar irradiance and
temperature. In this setup, the PV module consists of a single module that generates an output of 235 W under
a consistent irradiance of 1000 W/m² and a cell temperature of 25 °C, as depicted in Figure 6. The DC input
voltage from the PV module is reduced through a buck converter, adapting it to a 14V battery voltage level.
The Jaya MPPT effectively tracks the MPP of 235 W, achieving this in less than 1 second which is
0.45 s as shown in Figure 6. Overall, the results presented in this section affirm the Jaya algorithm's efficiency,
characterized by its rapid response time and stability during steady-state operations.
Figure 7 demonstrates the simulation of the PV system under varying irradiance conditions, mirroring
the fluctuating solar intensity typical of Malaysia's climate. In these simulations, the solar irradiance levels are
altered between 1000, 800, 600, and 200 W/m², while maintaining a constant temperature of 25 °C. The Jaya
algorithm is shown to successfully track the MPP for each change in solar irradiance. The irradiance levels in
the simulation shift from 1000 to 800, back to 1000, then to 600, and finally 200 W/m² at a consistent
temperature of 25 °C, as depicted in Figure 7. These simulations were conducted to evaluate the Jaya
algorithm's response time in tracking the MPP, which was consistently less than 1 second under these
conditions.
Figure 8 illustrates the state where the battery's SoC is at 80% and it is in discharging mode, leading
to a decrease in SoC. This scenario suggests that the battery is actively discharging its stored energy.
Throughout this discharging stage, the battery maintains a constant current, while the voltage gradually
diminishes as the energy level decreases. This phase is essential for understanding the discharge behavior of
the battery, particularly how the voltage and current interact with the diminishing SoC.

Battery management system using Jaya maximum power point tracking technique (Muhammad Hasbi Azmi)
628  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 9 demonstrates that an increasing SoC indicates the battery is in charging mode. The system
initiates the charging mode when the SoC is below 20%. Throughout this process, the battery voltage rises,
while the current remains constant and negative, indicating a continuous inflow of charge to the battery.

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 6. Output waveform of (a) power of PV & duty cycle, (b) voltage & current of PV module, and
(c) DC-DC buck converter voltage during the fixed condition

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Output waveforms of (a) irradiance and power of PV and (b) voltage and current of PV during
variations in irradiance conditions

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(a) (b)

Figure 8. The output waveform of (a) SOC, battery’s current, and (b) battery’s voltage, DC-DC buck
converter voltage during the discharging process

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Output waveform of (a) SOC & battery’s current, and (b) battery’s voltage & DC-DC buck
converter voltage during the charging process

4. CONCLUSION
The proposed Jaya MPPT system combined with a BMS for PV applications has been identified as a
simple and efficient solution for tracking MPP and energy conversion. This system employs a buck converter
to reduce the output DC voltage from a PV module. To boost energy conversion efficiency, an advanced control
technique utilizing the Jaya algorithm has been integrated into the MPPT controller in this study. The MPPT
control algorithm optimizes the operation of the PV module at its MPP ensuring the maximum energy produced
is stored in the battery connected across the output terminal of the buck converter. The advantages of this
proposed method include reduced system complexity, a more compact size, and enhanced efficiency.
Simulation results show that the Jaya MPPT system achieves superior maximum power point tracking and
demonstrates a quicker convergence speed. In conclusion, for future advancements, it is recommended to
increase the number of variables for the duty cycle, which could further improve the accuracy of the Jaya
algorithm in MPPT systems.

Battery management system using Jaya maximum power point tracking technique (Muhammad Hasbi Azmi)
630  ISSN: 2088-8694

APPENDIX

Figure 1. Overview of the system

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express sincere appreciation to the Solar Research Institute (SRI), Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM), and the College of Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia for their
invaluable knowledge, facilities, and financial support.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Muhammad Hasbi Azmi obtained Foundation in Engineering in 2018 and

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Electrical Engineering in 2022 with first class honor from
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. He is currently pursuing Ph.D. in Electrical
Engineering after being offered to enroll the Fast-Track for doctoral program at Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM). His current research interests include the field of renewable energy,
power quality, optimization, artificial intelligence, and power electronics. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Ayman Nurshazwan Abdul Rashid is a student of Electrical Engineering in the

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. He is currently pursuing a Bachelor of
Engineering (Hons) Electrical Engineering which is a 4-year degree program in Electrical
Engineering with a specific focus on power engineering. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Battery management system using Jaya maximum power point tracking technique (Muhammad Hasbi Azmi)
632  ISSN: 2088-8694

Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor obtained Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons)

in 2005, M.Sc. Power Electronics in 2008 and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in 2018 from
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She is currently a Senior Lecturer at the
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UiTM. She has authored and co-authored over 40 technical
papers in indexed international journal and conferences. Her research interests are renewable
energy, power electronics, modeling and simulation, signal processing, and embedded
controller applications. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Muhammad Murtadha Othman received the B.Eng. degree (Hons.) from

Staffordshire University, U.K., in 1998, the M.Sc. degree from Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
2000, and the Ph.D. degree from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, in 2006. He is also an
associate professor with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FEE), Universiti Teknologi
MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. His area of research interests is artificial intelligence, energy
efficiency, transfer capability assessment, integrated resource planning, demand side
management, hybrid renewable energy, power system stability, reliability studies in a
deregulated power system, power quality, and active power filters. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Suleiman Musa obtained his National Diploma in Electrical and Electronic

Engineering Technology Kaduna Polytechnic in 1994 and graduated at Upper Credit. He then
joined the service of the Polytechnic in 1995 as an assistant technician. In 1998 He obtained his
Higher National Diploma (power and machine option) at Upper Credit from the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Kaduna Polytechnic. Furthermore, he
obtained the Post Higher National Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
at Upper Credit from the same Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology
in 2002. He proceeded to Bayero University Kano where he obtained a Master Degree in
Electrical Engineering in 2008. In 2017 He obtained a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Power System
from the Universiti Putra Malaysia. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Pusparini Dewi Abd Aziz has obtained Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons)
in 2005 and MSc in High Voltage and Pulse Power in 2010 from Universiti Teknologi MARA
(UiTM) Malaysia. Currently, she serves Universiti Kuala Lumpur-British Malaysian Institute
as Senior Lecturer in Electrical Technology Section. She has published over 30 publications in
indexed journals and conferences. Her research interests in the area of power electronics,
electrical machines and drives, signal processing, and railway technology including train
electrification and signaling. She is also a certified trainer in train electrification and system.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 622-632