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Cloud computing: Need, enabling technology, architecture, advantages and

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Conference Paper · September 2014

DOI: 10.1109/CONFLUENCE.2014.6949224

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 Cloud Computing: Need, Enabling Technology,
Architecture, Advantages and Challenges
Amit Gajbhiye1, Krishna Mohan PD Shrivastva2

Department of Computer Technology and application

NITTTR Bhopal
1
[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract— Commercially popularized with the year 2002 with II. DEFINITION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
the launch of Amazon web services cloud computing has
changed the way IT services and resources are delivered to the There are various definitions of cloud computing but the most
customers. With its varied platforms like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS it accepted definition is given by NIST as [2]:
has made available resources which was once never available on
demand and scalable manner. With the advantages of high
scalability and flexibility, excellent reliability and availability “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
and with no upfront cost in procuring and managing IT convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
infrastructure, it is widely adopted by organizations. This paper configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
is aimed at covering cloud computing from overall perspective. storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
It cover basics of Cloud computing, the service and deployment provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
models used today, the components of cloud computing, the need service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of
and working of cloud computing, cloud computing reference five essential characteristics, three service models, and four
model, enabling technologies, challenges and advantages of deployment models”
cloud computing.

Keywords—Cloud computing, Reference architecture,

The five essential characteristics specified by NIST are:
Virtualization, Web services, MapReduce, Bigtable, Hadoop.
On-demand self-service means that user must have the power
I. INTRODUCTION to up or down the acquired resources by themselves.

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources like Broad network access specifies various kinds of
heterogeneous devices like mobile phones, tablets, laptops,
CPU, application software and storage, over the Internet. It
and workstations should be able to harness the capabilities of
has its roots in the early mainframe systems where a dumb cloud computing.
(thin) client accesses its computing need on a server
somewhere in the world. The client need not know the actual Resource pooling meaning that the cloud service provider
physical location of server. The technology derives its name must serve multiple customers providing services in a
from the convention used in the network diagrams to dynamic manner, also providing location transparency of
resources although allowing the customers to choose at a
represent Internet and its various parts as a schematic cloud.
higher level the location(country, state, or datacenter) of their
Cloud computing is a distributed computing model which has demanded resource.
evolved from the confluence of many existing technologies
like virtualization parallel and grid computing. The key Rapid elasticity the system of cloud service provider should
providers of cloud services like Amazon, Salesforce, Google be flexible enough to provision resources on the fluctuating
and Microsoft has developed state of the art technologies to (increasing or decreasing) demands of customers.
leverage this new computing paradigm. Huge virtualised Measured service meaning that the resource usage should be
datacenters are being established across the world to provide monitored and measured by the cloud systems according the
fast and efficient services, virtually infinite computing and type of service provisioned.
storage capacity, increasing reliability and availability of
services and minimising the cost of services to the clients. In short cloud computing provides the customer privileges to
dynamically build a system fulfilling their IT infrastructure
According to International Data Corporation for the year
and applications needs as and when needed according to
2014 there will be 25% increase in cloud services and current load, in a shared and scalable environment on a pay-
technologies that enables these services and is expected to as-you-use model of billing.
cross $100 billion [1].

978-1-4799-4236-7/14/$31.00 2014
c IEEE 1
 III. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CLOUD COMPUTING environment. Tools for every software development phase
such as software design, development, testing and
Cloud is a dense frame work of virtualised servers with deployment can be provisioned. The issue with developing
software installed on them to serve the client needs. These application in PaaS environment is interoperability and
servers may be organised in huge datacenters or clusters portability. The applications developed in one environment
may pose problems when migrated to other PaaS platforms.
separated across the geographies and connected with high
For example Google AppEngine [9] and Microsoft Azure
speed Internet. Cloud Computing is the delivery of services, [10] provide users a platform to build and deploy application
installed on the cloud infrastructure and cloud resources to in the cloud written in various languages.
the end client in a scalable and pay-per-use manner. It is a
distributed system employing utility computing to deliver C. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
services. IaaS provides dedicated Virtual machines (Computer) to
the user with full control over the machine instance. The user
IV. SERVICE MODELS can provision CPU Cycles, operating system, storage
capacity, network infrastructure, servers automatically
According to the NIST definition, there are three models through a web based management console. The user has the
(SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) through which the cloud solutions are flexibility to configure the acquired virtual machine
offered. These service models define at what level the according to their requirement. It provides the highest level of
services are provided to the customer. They dictate the control to the end user over the virtual instance of machine.
organizations control over the computing resources and The best example of IaaS is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
application and the autonomy of control management of (EC2) [11] allows the acquiring of a machine with any
resources acquired. operating system and in any number with few clicks. GoGrid
cloud servers [12] also rents machine from as small as with
A. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 0.5 GB RAM with storage capacity 25 GB to as large as 24
In this model software is hosted as a commodity and the GB RAM with 1200 GB storage capacity.
user access it on the internet. As the software is hosted off
site by the third party the customer need not worry about the The above three models entirely summarises the service
updates and the underlying infrastructure needs. It is the delivery models but in recent time subsets of these delivery
responsibility of service provider. The physical infrastructure models are evolving pointing towards a more specialised
is abstracted form the end user. The end clients do not have forms of above like a subset of SaaS known as Business
the freedom to change the application apart from customizing Process as a Service (BPaaS) which provisions the
the application with the options available in the software. specialised business processes like customer resource
It provides the upfront cost benefit to the customer for management (CRM), Payroll, billing, Communications as a
installing, maintaining, updating, patching security updates Service (CaaS) and Storage as a Service is as a sub set of
and licensing software. The software like Microsoft office is IaaS.
generally suitable for cloud deployment because they are V. DEPLOYMENT MODELS
simple and do not interact with other systems. For example
Google [3] and Zoho [4] application software deployed on Deployment model specifies how the service model is
the cloud is taking the place of Microsoft office software. implemented and to what audience the cloud services are
Some of the other areas where the SaaS application is making available. According to NIST definition of cloud computing
its presence felt is Customer Resource Management where there are four deployment models:
the Salesforce.com [5] with its CRM solution is extremely
successful. Other successful examples of SaaS application are A. Private Cloud
Google Drive [6] and Adobe systems acrobat.com [7] [8] The cloud services are dedicated for one organization. It
which allow the data to be accessed from anywhere and share may serve different business units of same organization. The
with people on the Internet. business units are logically separated so that they do not
interfere with each other’s operation. The cloud infrastructure
B. Platform as a Service (PaaS) may be managed and owned by organisation or third party. It
This model of service delivery provides the application may be located on premise or off premise. The private cloud
development environment whereby the developer can can provide all SaaS, PaaS, IaaS services and it is only
develop their application and can deploy on the cloud. The accessed by trusted users only. Private cloud is characterised
servers, operating system and network connectivity are by high security of client data and more control over cloud
provided by the service provider and are not managed by the infrastructure.
customer. The users can dynamically provision the
development environment from a web based console and can B. Community Cloud
start their application development in few minutes as they do The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for some specific
not need to install and configure any integrated development organizations sharing a common set of interest (e.g. data

2 2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence)
security standards, technology, business operation, The various use case scenario in figure 2 shows how the IT
compliance requirements). It can be managed and owned by infrastructure remains unused. The area under the traditional
involved community organizations or third party and can be IT capacity depicts the ideal time for IT infrastructure. For
on premise or at the third party location. fast growth the organization is not able to fulfil the customer
requests. For variable peaks some requests are filled some are
C. Public Cloud not. For On and Off and Predictable peaks the infrastructure
The cloud infrastructure is open for general public. is ideal most of the time.
Public cloud exploits multi tenancy with each tenant given a
separate virtual space. The user in public cloud shares the
same cloud infrastructure. The cloud services and
infrastructure is owned managed and maintained by the third
party with complete location transparency of physical servers
and datacenter. The user pays for what services they use and
for how long they use it. Various pricing models are
employed to calculate the bill for the customer. The cost
benefits to the customer are high in this deployment model as
prices are shared among many users.

D. Hybrid Cloud
This deployment is a composition of two or more Figure 3: Cloud Elastic Resource Provision
distinct cloud infrastructure (public, private and community).
The composed clouds maintain their independent existence With clouds elastic resource provisioning show in figure 3
but are composed to maintain application and data portability. with red dashed lines, this resource utilization can be
improved, as the infrastructure can be scaled up or down (red
VI. WHY DO WE NEED CLOUD COMPUTING? curves) according to fluctuating infrastructure needs (blue
curve).
Why big companies which can afford or already have huge VII. CLOUD COMPONENTS
infrastructure should go for cloud computing they answer lies
in – Utilization. IT organizations buy their infrastructure for Cloud computing infrastructure consists of highly optimised
worst case needs as shown in figure 1, but over period of time virtual servers in datacenters spread across the world,
the infrastructure need fluctuates and never remains at a connected over high speed network with the clients. Thus the
constant peak. The time at which the demands are not at the three main components of cloud computing infrastructure are:
peak the infrastructure is ideal and just adds to the cost of
maintaining it. With cloud computing the organisation can A. Clients
utilise their IT infrastructure to the fullest and can maximize The clients are the consumers of service in cloud
their server utilization. environment. They request for services from the cloud
service provider. In cloud computing the clients are
empowered to choose their service on the fly (in real time)
and customise them according to their requirements. The
client list of cloud computing is broad it does not only
includes computers but all devices that can connect to the
internet and use the services available over internet for
example mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations[2].

There are three main categories of clients [13]

Figure 1: Traditional IT Infrastructure Provisioning Mobile client: These clients are the clients which are on
continuous move. It may include mobile devices like smart
phones, PDAs, iPADs, tablets etc.
Thin Clients: These kinds of clients do not have their
internal hard drives but they are powerful enough to connect
to servers and use their services and show the results back to
the user. All the computing is done by servers.
Thick Clients: These may be defined as intelligent clients
having computing power with processors of their own and
hard disk. They can be a desktop computer or a laptop
Figure 2: Fluctuating IT Infrastructure Need computer connected to Internet.

2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence) 3
 Thin clients are getting popular nowadayss because of their The whole system must be self serving that is the system
low cost, less power consumption and easee of use. They must not require human intervvention to allocate resources to
signifies the whole concept of cloud computting. the process to qualify as cloud computing. Figure 4 shows the
whole processes of service provvisioning in cloud environment
B. Datacenters
A datacenter is a dedicated space whhere organizations IX. CLOUD COMPUTING
G REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE
keep and operate their Information andd communication
infrastructure. In context to cloud compputing datacenters Cloud computing reference architecture describes the
consists of huge collection of powerfull application and blueprint for the implementatioon of cloud platform. It defines
storage servers. They are connected to eachh other via Gigabit the way in which various clooud architectural elements are
Ethernet. The servers are generally virttualised so as to arranged and the relationship between them. The reference
optimize server utilization. Virtualization giives the illusion of architecture is referred at eachh cloud implementation step to
infinite resource availability to the users. The servers need achieve the functional and non n functional goal of cloud
not be placed as a collection all at one place
p they may be implementation. Cloud compuuting reference models may be
geographically separated so as to give thee flexibility to the classified in the following ways [14]:
cloud service provider to serve the clients all over the world
with high speeds; distributed server serves the
t same purpose. A. Role Based
This architecture describees the roles and responsibility
C. Network of various entities involved in cloud computing. For example
Network may be considered as the baack bone of cloud NIST Cloud Computing Reeference Architecture, DMTF
computing infrastructure connecting the users to datacenters, Cloud Service Reference Architecture, IBM Cloud
datacenters to datacenters and servers with servers within the Computing Reference Architeccture
datacenters. This network can be LANs, SA ANs, VPNs. These
networks must be of high speed to realise thhe full potential of B. Layer based
cloud computing. This architecture descrribe cloud computing with
reference to the roles andd responsibility of various
VIII. UNDERSTANDING HOW CLOU
UD WORKS? implementation layers. For exaample Cloud Security Alliance,
CISCO Cloud Reference Arrchitecture Framework, IEFT
The clients login into the cloud with a seccure username and Cloud Reference Framework.
password from their computers or laptops or mobile devices
over the Internet. The cloud infrastructuree is transparent to NIST cloud computing referennce model [15] shown in figure
the user and they do not know to which appplication sever in 5, is a role based model and has h defined the following roles
the datacenters located around the world thhey are logged into (actors) with their activities andd capabilities:
or they have been given a virtual machine or an instance of
the server. After the user is successfully loogged in they can
select a task or service. The users request for
f task or service
is passed to the system management. Sysstem management
then finds necessary resource to carry out the requested task
and calls the systems appropriate provisionning services. The
job of provisioning services is to alloccate the required
resources from the cloud for the completionn of request. They
also call the appropriate web service to exxecute the request.
Once the web application is launched thee system starts its
monitoring and metering application for prroper billing to the
clients.
Figure 5: NIST Cloud Com
mputing Reference Model

A. Cloud Consumer
The individual or organnization who consumes cloud
services. Before settling down to use the services from cloud
provider the consumer searrch from many of services
available from a number of seervice providers and sets up a
service level agreement (SLA As). These are essentially the
clients of cloud services.

SaaS consumers can be organizzations with their employees as

Figure 4: Service Provisioning in Clouud Computing end clients, end clients who diirectly access cloud services or

4 2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence)
at times they may be cloud brokers who customize a X. ENABLERS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
particular software service for end client use. SaaS consumer
may be billed according to various parameters involving Cloud computing is an amalgamation of pre-existing
number of end users, time for which application used, the technologies working in a seamless manner to provide the
amount of data stored in servers. services to the end clients. Apart from the functional needs of
PaaS consumers are provided with software development kits high speed low cost and scalable computing there are some
(SDKs) which are used for application development, testing technological forces which paved the way for the evolution of
and deployment of cloud application. Accordingly the PaaS cloud computing. These technological enablers are:
consumer may be application developer, tester or may be the
team engaged in deploying the cloud applications. These A. Virtualization Technology
consumers are billed according to the processing power used, Virtualization of hardware and software resources has
time for which the hosted SDKs are logged on, network played a prominent role in the development of cloud
bandwidth used and storage employed. computing paradigm. Virtualization traces its roots back in
IaaS consumers may rent a full virtual machine, network and 1960’s where this technology was used in mainframe systems
storage capacity and CPU processing power. The consumers to logically dividing the mainframes' resources for different
of this platform are system developers who configure their applications [16]. According to NIST virtualization is [17]
virtual machine according to their requirements (installation
of required OS and other application software). They are “The simulation of the software and/or hardware upon which
billed according to the duration the infrastructure service is other software runs”
provisioned for example CPU power used for the hours,
network bandwidth and the amount and time for storage Virtualization gives user the illusion of full access of system
capacity used. resources which in fact may be shared by multiple users.
Virtualization achieves this illusion by separating hardware
B. Cloud Provider from the operating systems. It installs an abstraction layer
The organization or person who makes SaaS, PaaS and known as Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
IaaS available to the cloud consumer. The cloud provider between hardware and operating system which emulates the
manages the network and resources according to the set of operating system hardware and user level instruction.
services it delivers to the cloud consumer. Hypervisor allows multiple operating systems (Virtual
machines) to run on same hardware. It provides system level
C. Cloud auditor multi-tenancy by allowing a number of users to use the
The independent third party which can be outsourced the hardware resources as a whole. Types of Virtualization
task of quality of service, security compliance and service
agreement compliance audits. The most important • Full Virtualization
responsibility of cloud auditor is to ensure conformance of • Para Virtualization
security obligations of the cloud service provider. Auditor
may check that the cloud provider stores and transfers data Full Virtualization: In full virtualization one or more
according to the government rules and regulation of the operating systems run in their dedicated virtual machines
concerned geographical region. created with the help of hypervisor and are called guest
operating system. VMM acts as an intermediary for
D. Cloud broker communication between hardware and virtual machine and
An individual or organization who acts as an agent takes care of required resource provisioning for virtual
between providers and consumer of cloud services to machine. In this virtualization technique hypervisor emulates
negotiate terms and the broker may provide services by the complete hardware platform and the operating systems do
clubbing some services from different service provider to the not know that they are running in a virtualised hardware
consumer which originally may not be provided by the environment and consequently they need not be modified to
service provider for customer ease. be installed on hypervisor.

E. Cloud carrier There are two types of hypervisors as shown in figure 6 for
The transporter of cloud services between consumer and full virtualization:
provider of cloud service. As cloud services may be accessed
by cloud consumer by any device connected to internet • Type 1
providing access to cloud services is the responsibility is • Type 2
cloud carrier. Cloud service provider forms SLAs with cloud Type 1 hypervisors or bare metal or native hypervisors are
carrier for the quality of service as they promise to cloud hypervisors which installs over the hardware directly. They
consumer. sit between the hardware and operating system and abstract
the hardware from virtual machines. The examples of this
type of hypervisor are VMware ESX/ESXi, Oracle VM

2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence) 5
Server for x86, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V between client and server. Web services framework like
hypervisor. SOAP/WSDL and REST API are used in cloud environment
to invoke almost all web applications.

C. Software Technology Innovations

Key players of cloud computing have innovated new
technologies to exploit benefits of cloud computing. For
example Google has its proprietary MapReduce framework
which can be employed in parallel and distributed
environment to process unstructured data [19]. Bigtable a
storage management system is innovated to store petabytes of
Figure 6: Types of Hypervisors data [19]. Hadoop is an open source implementation of
MapReduce framework built on top of Hadoop file system.
Type 2 Hypervisor also called hosted hypervisors are Cloud computing uses this frameworks to process huge
installed on already existing operating system (host operating amount of data in cloud clusters. For example Hadoop is used
system) and allow different virtual machines (guest operating by Yahoo, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Netflix in their cloud
system) to run simultaneously and independently on host environment [20].
operating system. Examples of this type of hypervisor are
VirtualBox and VMWare Workstation. D. Inexpensive Hardware
Inexpensive powerful servers equipped with multi-core
Para Virtualization: In contrast to full virtualization in para- processors: Hardware cost has reduced exponentially over the
virtualization the virtual machine are aware that they are past few decades and have advanced with even much more
running in virtualized environment and understand the pace. Servers are getting cheaper and the latest technology
existence of other virtual machines. The guest operating has connected them with high speed links. Blade servers have
systems need to be modified to run in para-virtualized allowed a high density of servers in the datacenters. Multi-
environment. core processors have enabled massive parallel computation of
tasks at the server level itself. Now there are multi-core
Virtualization is not necessary for cloud computing but it is processors as high as 48 which are extensively being used in
essential to gain the rapid flexibility and scaling in cloud cloud environments.
computing environment which may be difficult to achieve in
non virtualized environment [18]. The biggest advantage of XI. ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
using virtualization is virtual machine migration which is
capability to port virtual machine from one server to another. Cloud computing has attracted attention of organizations in
This is highly used in datacenters which allows them to last few years because of its obvious advantages of cost
provide the customer with excellent fault tolerant capacity, benefit in installing and managing software and hardware
load balancing flexibility for the server and rapid scaling up infrastructure particularly for start up and small and medium
or down of compute resources. Employing virtualization in organizations. The other benefits of cloud computing are:
datacenter servers to reduce number of servers is known as
server consolidation which is an answer to problem known as Many organizations today procure their IT infrastructure to
“Server Sprawl”. meet the peak demand needs. This wastes their investment at
non peak times. With cloud computing organizations can
B. Web Services only use how much they want and when they want according
The W3C defines a Web service as: “a software system to their current need and can scale accordingly.
designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a Focus on adding client value: With less concern and
machine-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other investment in the infrastructure front, businesses can now
systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed invest more and focus on their core work that is adding
by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed values to their clients. Organizations can now work more
using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with efficiently on their core competency.
other Web-related standards”
Reliability: Cloud computing gives us the facility to access
Web services provide interoperability in the heterogeneous data and application form anywhere in the world over the
World Wide Web environment. Web services are Internet it may be relied on 24 by 7 availability of data and
programming language and platform independent information application.
exchange systems employing XML language for message
(request/response) transfer. These Web Services uses the Better storage and back up capacity: Cloud has provided
XML technology over the HTTP protocol for communication virtually infinite storage capacity to organizations. Now they

6 2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence)
 can store huge amount of data at nominal costs and can Software licensing system allows a fixed number of machines
schedule backups of their data frequently with assurance that to use the software. This behaviour is contrary to the way
it will be available when needed. cloud works hence many cloud vendor resorted to open
source software.
Secured Data: Although security is main issue in cloud CONCLUSION
computing but with increased focus on improving security it
is becoming the strong selling point of cloud services. Cloud computing is a competitive advantage to organizations.
This paper captured whole view of cloud computing. The
XII. CHALLENGES IN CLOUD COMPUTING components of clouds and its working is illustrated. The
cloud computing reference model with underlying
The services in cloud computing must have high up time. The technologies is delved. And finally cloud computing
failure of network or a web service in the cloud must be challenges and advantages are discussed.
transparent to the user and they must be able to sustain
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2014 5th International Conference- Confluence The Next Generation Information Technology Summit (Confluence) 7

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