International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 204~211

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp204-211  204

Optimal solutions for a 33 KV loop supplied by infinite source

Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud1,2,3, Ahmed Abbou1, Abdel Kader Mahmoud3,

Mohamed Moustapha Ketab2,4
1
Research Team in Electrical Energy and Control, Mohammed V University, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Rabat, Morocco
2
Unité de Recherche en Electromécanique ‘UREM’, Institut Supérieur d’Enseignement Technologique (ISET_Rosso), Rosso, Mauritania
3
Unité de Recherche Appliquée aux Energies Renouvelables, Eau et Environnement (URA3E), FST, UN, Nouakchott, Mauritania
4
Research Unit on Energy and Agro Equipment, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents an analysis and explores the potential an infinite
generation system to accommodate the domestic load growth of the 33 KV
Received Aug 1, 2024 loop network from 2025 to 2040. The study involves assessing the current
Revised Sep 23, 2024 state of the network, focusing on voltage levels, loading lines, and
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 transformers, to ensure they operate within the permissible loading limits of
the system. It is assumed that the loop is supplied by an infinite source.
A numerical model using the Gauss-Seidel method is implemented and
Keywords: executed on the PSS/E simulator. We will simulate the current network state
and analyze the voltage profile, which should range between 0.95 and 1.05
Capacitor bank pu. Next, we forecast the demand based on the industrial growth of the cities
Infinite source interconnected to this 33 kV loop. Analysis the simulation results will
MATLAB demonstrate the possibility of increasing the transit active power and
PSS/E controlling the reactive power in the system at 2040 year. Indeed, we propose
Transformers solutions to address the identified critical issues to meet the projected demand.
These solutions involve doubling the power capacity of the existing
transformers. The proposed system will provide industrial consumers with
reduced load imbalances and better control over voltage fluctuations caused
by rapid variations in reactive power demand.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud
Research Team in Electrical Energy and Control, Mohammed V University
Mohammadia School of Engineers
Avenue Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Effective power system management involves more than ensuring that the power transits remain
below transmission capacity. Several technical parameters must also be monitored, including voltage levels.
The voltage must be maintained within a permissible range at all points in the grid under all anticipated
production and consumption scenarios. In this context, we also propose analyzing the feasibility of an infinite
source generation system to meet the domestic demand of the 33 kV network. The goal is to achieve and
maintain a voltage profile within the range of 0.95 to 1.05 per unit (pu). To achieve this, we modeled the power
grid based on its transit capacities and analyzed the simulation results using PSSE and MATLAB.
This modelling is also conducted to ensure the voltage profile remains within the limits established
by the grid operator. Another objective is to propose a methodology for managing and controlling transit power
and voltage to optimize system efficiency under varying conditions. In this context, a reactive energy
compensation system is proposed [1]-[11]. To achieve the predetermined objectives, we undertake the
following steps:

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  205

First, we provide a schematic diagram of the 33 kV loop network, including its various parameters for
the year 2022 [12]-[16]. This is followed by calculating the power system admittance matrix and analyzing the
load flow results. In the second step, we provide the forecasted demand for the years 2025 to 2040 [17], [18].
In the third step, a numerical model using the gauss-seidel (GS) method is implemented and run in the
MATLAB environment and PSS/E simulator. The simulation results will be analyzed and discussed to address
any identified issues. In the fourth step, we implement the proposed solutions to optimize the power flow and
voltage profiles of the studied network. A conclusion is then drawn based on the proposed work. It is important
to note at the end of this introduction that increasing transformer capacity aims to establish a stable electrical
energy network capable of delivering the required power to consumers, even during disturbances [19]-[23].

2. METHOD
Figure 1 illustrates the single-line diagram of the 33 kV loop network. The line data, injected powers
at the buses, and load information are provided in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The electrical network
comprises four transmission lines, four transformer substations fed by an infinite source, and four loads
connected to buses 1, 2, 3, and 4 as shown in Figure 1. The active and reactive powers generated are expressed
in MW and MVAR. The voltage at each bus (i) is given in per unit. Each load bus is characterized by its active
power P and reactive power Q, with (P, Q) specified and(V) to be calculated. In this context, bus 3 is proposed
to be the slack bus. Additionally, it should be noted that a bus numbered (i) is connected to (k) other buses, as
depicted in Figure 1.

SP2 SP1
2 M'Bout Selibabi 1

SL2 SL1

SP3 SP4

3 4
Kaedi Gouray

SL3 SL4

Figure 1. Line diagram of the 33 KV loop system

2.1. Lines parameters

Table 1 illustrates the given data, including the active resistances and reactances of the lines in per
unit, the node voltages, and the corresponding lengths of each line. This dataset is essential for evaluating the
electrical characteristics and performance of the network. Analyzing these parameters allows for a thorough
assessment of the system's efficiency and stability.

Table 1. Line parameters

Bus (i – k) Resistance (Ω) Rpu=R/ZB Reactance (Ω) Xpu=X/ZB Voltage (kV) Length (km)
1-2 2.147 0.0015 2.9380 0.00215 33 113
2-3 2.0805 0.00152 2.847 0.00207 33 109.5
3-4 3.8247 0.00281 5.2338 0.00384 33 201.3
4-1 0.84816 0.00061 1.16064 0.000852 33 44.64

2.2. Calculation of bases values

Table 2 provides data for 2022, including initial voltages, their angles, injected powers, and power
demands. This information is vital for assessing the performance and efficiency of the power distribution
system. Analyzing these metrics helps ensure the reliability of the network.
2
𝑈𝐵 332
𝑍𝐵 = = = 1361 Ω 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑈𝐵 = 33 𝐾𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝐵 = 800 𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝐵 800

Table 3 shows the projected system demand from 2025 to 2040 using extrapolation. This forecast is
crucial for strategic planning and resource allocation. It helps anticipate future needs and prepare accordingly.
Table 4 presents the simulation results for the admittance matrix involving buses 1, 2, 3, and 4. This data
highlights the interactions and performance of these buses within the system. Analyzing these results is crucial
for understanding system dynamics.

Optimal solutions for a 33 KV loop supplied by infinite source (Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud)
206  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 2. Initial given data of the network

Bus voltage Injected power Load
Bus no.
Voltage magnitude (pu) Angle (deg) P (kW) Q (kVAr) P (kW) Q (kVAr)
1 1.05 0 634.5 310.2 564 423
2 1 0 333 162.8 296 222
3 1 0 720 352 640 480
4 1 0 288 140.8 256 192

Table 3. Projected demand of the system between 2022 and 2040 years
2025 - 2030 2030- 2035 2035-2040
Country
PD (Mw) QD (Mvar) PD (Mw) QD (Mvar) PD (Mw) QD (Mvar)
Sélibabi 10.33 7.524 11.537 8.653 13.268 9.951
M’Bout 4.751 4.345 5.464 4.997 6.284 5.746
Kaédi 11.385 8.538 13.09 9.819 15.056 11.292
Gouray 4.109 3.42 4.726 3.93 5.435 4.523

Table 4. Admittance matrix of system

1 2 3 4
1 0.7807 - j1.0695 -0.2206 + j0.3016 0 -0.5601 + j0.7679
2 -0.2206+ j0.3016 0.4472 - j0.6127 -0.2206+ j0.3016 0
3 0 -0.2267 +j 0.3111 0.3507 - j0.4807 -0.1241+ j0.1696
4 -0.5601 + j0.7679 0 -0.1241+ j0.1696 0.6842 - j09375

2.3. Numerical model of resolution

Load flow studies are crucial for power system planning and operation. The primary objective of a
load flow study is to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus given specified generation and
load conditions. To address the load flow problem, we employ the iterative Gauss-Seidel method due to the
system's size. The simulation was conducted using MATLAB and PSSE.

2.3.1. Gauss Seidel resolution

Using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) from Figure 1, we obtain the (1).

Ii = Yi1 V1 + Yi2 V2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯ + Yin Vn = ∑nk=1 Yik Vk (1)

The conjugate complex power at bus (i) is given by (2).

Pi − jQ i = Vi∗ Ii (2)

Substituting in (1) into (3), we obtain:

Pi,inj − j𝑄𝑖,𝑖𝑛𝑗 = Vi∗ ∑nk=1 𝑉𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 = Vi∗ [𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌𝑖2 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛 ] (3)

Then, the voltage at bus(i) is defined by (4).

1 Pi,inj −jQi,inj
Vi = [ − Yi1 V1 − Yi2 V2 − ⋯ − Yin Vn ] (4)
Yii 𝑉𝑖∗

Calculation of current flowing between bus(i) and bus (k) is defined by (5).

Iik = −Yik (Vi − Vk ) , i ≠ k (5)

Hence, the voltage and the conjugate complex power at bus(i) is calculated by (6) and (7) respectively.

Vi = |Vi |∠δi , Vk = |Vk |∠δk , Yii = |Yii |∠θii , Yik = |Yik |∠θik (6)

Pi − jQ i = Vi∗ Ii = Vi∗ ∑nk=1 Yik Vk = ∑nk=1|Yik Vi Vk | (cos(θik + δk − δi ) − j sin(θik + δk − δi )) (7)

The injected powers at bus (i) are defined by (8) and (9).

Pi = ∑nk=1|Yik Vi Vk | cos( θik + δk − δi ) (8)

Q i = − ∑nk=1|Yik Vi Vk | sin( θik + δk − δi ) (9)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  207

Since the voltage at the buses must be maintained within certain specified statutory limits, the voltage bound
constraint limit at bus (i) is defined by (10).

𝑉𝑖(min) ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖(max) (10)

Where Vi (min) and Vi (max) are minimum and maximum voltage values at bus i. The reactive power supply
constraint at bus (i) is specified by (11).

𝑄𝑔𝑖(min) ≤ 𝑄𝑔𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝑔𝑖(max) (11)

With Qgi(min) et Qgi(max) are minimum and maximum reactive power values generated at bus(i).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Numerical model of resolution
Table 5 presents the simulation results obtained from the PSS/E simulator at the 2040 year, for the
case before the insertion of the reactive power compensator into the system. We can observe the voltage
magnitude profile and the voltage angles. The results indicate that the voltage magnitude values are below the
stability range (0.95 to 1.05 pu) for the entire system, except at the slack bus.

3.2. Model of reactive power compensation

Table 5 shows the simulation results from the PSS/E simulator without reactive power compensation.
We can observe that the voltage magnitude profile and the voltage angle are outside the stability margin.
To address this issue, we have proposed the following mathematical model for reactive power compensation
as in (12).

𝑄𝐶 = 3 ∗ 𝜔 ∗ 𝑈 2 ∗ 𝐶 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑐 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 (12)

Where, Qc- is a reactive power in MVAr, U - is a bus bar voltage, C - is a capacitance in μF, ω - is a pulse, F
is a network frequency. Given that C= 20 μF, U=33 KV, F=50 Hz, we calculate the reactive power required to
maintain the system within voltage constraints (0.95 and 1.05pu) substituting these values into (10) then
applying in (13).

𝑄𝐶 = 3 ∗ 314 ∗ 332 106 ∗ 20 ∗ 10−6 = 20.51 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜔 = 314 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 (13)

The injected reactive power at Selibabi bus bar (1) is Qc=20.51 MVAR. This represents a bank of capacitors
shunt connected at bus (1).

3.3. Resolution of the problematic

Table 6 presents the simulation results for the voltage profile and angles after the insertion of the
reactive power compensation system. The results indicate that the voltage values are within the stability
constraints (0.95 and 1.05 pu). Figure 2 illustrates the voltage profile before and after reactive power
compensation. It shows an increase in voltage magnitude at bus 1 from 0.90 (a value outside the limit of [0.95,
1.05 pu]) to 1 pu, at bus 2 from 0.93 to 0.98 pu, and at bus 4 from 0.93 to 0.99 pu. Note that the slack bus 3
maintained its voltage and angle values at 1 pu and 0°, respectively. Figure 3 shows the voltage angles before
and after reactive power compensation. The results demonstrate an improvement in the voltage angle for bus
1 from -1.55° to -5.15°, for bus 2 from -0.89° to -2.69°, and for bus 4 from -1.37° to -4.33°.

Figure 2. Curve of voltage magnitude in pu Figure 3. Curve of voltage angle in degrees

Optimal solutions for a 33 KV loop supplied by infinite source (Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud)
208  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 5. Simulation results at 2040 year Table 6. Simulation results after injected reactive
with using PSS/E power at bus 1
Name of bus N° Type Vpu ϕ° Bus N° Type Vpu ϕ°
Selibabi 1 PQ 0.9 -1.55 Selibabi 1 PQ 1 -5.15
M’Bout 2 PQ 0.93 -0.89 M’Bout 2 PQ 0.985 -2.69
Kaedi 3 Slack 1 0 Kaedi 3 Slack 1 0
Gouray 4 PQ 0.91 -1.37 Gouray 4 PQ 0.99 -4.33

Table 7 presents the simulation results for total active and reactive power before and after the insertion
of the reactive power compensation system at Selibabi bus (1). A reduction in total power losses is observed.
This improvement highlights the effectiveness of the compensation system. Figure 4 shows a reduction in total
active power loss from 1.8 MW to 1.5 MW. This indicates an improvement in active power transmission
through the lines. The results highlight the effectiveness of the reactive power compensation system in
enhancing voltage levels at buses and reducing active power losses.
Figure 5 shows a reduction in total reactive power loss from 2.5 MVAR to 2 MVAR. That indicates
a decrease in reactive power loss through the transmission lines. These results demonstrate the effectiveness
of the reactive power compensation system in enhancing voltage levels at buses and reducing reactive power
losses in the power system.

Table 7. The total active and reactive power losses

Method Active power losses (MW) Reactive power losses (MVAR)
Before compensation 1.8 2.5
After compensation 1.5 2

Figure 4. Total active power losses Figure 5. Total reactive power losses

3.4. Transformer model

To address the projected load growth of the 33 KV loop at the 2040 year, we propose enhancing the
capacity of the transformers connected to various system buses. This can be achieved by connecting one or
more additional transformers in parallel with the existing ones. Transformers are connected in parallel when
the load on one transformer exceeds its capacity. Connecting transformers in parallel allows us to increase the
available power without modifying the voltage, while sharing the demand power between the two transformers.
This parallel operation enhances reliability compared to using a single larger unit [23]-[26]. The cost associated
with maintaining spare parts is reduced when two transformers are connected in parallel. This setup ensures
that at least half of the load can be supplied even if one transformer is out of service. The advantages of parallel
transformer operation include meeting load demand, improved reliability, more efficient switching operations,
and an uninterrupted power supply during the outage of one unit. The conditions for the parallel operation of
transformers are as follows [27]-[31].
For transformers to be connected in parallel, their primary windings must be connected to the source
bus-bars, and their secondary windings must be connected to the load bus-bars. Several conditions must be met
for the successful parallel operation of transformers. They are: i) Both the primary and secondary voltage
ratings must be the same (same voltage ratio and turns ratio); ii) The same transformation ratio (k) must be
maintained; iii) The short circuit voltage should be equal to or less than 10%; and iv) The phase angle shift
should be the same (vector groups must be the same or compatible).

3.4.1. Model parallel operation of transformers

To share the total load between two transformers connected in parallel, the following information is
required: i) The power rating of transformer T1 (MVA1) and its percentage impedance (%Z1); ii) The power

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  209

rating of transformer T2 (MVA2) and its percentage impedance (%Z2); iii) The total demand power (MVA);
and iv) With these parameters, the load can be appropriately distributed between the two transformers.
Load sharing by T1 as in (14).
𝑀𝑉𝐴1
𝑍1
𝑇1 = 𝑀𝑉𝐴1 𝑀𝑉𝐴2 ∗ 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (14)
+
𝑍1 𝑍2

Load sharing by T2 as in (15).

𝑀𝑉𝐴2
𝑍2
𝑇2 = 𝑀𝑉𝐴1 𝑀𝑉𝐴2 ∗ 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (15)
+
𝑍1 𝑍2

To determine the power values shared between connected transformers in parallel at bus 3 (Kaedi) in
the year 2040, you can use (14) and (15). These equations will allow you to calculate the distribution of power
between the transformers based on their ratings and impedances. Noting that one of the transformers is already
existing in the system with a rating of T1=10 MVA, the load shared by the second transformer (T2) can be
determined as the following:
˗ The total load demand (MVA) minus the power rating of the existing transformer (MVA1) gives the load
that needs to be handled by the second transformer (MVA2).
˗ Mathematically: MVA2 = total load demand (MVA) − MVA1
˗ Where: MVA1 is the power rating of the existing transformer (10 MVA). MVA2 is the power rating
required for the second transformer. To carry out this analysis, we will examine two cases:
˗ Simulation Case: Use PSSE software to determine the total load demand of the system.
˗ Analytical Case: Calculate the shared load between transformers T1 and T2 using (14) and (15), as detailed
in Table 8.
˗ This approach allows for a comparison between the simulated load demand and the theoretical calculations
for load distribution.
˗ Based on Table 8, we can determine and fix the shared load between the two transformers, with T1=10
MVA and T2 = 31 MVA. Operating the transformers in parallel is more economical compared to replacing
them, as this approach allows for scaling with load increases.

Table 8. Simulations and calculation results of load shared at Kaedi bus (3)
Total load Load of Load shared by Impedances of T1 Calculation results in Simulations results
Bus (T) existing (T1) (T2) and T2 MVA in MVA
(MVA) (MVA1) (MVA2) %Z1 %Z2 T1 T2 T1 T2
Kaedi 41 10 31 8 10 15.25 25.62 20.5 20.5
Year 2040 < 2030 > 2030 - - - - - -

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we examined the state of a 33 KV loop for two distinct periods: First Period: The state
of the network parameters (voltages, powers) for the year 2022. During this period, the system is stable, and
all parameters are within the required standards. In the second period, we projected the demand forecast from
2025 to 2040. The results indicated that the system would exceed stability constraints. To address the increasing
demand, we proposed injecting reactive power using a capacitor bank at the Selibabi bus (1). This intervention
allows the system to remain within the voltage stability margin (0.95 to 1.05 per unit) and reduces power
mismatches. As a result, the system achieves stability in both voltage and power at each busbar.
In the second case, where the existing transformers become overloaded, it is more economical to
operate the transformers in parallel. This approach allows for accommodating load increases by adding
transformers in parallel rather than replacing them. As a result, the system becomes stable in both voltage and
power. Furthermore, when the load decreases, one of the two transformers can be deactivated to prevent low-
efficiency operation at reduced loads.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Rosso Higher Institute of Technological Education,
Electromechanical Engineering Department, in Mauritania, Laboratory of Research Applied to Renewable
Energies, Nouakchott, University, Mauritania. We also extend our gratitude to the reviewers and editor-in-
chief for their valuable remarks, which have significantly improved the quality of this paper.

Optimal solutions for a 33 KV loop supplied by infinite source (Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud)
210  ISSN: 2088-8694

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud was born in Tidjikja, Mauritania, in 1966. He

received master of sciences degree in Electrical Systems and Networks from Ukraina-Vinnitsa
State University in 1994 and his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of
Mohammad V (UM5R) in Morocco, in 2019. Currently, he is a lecturer assistant at the High
Technological Educational Institute of Rosso Country. His current research interests include
electric network, power systems and energy efficiency and automatic control. He is the author
of five (5) manuscripts, two (2) conferences and two books. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Ahmed Abbou received the B.E. degree from ENSET in Rabat, the M.E. degree
from Mohammed V University in Rabat and the Ph.D. degree from Mohammed V University in
Rabat, in 2000, 2005 and 2009, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. Since 2009, he has
been working at Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University in Rabat,
Department of Electric Power Engineering, where he is a full professor of Power Electronics and
Electric Drives. He published numerous papers in scientific international journals and
conferences proceedings. His current research interests include induction machine control
systems, self-excited induction generator, power electronics, sensorless drives for AC machines,
Electric Vehicles charge, drone control and renewable energy conversion. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Abdel Kader Mahmoud was born in Aleg, Mauritania in 1960. He received his
master degree of sciences in Power Stations in 1988 and his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering
from the Technical University of Tashkent in Uzbekistan, in 1991. Then he received his second
doctorate degree in Renewable Energy from the University of Cheikh anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar,
Senegal, in 2008. Currently he is in charge of the Applied Research Laboratory of Renewable
Energy (LRAER). He is the author and co-author of more than 30 scientific papers. Their current
project is 'Comparison between the different numerical models and determination of parameters
characteristics physical materials. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mohamed Moustapha Ketab was born in ATAR, Mauritania in 1986. He holds a

master’s degree in Energy from IBN Khaldun University in Tiaret, Algeria. He is a specialist in
hydraulic and refrigeration systems and renewable energies. He is also a technologist teacher at
the Higher Institute of Technological Education (ISET) in Rosso, Mauritania and he is a member
of the research unit of the Department of Electromechanical Engineering within ISET. Mr. Ketab
is a doctoral student at the Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute (IAV) in Rabat,
Morocco. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Optimal solutions for a 33 KV loop supplied by infinite source (Ethmane Isselem Arbih Mahmoud)