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 21 PLAXIS

2
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)2 5 * . K. # X * N C6 5 3 Sepra f!* Triangle Mesh Generator
j( - " r ! 9) # )25 9 . K.# X *N *G ( s \# i!
. 5 .# - " " )25 / <3 mA* :# " )25 *M( / N O L < . C

*> * Q )25 * Mesh *(#/ )25 6 (( " ( K / .) E V< / :

* )2 5 / D ! *5.# _ 5 output # )25 * / : K.# X *N
. (< -" ; N # Vh I( X ;N J K C *5.# " P ;N 6 5
I( ;N = > 3 9 0 ] *5.# D! .N > # Vh ( )25
# ( K *( *5.# 6 # Connectivity *( 9 . " ?
. ! output

local Coarsness, local Refinement :/ ( 2 IV 9 " ( K

(Clobal Coarsness) 7 & $F 1-1-3-1

. ( C3 f!*<# 6/ ( )25 . <# 1 / )25 *

. * 5.# 2! # (Xmax, Xmin, Ymax, YMin) .! (" : / <# 1 9 Plaxis
. .M<- 3 . 6/ D j( 6 5 * 3 : 6/
 23 PLAXIS

( x man x min )( y max y Min ) (9-4) Q

Le =
nc

. . >C Cf!*<# C 5 C 5 . > C *& 3 . 6/ O L(1

.2 b 9 V . ! 6 5 D j( 5 3 . 6/ [ I 1 X *]
(I A 1 * i ! ) ! / X *]

nc=25 50 O 5 . >

nc=50 100 O 5

nc=100 250 O f!*<#

nc=200 500 O

nc=400 1000 O . >

3 *& K. # j <? k b : ." K 15 5 &*

/ 6 ;<! M X 2 . " .# ! ." K 6 : " 2- <b G
( .# U <? . > #/ ." K 15

/ D CD <# 3 )5 4 <? I( j< .S b

9 . 3 e <O k b ! ) O D ( 6 ;<! 3 )25
. 5 6/ ! *# 2 L( ! (" < .# z ; . #/ mA* :# O
( .# 6 ;<! bQ(# 6/ " <# 1 / . 6/ " <# 1 6 @ Plaxis *# 9
. (< -" Qb #5 5 .# . 3 bQ(# 6/ W h C 3 bQ(# 6/
6/ " <# 1 f !* 3 f!*<# 6/ &* C 3 .2- 6/ W h 9
3 bQ(# 6/ W h [ I 1 X *] . K.# 9 : C *5.# yV?# 3 .
6/ U ] 3 0*S I" *5.# < K j 1.0 .! (" k b .#
bQ(# 6/ W h . 5 0.5 bQ(# 6/ W h C f!*<#
6 K " X *N 9 " . 4 S* # Qb * .#
# " .! (" f> Qb bQ(# 6/ W h CD * .# D ( f>
. ! 0*2G G bQ(# 6/ W h 5.0 0.2 b# .D ( D j(
 24 PLAXIS

(Local Refirement) 7 K F* 2-1-3-1

k b 3Q> " <!@ E V< * .# bQ(# 6/ W h yV?# 7

. bQ(# X *] 3 * .# Mesh *(# / /! ( K E V<

0 : Refine cluster ( K Mesh *(# 5 6 5 yV?# <!@ ) *N

Refine line " ( K / . ) 5 6 5 E V< Qb f> K *5.#
. * (" *> 0 : Refine around print

:)H ' >U@ 3-1-3-1

5 3 )2 5 (3 # )25 *
. K.# 7 )5 4 I( k b 0 <( *j(# 9 . K X *N

Initial ! 5-3-1

. 5 .# # / 3< O IV .! <! 3&

(water Condition EB ? . :# . C ! X ;<# IV # 5 3< O

{* # 3 ?( # . :# . ! (" : h . :# # .# mode)
f!* M IV IV / O. ! (Geometery configuration Mode)
K.# X *N *& # 1

*J )( 2 . D K .! (" IV " .# 6/ & 3< O

. (" *> 9 / 3< O k* # X @S / b#
 25 PLAXIS

(Water Condition ) >)7 ) ? @ 1-5-3-1

{* # 6 ;O ? 9 B *5.# 6 ;<! {*# 3?( m #* Plaxis

? # 5 * > {* # 6 ;O ? *& X ; C C {*# 3?( Pactive
. 5 .# P excess . h 6 ;O ? psteady C <- 6 ;O

P active =P steady + P excess

3B = > < . " <!@ `K { ! 6 ;O ? C <- 6 ;O ?

6 ;O ? < !@1 X 2! # . *5.# 7 3 B C6 5 . :# undrained _* /
. 5 " *> * " <!@ *M( 3( . h

(Water weight ).[ %F •

? yV? EB / (< -" 6 ;O ? # 5 . "6, 1

# .( #/ / & D) .# M(" C . ! /A {*# 3?( 6 ;O
m@\ #) O 10.0 EB / [ I 1X*] . ! W& EB / ! j
. *5.# < K j (KN/m3

(phreatic line) .[ F 3 ?" •

/ f> . . :# EB / f> i ! * .# EB .& > " ? 6 ;O ?

6 # EB / f > K . ! ;N 3 B EB ? ! .S b .! (" )# EB
. ;(# 3( oJ ! Qb 9 >B / 5 " *> [ C 5*| x 3& 0 #
EB / f> A . # .b X *] 2\# 3( ! ! Qb 9 >B /
.* " *> ;N EB ?

* ? E V< " <!@ / … " K (General phreatic line) . EB / f>

. *5.# E*- # . EB / f> *( EB / f> 9 C *5 D! EB/ / f>
C & / f> . :# G .! (" 0 # / . / f> [ I 1 *(
. :# * .# EB . / f> / . 5 " *> [ I 1 f> 9 M & f> 9
EB . / f> [ I 1 X *] . 6 ;<! ! (" <! "6 ! ?
. ! z N = > " <!@ .#
 26 PLAXIS

q QG ! 6 ? U : m@2G Qb .! (" / # EB / f> K *5 &*

. 5 " *V 2! # ! X *] EB .& > ? 6 M B C (

! 6 5 U : f> . 3< Qb EB .& > ? b# ! 9

CEB .& > ? ! 2! # 9 ( . ( .# 4 k b 9 .Q> X *] 3(
9 . ( q QG 6 5 U : 2G / .! (" Qb 0 #/ # EB . / f>
. 5 j .! (" 0 # . :# M(" g-#

Plaxisf!* EB / f> 9 : / . (14-1) )5

\ K" * &F $ B : ') •

" < !@ / 6 ;O ? . / C Y :# . / f> " ( K 6 @

. 6 ;<! <!@ * .# 7# 3Q>

* . * " *V <! " X *] `1 a*; m 2 b A 6 ;O ? q /*

6 ;O ? C 6 ;O ? . ( K E V< X *N . . :# EB / f> B
9 5 " *> . .( + 1 A A ? .A A9 +1 ? / .Q> X *]
. ) * .# D" A (J )# *Q ( K

) F F .[ % ] 1 U* I ' F ? @ •

X 2! # { * .# EB ? C *5.# * EB / RQ! { EB ? )( 6 @
. ( #/ / EB ? / #f 5 <-# # 9 . *5 7 .( #/ / EB &
6 5 U : .( #/ / EB ? .) C *& & / # f 5 _* C N . !
j ;N -# 6† ? * .# 3( > *# qG / # 6† ? M
. ! <- &/ # *5.# [ *J C K
 27 PLAXIS

(prescribed ground water head ) ) F F .[ ^T: : •

. ! (" 3Q> EB ? 25 ! .( #/ / EB ?
* .# B 5 " *> / 6 7(1 f> ) / : . !
. ( #/ / EB ? M(" . B . 3< Qb .( #/ / EB ?
(. ( #/ / EB ? D+ G :G*#) : K.# j / X *] ? # Qb
w ×
C 6 ;O ? =

(Closed flow Boundary) % ] ;' F •

5 9g Q# G .! (" 0 # / # B * .# ! .5 & <- / #

/ S* # * .# ( K 9 . 5`K " *V B / &
. E V< Geometry *(# > / #

(Seepage Surfaces ) _ 3 ?" •

f> ! 9) # (<-" /B / f> # 5 & S* # + -#

f> < .# z ; . #/ 6 * " f> . (5 / )5 ( " C/ # ! 9 + 1
- <1 D " f > & f> E "/ f> . ( t ! 9 + 1 /B / # EB /
(ground water head, h,) . ( #/ / EB ? ! . Q> E "/ f> . -
9 ! ;N E "/ f> EB ? *5.# .5 B / O 9 . 5 .# CY C_ ;
. ! EB / f> O ( " O

PLAXIS " ! .( #/ / EB (15-1) )5

EB ? C.( #/ / EB & / #f 5 EB / f> / :

# EB ? * * .# 9 . * * .#
 28 PLAXIS

5 " *> / 6 7(1 7 < . 7 Generate *(# / EB ? ( K E V<

EB & X 2 ! # EB / f> i ! EB ? 7 yV?# * .# B
*& .( #/ /

EB ? 9 : ;N *] (16-1) )5

) F F .[ % ] 1 U* I 2-5-3-1

)# + -# O .( #/ / EB & 6 ;O ? () *+, ! (3# mA* :#

?# *Q . (<-" .( #/ / EB . + E "/ [ :# " > " ! !=>
. + E "/ D " (( . # & .( #/ / EB / U <V# RQ! O " *
* .# 6 ;O " ? 9 C9 ( (<-" #/ / b<-# "E "/ _* 9 *&
Plaxis . ( #/ / EB & 2 ! # )? M(" . - 1 6 ;O " ?
yV ?# * J " 7 . j( ) ( 6 (( 0 <( " <# 1
D j( / * .# . O . ! # & 7 # & 7 -
*. # X * ]( r . " . # . *b:# E *& 6 ;<! standard
. U : .<! 6 (( 0 <( " <# 1
 29 PLAXIS

`)>I3 ;' F 3-5-3-1

* Q . 5 .# . h 6 ;O " ? . h / #f 5 #5D ) B
"/ # 6 ;O ? ! (:# (<-" / .! (" "/ # .# [ I 1
. 5 <5 & * .# /B EB ! ;N

9 . 6 ;<! D ) <- / # ( K / * .# :h 9
* . # Geometry * (# / B E V< closed Consolidation Boundary
. 7

*5.# / properties 6 7(1 D ( <!@ .! (" W # K

9 . [* S* # 6/ ! *H <!@ R ]# X @S * 7# * .# B
C K. G &* *# f 5 Am * :# ( K

(ko [ ) )7 Y 3 )7!3 4-5-3-1

O 9 . ! 3B K )5 FV R ]# / / `1 { = > 3?(
(< -" Ko = > .2 & ? W h <- « Vo
» D+ G 3?( mA* :# I(
ko yV ?# * .# 3?( Plaxis .( k o V ) *5.# yV?#
o

. * . b{ `K / 6 ;<!

Generate * .# ko i ! 3?( *
. 7 Generate *(# / Initial stress E V< # Initial stress
 30 PLAXIS

" I( ;N *] (17-1) )5

Mweight

9 . *5 6 Mweight <# 1 b# 0 & b# / 2G

I 1X*] . O . ! 6 56 ) / / .<2- J " .# ? <# 1
5 .#= > / * 0 : 6 (" ? 0*2G * .# 1.0 b# [
.D ( 2 ;N . 2G 6 5 U : 3?( )( *j(#

B *. # . . B.# ! (1 sin g ) .)& 0*# / ko [ I 1 b#

. *5.# 0*# / B 2! # s ko .;(# b# . ( [*
BI1 3 ! 9) # *J *5 G ko D . > / b#

calculation ' O @ 4-1

. *5.# # # 3 0 # f 5 . :# C 3?( *
*. # B * 5.# / 6 # 6 7(1 C # <calculate>
. " .# # X 2! # U <V# _ * / 6 ;<! 6/ & Plaxis . ( 6 >a "6
. " 7 D ) X 2! # C <!@1 X 2! # * .# Calculation #
 31 PLAXIS

X 2 ! # D" Plaxis C (( .# D -b / (J 6, 1 .! (3# " ( "

0 : * . # . 2 ! # "/ U P / . *5.# D -b U <V# "/
X2 ! # D ) 6 . :# . <> ! O # / ! 0 # CyV?# `K D<- !
. *5.# D -b K 9 (J / " . ( SW h

< ? . 5 . # calculation # X )# .# # 5 calculations *(#

5 .# *&*# # . " X *] ( K

X 2! # ;N (18-1) )5

(a)b H / ; ) 1 U* I F /* 1-1-1

/ k* # f> " . " .# 6, 1 X 2! # "/ / . !3 9

6 5 C/ 6 5 C S* # ]V?# U C6 (" ? f> / " . 5 .# &
EB ? O K 6 5 9 >B 9 C `K _* C 2! # _* C_ 5 / k* #
. 2! # / . ! 6 ! ^ O # 6 5 C 5 6 ? & *( / K . !
. *5.# yV?# . B Q! *5.# E V< 5 &
 32 PLAXIS

3 U* I F L 0 2-1-1

9 . M j !6 ? U : B 2! # / … " & 6, 1
Y :# f > 9 . 5 . # Initial phase f> # 5 3( X 2! # - O
. *5.# U : Input # f 5 # ! 6, 1 f 5

/ : . * 5. # #* *Q 2! # / 9 C *5.# _ 5 Input # / 0
X ; N / 6 ;< ! 9 . . :# / C & 2! # /
. 7 * . # . N 6 7(1 A -G Multipliers parameters, General
" <# 1 " . <G . *5.# / rB General ;N calculation type E V< U :
. ( _ 5 2! # ( ( &/ * .# C 5
. O . 7 A " * .# M . 2! # / U :
U : <Next> ? X2 ! # - 3< & X 2! # /
. . :# & / *&*# / 9 * .# 9) . *5.#

!* F * N3 F 0 3-1-1

? > . 2! # "/ / <5 / 6 5 Cphase IV General ;N

/ 6 5 d (" ? # <phase#> . :# f> [ I 1 *Q . *5.# 6
9 . * 5 E V< phase 2:& start form phase <# 1 C6 @: C 5 .# >
q& #/ * ( / 9 ) . *5 / rB B / >/ ! / 6 (" ? <# 1
.( *5.# 6 #

L) * H U* I 1-3-1-1

3)5 4 X { B <!@1 <!A )5 4 B 2! # *j(#

2 ! # .<V ! t # . 6 ;<! * .# 2! # 6* 5 9 / ! 6 5 j( N „
solt soil Creep 0 # / ) B M# . ( . X 2! # #/ X { <!@1
. :# 6 ? .?)"/ < .! _ 25 R ]# `K ). 5 6 5 6 ;<! Model
 33 PLAXIS

.* > G . ) 3< -? * .# <!@1 2! # / 6 ;<! C 6 5

G C J K C " .# ! . 3 :h / . *2G G .( I 1 9 (. E -O
. ! < M X *N Rh *Q D ) ( B 6 ? `K FV

`)>I3 )7 [ 2-3-1-1

.! 3 > . h 6 ;O ? 56 ( 1 <-K ! h ) #/
.D ( E V< D ) B D " G .! *# ! #/ / .: _ 25
B. O . B.# D" # <!@1 <!A D ) B )# Plaxis
. K. # ) 5 C6 ? . ?)"/ < !@1 X 2 ! # / : . h `K D)
. 3< #. C 0 D) B9O " *& )# 9 9 (F "
. *& . " _* *# Plaxis

Updated Mesh Analysis 3-3-1-4

G j # B „ 3 )5 4 X { ! <!@1 B B9
{ {*# *Q ! (" 3 )5 4 D j< ) #/ 2! # _* 9 . ! < K
)5 4 ! (" i ! B _* 9 .<V! t # . K G 6 ;<! *# C (
. K.# )5 <

P= ' = [ 4-1-1

XA :# CD ( 0 # # 3 XA :# D " *>.# 3 > < - <!@1 ) #/

3# K ! XA :# ! (:# B 9 B.# C.Q> r X *]
. O . 2! #

) (B . . # I" " ) / ! XA :# Q> `K K"

(stress Method) (Accelerated Initial) 6 5 6 E < 5 3?( Ci !
 34 PLAXIS

/A " ) : 5 <5 .2! (# 6/ 6 5 E V< . 2! # K K . ! *<!

J* X 2! # K 6/ K (10 5 O mA* :#) C * " *> D m <2- XA :#
" *> U / G D ! j *# RQ! ! /A / 3# K 6 M B 5
. > /A " ) ! 9) # 5 „ . > . 2! # K 6/ K M Y S/ . 5
. 5 (" *> K XA :# )( 5 /

. *& < !@1 . Q> r + -# O Plaxis X ;<# 3J

: E V< .) / *# 9 / * .# <!@1 X 2! #

Manual Control, load Advancement ultimate level Load Advancement

mumbles of steps

( K9 . E V< Automation time stepping ( K D) B

. E V< General ;N . *? 2:& 9 # / * .#

(Manual Control) * G & 1-1-1-1

. K.# 9 : f!* X 2! # 3# K 6/ CManual Control ( B

g -# E V< . #/ ( K 9 . K.# X *N *> X *] ) O #
! W! (# C. " . 5 <5 / I / .N > 6/ : Q#
0 <( )# .< ! 0 <( ( K . CD M 6 3 I *> m@# ( B /
. B.# D" X 2! # T G

&* . 5 " *> 0 K 6 5 yV?# I C *5 E V< ( K 9 K

mA* :# 6 5 0 C 5 6 5 0 : Arc - length Control K 5 <5
. * " *> 6 5 yV?# / <

Are- length Control *50 m b G 6 5 yV?# 5 # K

. 5 6 5 .\(>
 35 PLAXIS

= $F L)3 !3 _ 2-1-1-1

6 ;< ! K 6/ *> / ( 3# K : . 3 ) I "

K C6 5 E V< D< *M i ! . *5.# E V< 35 9 / .) .# M(" . (( .#
. *5.# E V< # f!* *> *Q *5.# . :# f!* 0

0 : ! 3& " ) / ! C *5.# 0 . 2! # K 9 .# M("

:/ ( 2 < z; ! 9) # O ! . K.# 7

I 1 *Q . ! .# 0 : E* Q# G O 0 <( <# 1 ! / 2G X 2! # 1
IV Parameters ;N * .# b# 9 5 .# 4 E* Q# G O C[
. [* ) .<! D j(

C[ I 1 *Q . (!.#D" ) 0*2G G : \ O / 2G 3 *& 2

-G Parameters ;N * . # b# 9 . 5 . # 10 E* Q# \ O
# (! D" " ) 0*2G G \ O/ 2G 3 *& K . [* Manual settings
3# K 6/ O 9 C 5 .# „ . > . 2! # 3# K 6/ ( .# [
. *5.# 6 # ) ( B 6 5 U] . 2! #

9 K. # G E* Q# G O E* Q# \ O 9 # /A " ) : 3
K C 5 # " ) )( / : ! IV h 3# K 6/ *5.# [ O
. 5 . # 2G T *# O # K 6/ . 2! # K 9 6/ . *5.# / rB :
* 5.# 6 4 K 6/ (5 <5 " O / .) . 2G 3# K K
. < z; 3 O

: B.# ! / / .) 9 / *> *Q X 2! # K 9 6/

. B ! K W! (# 6/ " .# )? Q> .:! Plaxis 1

. K.# j 2G O # . 3 K 6/ K 6/ Plaxis 2

: (" *> # . (< z ; / " :# / .) ) #/ X 2! #

. *5 / 7 C6 5 yV?# . h 3# K : \ O 1
 36 PLAXIS

. *5 0 6 5 yV?# \ O/ 2

X2 ! # K 6 50 I" X *] . > .D 5 6 ! . > 3

. *5.# U : . *<#

(`)>I3) F = L)3 !3 _ 3-1-1-1

3( . * ? 2:& * 5. # E V< D ) C. *? 2:& 9 .# M("

W! (# . #/ 3# K 9 . E V< . #/ K *> ( K * .#
I / " ) / X 2! # .# M(" . " *> E V< D ) B
. " *> E V< <)J* . #/ 3# K # C < - <!@1

c 5 6 5 N* . #/ K G O i ! # f!* 6 5 E V< . #/ K 9
G . *5.# 9 : Mtime <# 1 . #/ K 9 6/ . *5.# E V< /
. 5 2 <)J* . #/ K 6 5 N* G O / . #/ 3# K 6/

1I C #/ I ! I" C G C K 0 M< 35 .#
< b# 9 / . #/ 3# K K *& <!B b# CD ) C ( .#
. #/ K 9 (D+ G &) : D) . ( .# 1 I" - G (5
: *5.# E -O / X *] .

H2 (1 2 )(1 + )
t critical = w
(HIJK 6 CDEFG) (10-4) Q
40k y E (1 )
H2 (1 2 )(1 + )
t critical = w
(HIJK 15 CDEFG) (11-4) Q
80k y E (1 )

^ < - <!A 0 # E CD+ G 1a*; ky C *! *1 W h Cq # x*]V# / w

. #/ 3# K / 6 ;< ! 6/ & ( )25. 5 .# 6 5 6 ;<! _; H
C " .# <" *
 37 PLAXIS

parameters IBJ 5-1-1

/ "D< B # 5 x*]V# . 2! # / 0 <( " <# 1 U : ;N 9

. *5.# 6 R h* N@> *Q # " 5 .#

Z = 1-5-1-1

. 2! #/ ! . h 3# K : \ O 6 (( yV?# <# 1 9
. h 3# K : C 5 6 5 E V< .<! 0 <( K . K.# )5 x*]V#
. K )5 / B * .# fb . 2! # K .(: C ! 6 * "

> ))R3 $ ' % & BJ

3)5 4 .& <O C & / _ 5 D ( E V< .# M(" ( K9

. 5 " *> _ 5 ;N 3 )# 4 / X 2! # 9 ( CD . 2G "/

$ : :> F F 2 J

R ]# . " <!@ 6 ? .?)"/ < / .<G*# j( N ( K9

.D ( .# 6 ;<! 6 5 U : 6 ? .?)"/ N > 3B

) =% &E H

045 / K* & <-K . 3 O _* / X 2! # * .# ( K 9

. 6 ;<! j O H 5

>3 [ G & H 2-5-1-1

9 . K. # G { 0 <( " <# 1 ! (B C I

0*2G ( K Plaxis . D j( Iterative procedure 6 K * .# " <# 1
 38 PLAXIS

C (" .# )? . *> ) ( *# <? " <# 1 9 <! X j(

. 5 . # 0* 2G G6 # " Q> D *5 9g Q# -( O D< *M Y " .
Tolerated Error 6 5 yV ?# b# Plaxis 0*2G G Q> 6 #
!

Plaxis Q> 9 : 6* (19-1) )5

# X 2! # ! 6 5 yV?# b# / <)J* Q> . #/ Plaxis C K "

. " .#

Over- relaxation

over / Plaxis C. M " /A " ) : I" * j(#

6 (( 0 <( <# 1 . ( . # 6 ;<! C ! 6 5 6 5 / )5 relaxation
D = )Q N / 3 > . over- relaxation *< <# 1 9 &
(3 ) ( 1.5 O over- relaxation W h < 200 0 \# *(:
W h ! 9) # C 5 „ . > = )QN / . > # 5 g-# K . ( .#
0*2G G * .# *# <? 1.2 <! D j( b# .D 5 <5 e <O <)J*
. 5
 39 PLAXIS

Plaxis Q> I" 6* (20-1 ) )5

>3 c& •

. *? U " Q> * |# G )( / 5 9g Q# 3( <# 1 9

. ! So CMaximum Iteration <! b#

.! K S c& •

C * 5 E V< (ultimate level , Number of steps) I ( K / .) K

. ( .# 6 ;<! K 6/ *> D< *M / Plaxis

Arc- Length Control •

B ! B [ I 1 *Q Plaxis ! .5 C 0*S 0 <(

0* S 0 <( / 6 ;<! C ) . ( .# E V< 6 5 0 <( X 2! # . >
O . !6 5 . > .< O ! 6 56 ? (a) )5
# C *5 6 ;<! 0*S 0 <( K . 5 " *V M " D< *M C6 5 6 ?
9 ( .# 2! # *5 0 . > .& > / .< -G *> *Q
. ! 6 56 ? b )5 O
 40 PLAXIS

Q> \ O G O 9 : (21-1) )5

(`)>I3) F = a)7 •

I 1 *Q . ! . 2! # / . #/ K 9 #/ I First time step

. 5 . # 5 6 R h* 2G *# C. . #/ K C. #/ K 9 C[
. *? 6 ;<! . . #/ K / <)J* . #/ K / *5.# N*

( ' % ') Extrapolation3-5-1-4

G 6 ;< ! * # Plaxis *> * Q ! Extrapalation

K 6 50 yV ?# `K . #/ )# X *N . K.#
. 2G I 3 )# 4 €! 1 O 9 . ( 1 # D" : K C 2G
. 6 ;<! & I €! 1 9 V 9 *( * .#

! /A " b O : _* 7# C. / 6 ;<! X *N C9 *&

< !@1 N > = > ) #/ . 5 .# . / 6 ;<! O/ < 0 :
. * " *> ;# - . ( B / 6 ;<! .A
 41 PLAXIS

. 9 : 6* (22-1 ) )5

P= ' % & 6-1-1

/ `K O )( yV?# laoding Input ." K " 2:&

3< O 9 Plaxis C <!@1 2! # O *5.# 6 ;<! C ! &* *# . 2! #
. *5.# + G X ; / `K

Ineremental [* .& > " I" I { `K 1

. *5.# 0 : total Multipliers Multipliers

x* > [* C 3 .<V ! # b# C / X 4 { `K 2
. *5.# 0 : Staged Construction IV 6 ;O ? q /* .! ("

I 1 B C( c I" ) # b# I" { `K 3
. *5.# 0 : M sf

: K X *N ( * .# / O " D) B

(\ O #/) 6 5 U : 2G / X # (. h " )D) fb 1

G O) ! G O b# ? . #/ (. h " ) D ) fb 2
( 6 ;O ?
 42 PLAXIS

(B `K 3< O .# . *5.# 0 : #/ `K O 3(
. *5.# 0 Automatic time stepping

1 #/ * :# D ) 1 (. 4 6/ 0 O
*( G O ? (. 4 6/ O . *5.# yV?# X 2! #
! *! O . *5.# yV?# D ) / 1 . h " ? A /#
. *5.# yV?# #/ I Ineremental load Multipliers / .2 `K
O ) O ! .A / # 3( Additional steps : 0 3< O
. *5.# )? # *Q ? " Additional steps : *!

^T: % F ' `)>I3 7-1-1

#/ ! D ) X 2! # )( yV?# CD ) ( K 9
yV ?# (Additioal steps) . h 3# K : *5.# 6 ;<! ( .# 1 yV?#
. !* 1 " *V _*G ! \ O 6 5

S $ B : 3 `)>I3 •

. h 3# K : C 7( . 5 .# 1 :# # 5 CD ) ( K 9
:# C O 9 . 5 " *V ) < z ; " :# ! K ! \ O :
6 ;O ? T Q# G ) #/ . 5 .# p Stop . h 6 ;O ? G O CM
. *5.# UG*<# X 2! # 5 p Stop 6 5 U : b# / < . h

-? 2 - X *] Cx CD ) N . 5 .# D ) D3# <# 1 D) &

2- X*] M U : . *5.# U : `K M(" B b# . 3
* & C ` K / : N @ B b# (100-x%) 3< 6 5 6 ( 1 6 ;O ?
. <?
 43 PLAXIS

(Load Multipliers) ' $ •

.D ( 0 <( 3 ` K _* " b# ! h )5 4 B
b# E h / 6 5 0 " . *5.# 0 <( 6 ( "D<- ! / 6 ;<! 3 `K
*& 6 ( O . *5.# N O S* # 6 ( b# Input # 6 56
total Multipliers, Ineremental Multipliers

. 2! # K I (Ineremental Multipliers) . ? W h
b# (total Multipliers) . 6 ( ) O 6 (( yV?# x*]V#
. ( .# yV?# K "

:/ ( 2 <! W h

Mdisp, Mdisp

McontrA, McontrB, McontrA, McontrB

MloadA, MloadB, MloadA, MloadB

Mweight, Mweight

Maccel, Maccel

Msf, M sf

Mdisp, Mdisp

0 <( Input # 6 5 6 ( ; N r) )# 4 I 1 b# W h 9
<# 1 6 5 6 b# E H N O 6 5 0 . )# 4 I 1 . 3 b# . (( .#
Ineremental multiplires loading Input . 2! # 5 .# Mdisp
. ! 6 5 D j(

* <> ! 9 O = > < I" D7O / - # * .# ( B 9

= > <!@ / ! 0 : r * ^( ( A / ! 0 : / : m #* . 6 ;<! .! <!
yV ?# Input # (F " CB A * ! . (( .# 9 C *
 44 PLAXIS

b# McontrB McontrA E H N O * .#C ! 6 5

* D7O / N X *] 6 5 0 D7O I" W! (# b# C S* # .K ?
. " .# !

Mweight
! 6 5 D j( Ineremental load Input . 2! #
W h 9 . * 5. # 6 ;< ! . 2 ! # K 9 R ]# / I yV?#
K C9 ( . * 5. # 0 EB / C * 5. # 0 R ]# / ) (F "
? # 5) EB " ? " B. E -O = > / C 5 ;N Mweight
b# . *5.# < K j ;N (6 ? .?)"/ `K 6 5 * . h 6 ;O
.,*; < ! I #/B / - # M# *5 6 ;<! 2 Mweight 1.0 / <K

&* . " . # ? E < 5 = > / W U <V# 3< O / . 5 / )5

25 " * s CyV?# 3& E <5 " ; *# 0: 5 <5
C Maccel I Mweight I M(" . *5.# U V# 3& .) <!
. ( 4 3 B 3& )( " *> I NO "

Mweight I (23-1) )5

( S W h 2! # c Re duetion ( K W h 9 M sf , M sf
# b# . N " <# 1 -G e > X * ] M sf . W h . *5.# 6 ;<!
 45 PLAXIS

0 <( K c , tan I" * 5. # U : # b# < I" " <# 1

. ( .#

J $ •

. ( z 6 #B ! X 2! # / : b# ! 9) # CW h 6 b#
(Input values) 6 b# 6 " ?# * . # show 6 K "
* 5 E V< Reached values K . 6 ;<! (Reached values) N O b#
B . 2 ! # " <# 1 M W h : *5.# / M ." K 2:&
. *5.# 6 I

<# 1 9 C *5.# 6 ;<! O # O # <> ! 6 " D" <# 1 9 Plaxis

. " . # ? (<-" 0 : h O 0 O = > / . " <!@ O -# _* 7# 2-
. K.# G 1.0 <# 1 9 5 0 : = > " <!@ " K

< .# z ; R ]# <!@1 O { .<V! I" b# siffness <# 1

! 1.0 <# 1 9 (<-" <!A R ]# .# .# M(" . " .# ?
. .# I" B b# <!@1 O <-K

b# Force- y, Force- x b# 6 M B 5 RQ-# I ! (" i ! C K

6 MB C M *<! K . (" .# ? ;N * O # Vh
. 5 .# 0*Q . 6 50 : t) 6 (" + b# 9
.D ( .# E h 2x b# 9 6 6 50 2! #

6 (" ? * 5. # 6 ) 6 ? .?)"/ < R ]# 6 " pmax <# 1

9 O . * 5. # I( O 5 .# )25 . h 6 ;O ? \ O
) O . # I m #* pmax <!@1 X 2! # 6 ? .?)"/ `K
. .# I" < < B b# D ) X 2! # 9 O
 46 PLAXIS

' /" * 8-1-1

6/ ! 3 ?V 0 : r 0: .! (" X ]V?# 4 )# Plaxis

/ . :G T G / ! 0 # / !.# G # # 9 . " .# = > " <!@
.D 5 <5 ;O <> ! U <V# " ( B

.! (" 0 # ! /A 0 O # O # <> ! 2! # / 6 ;<!

. 5 (" *> ) 2! # 9 O . "6/ ! " # 5

* 1 AT: ))R3 •

0 : r 0 : * .# " <!@ C .! (" X ]V?# . :# ( " !

I( X ;N. *5 / !0 # ;O O# O # <> ! ( B
. 0 : r . 3( 3B * . *5.# 0 : r 0 : *> 7# " <!@
0 : r " <!@ ) O (<-" R ]# X @S * 7# ^ 0 : " <!@
. B.# ( ;!) ( #/ ^

: X2 ! # C P (<# = > 50: r s <!@ 0: r

: *5.# 0 0 : r 3 / 9 *G . 5 " *>

; N / 3 ?( I C *50: 6 K . *5.# ;N 0 :# 3?( " 1

C *5.# 0 : ." K .# M(" . ;N 3 )# 4 0 : r 6 K . 5 " *> _ 5
< )5 4 )25 > 6 5 0 : 6/ 3 / C )# 4 B
q & )# 4 9 : 3 )# 4 . *5.# 6 / 9 V C (<-" . 2G K / N O
3( M j U <V# " A / 6 5 <> ! =* C0 \# *( . *5.#
h C A / _ 5 .( * # D ) 5 .# /B B D+ G )# 4
A A .#*! A K . E -O * .# . A A RQ! -? B A A
" *> 6 ( A) B RQ ! -? P (<# )5 4 C *5 h
. 5

. *5.# [ /B *> *Q (<-" 6 5 Y`O 3 k* # . "/ # 2

 47 PLAXIS

E - 0 : r 3 .<O (. h 6 ;O ? ) <- O 6 ;O ? 3
S*r "/ # W! (# EB ? *> *Q Plaxis ! (:# 9 . ( B.#
f 5 # M(" *#9 . ( .# * 6 5 Y`O 3 / N O
s # *Q Tutorial Manual / 4 IV *# 9 . 0 <( * .# .) "
-G C < K G EB / / . > " <!@ 0 : r M(" . ! 6 5
;O -G / B D " *>.# K M X 2 . #.# .G EB / 1 C6 5 ;O
9) # C U : .) " f 5 # EB ? & q /* CD " 0 b<
. *5 EB .( #/ / & X 2! # s # 9 !

d7 A e !" ))R3 •

R ]# X N*]> 4 0 # * .# R ]# x *> 4 k* # ( K
/ !0 # * .# ( K 9 / 9 (F " . 6 ;<! <> ! U <V# O # .S
. 6 ;<! (E*> = > 9 M & = > 9<5 ) c@N

.[ : f F!3 % ))R3 •

B .) " f 5 # CEB ? q /* [* *j(#

/ #f 5 EB / k* Q> 6 ".: :G*# 6 7(1 . #
. *5.# 6 I .( #/ / & 2! #

plastic Nil - step •

9 . *5. h D<- ! …" B ! 2! # ( ;N K) Nil - step

/ : *. # O 9 . *5.# 6 ;<! 0 :<# m 5 "D<- ! O ." K #
<> ! . b{ 0 \# * ( ) . 6 5 0 : „ " B < z; /
0 : .& > ( .# D" )# 9 ( K 9 9 (F " .( O # O#
D<- ! U <V# `K D<- ! / <? Y " 9 CD ( [* Input #
. *5 6 4 .) " f 5 .! (" # 2 O 9 / .D ( 0
 48 PLAXIS

updated Mesh U* I [ •

;N S* # ( K D ( 6 ;< ! updated Mesh / )(

/ 6 ;<! updated Mesh 2! # .D ( E V< calculation type 2:& / Greneral
R h* . 2G I V ) (F " < - <!@1 " ( K *! # ( "C ) (B
6 ;< ! " <# 1 " / updated Mesh 2 ! # 9 ( . K. # X *N 6 5 6
. 2! # K " _ 5 .<V! .- # „ 3 )5 4 X { S V 9) C ( .#
. *5.# nB

B ) ( B C6 F 1 ( 0* # . h X@ & 9 "
. 5 .# < - <!@1 0 <# B / ( .3&* G *Q updated Mesh

` ! •

9 ( ( .#U * |# / / G updated Mesh B )( &*

/ B9 7 / 2G C ! : Q# ! 6, 1 *5.# N*
. *5 6 ;<! C " *>.# < #/ <!@1

1 U* I [ O @ 9-1-1

3( 9 . _ 5 <calculate> * .# X 2! # ( B
9 7 . 5 6 5 yV?# . B I % & j *# / ! & G . #/
& 6@ . E V< calculate * (# / current project ( K * .#
5 " *> 7 m : 3 B X 2! # . "6, 1 * .# > 6, 1 X 2! # ( B
* .# calculate *(# / Multiple projects ( K E V< 9 . E V< D"
. 7
 49 PLAXIS

] " ' 3 U* I F . T 1-9-1-1

. "/ C 2! = # J 6 5 b *# 3 B X 2! # . 2! # "/
6 56 3# 1 6 @: . *5.# yV?# # G h 6 *2 #B b *# 3 B 2! #
. *5.# 6 I lag Into 2:& X 2! # 9 O

& K" G & 2-9-1-1

" b# _* 7# k* # 6 5 6 ;<! Plaxis global Error chek <# 1

.& > " 9 Y@<> k* # 0 :<# ." K " c@QN . ! 0 :<# ." K
. / )? 0 :<# " <# 1 9 B ! *j(# . 5 .# . > 3?(
*5.# :

QTDRUVDP HIJK MDINJOP

Global error = (12-4) Q
QDRS MDINJOP

I K" G & 3-9-1-1

0 <( 3 *j(# . 5 .# 3( I( Qb " Q> k* # . # Q>

I( Qb .?( X 4 ! /A C Plaxis 6 5 6 ;<! . # Q>
.D ( &* < .# z ; ) ( B 0*S .h

! 6 56 ? / )5 ) ( B .S I( " ; *# / .) X 4
! «0 : I( » *# 9 . *5.# 2! # Plaxis f!* D3# I( C ) " 1
) ? I( M D 3# I( .(A Qb ) ! 6 5 2! # .<V! t #/ m b<-#
I " { 6 # 6 5 7 I( P (<# ! (Constitutive stress) 6 ("
( )5 B Qb ) 5 .# I I( .( (# i !
 50 PLAXIS

I - I( . (# f!* Q> 0 <( (24-1) )5

* # :# / . > . ! 0 : I( .! (" )# 6 (" ? 9 J f> )5

/ X *] ) 3< yV?# I( k b . # " Q> C ( .# :2 W *
: *5.#

e e

local Error = (13-4) Q

C Cos + 1 ( e e
) sin
2 xx yy

e
I( *- C0 : I( *- 9 Y@<> T Q# G - X *N :# 9
e
: *5.# U : / X *] 5 .# C 6 (" )?

= 2
xx + 2
yy + 2
zz +2 2
yz +2 2
xz +2 2
xy
(14-4) Q

yz , xz
Plaxis 6 5 )? *< ! X 2! # RQ-# I X@ &
! . 5 I( b# \ O C. # Q> :# - e V# . (5 .# ;N
G I( I( Qb .# M(" . *5.# U : W * . > :# f!*
: 5 D " *> 6 M B C K.#

( e
) +(
c 2 e c 2
) (15-4) Q
local error =
ci + c
tan i
 51 PLAXIS

yV?# *j(# (" .# ? I( .5 0 # 3?( , B

r < !@1 Qb . * 5.# 6 ;<! Inacurate plastic point *3;# C. # G
6 ! tolerated error 6 5 yV ?# b# . # Q> K *5.# 6 *> T G
5

>3 % H 4-9-1-1

K ! 3 <( " C > X 2! # K " ) 1 *j(# Plaxis

: ( z N / Q>

Global error Tolerated error

_D` [OU\]^ YDZP TGWRX

Inacurate soil paints 3+
10 (16-4) Q
bcd aWPG [OU\]^ YDZP TGWRX
Inacurate interface paints 3+
10

(output) ] " ' 5-1

Output # 5 .# # 3 L < I / 3< # Plaxis

9 5 .# # 3 X 2! # / N O L < 0 <( 6 " ?# X )# .# #5
" M view Edit File "*(# # 5 M " # ( # D" #
. 5 .# .]]V

Geometry ! 1-5-1

6/ ! 3?V .# I Structures

.! (" 0 # R ]# ^ I Material
52 PLAXIS

EB . / f> I Pheritic line

.! (" 0 # .& > " I Loads

." K ) f 5 I Fixities

.! (" 0 # 3<-? I Pre. Disp.

3 9 .M<!* 1 I Connectivity plot

3 I Elements

0 # 3" K I Nodes

I( k b I Stress point

*5 6 I 3 .< O 3 6 5I Element n.

(5 I 0O 3" K .< O 3" K 6 5 I Node n.

I( k b I O I( k b 6 5 I Stress p. n.

Deformation !

. 5 .# 0 # 3? 3 )5 4 I . " ( K # 5 *(# 9

Stress !

. !0 # I( XA O I .; <V# " ( K # 5 *(# 9

] " = . T 2-5-1
 53 PLAXIS

*5 .# / 6 7(1 7 < . E V< open * .# D" .& >

. E V< j *# *< # B

0 # 3? 3 )5 4 6 " ?# . " ( K # 5 *(# 9 Deformations

. !

? / t1 # 3 )25 )5 4 ( K 9 Deformed mesh

. " .#

K 3< 6 K " |u| D+ G . 3 )# 4 ( K 9 Total displacement

. " .# I < )5 4 I# > . 2! #

K 3" K .# u D+ G 3 )# 4 I ( K 9 Total increments

I < ) 5 4 . ! (" 0 # ! B .# ! > . 2! #
. B .#
 54 PLAXIS

.& > K E V< M(" *] (25-1) )5

. 2! # K 3< .! (" 0 # ij
. 3? ( K 9 Total strains
. *5 .# 6 I < )5 4 ! (" ! >

] "G ]3-5-1

C 0 & X *] X @S * .# .) K " .& > .#

. & > _* <- X @S 0 & )5. K .# X *N table ( K E V< 9
. b<(# " # ! 6 e > 0 & 9 / X @S * .# 6 * X ;<#
 55 PLAXIS

q Qb# 3 & > . ! q /* * # <3 I( !

.# ( K 9 .D ( 6 " ?# .h qQb# B q /* * " *> ;#C.h
B cross section * . # 6 * 6 ;< ! G )# 4 I( 3< O
. &

Curve program 6-1

I -I( C )# 4 – #/ C )# 4 - " .( (# D! curves #

*5 .# 6 ;<! 6 5 yV?# 2G / k b I I( " -#

I L \ 1-6-1

6 7(1 ( K 9 E V< . 7 & .( (# * .# new ( K/ 6 ;<!

* 5 D ! . ( (# B 6, 1 * .# B *5 .# / E V<
: *5 .# " P curve generation 6 7(1C6, 1 E V< / : .D ( .# E V<

.( (# 7 0 ;N *] (26-1) )5
 56 PLAXIS

%> ))R3 ' I •

4 6 50 " 9 k 2 6 " ?# * .# )# 4 " .( (#

)# 4 6 (" ? x * # . O . 6 ;<! yV?# Qb N O 3 )#
. 5 .# (W+ h) 6/ k* # y * #

%> ))R3-% F I •

/ X 2 ! # . 3# I b = > #/ q < ) #/ " . ( (# 9

;# ( * . #(.( #/ / EB . b< & .) # ( C >CD ) B) (( .#
. (5

Y &-Y 3 = 2-6-1

6 ;< ! = > .:h*# I -I( < .! * .# I -I( 3# K /

. ) E V< point 2:& I( k b E V< I I( E V< .
: (<-" 6 ;<! G I I( / " ; *#. # type 2:& " ; *#/

( x 3& ).b {*# I( xx

( y 3& )D+ G {*# I( yy

xy
.5 I(

( z 3& ).2 & {*# I( zz

(T Q# G O ) \ O . N {*# I( 1

f!*<# . N {*# I( 2
 57 PLAXIS

(T Q# G O ) G O . N {*# I( 3

9M " {*# ? P

(.5 I( 0 :#). I( q

. h 6 ;O ? Pexcess

. D+@ 9 " 3? *#

1 WL 0 I 3-6-1

)# Plaxis. ! ;# 0 # U <V# k b 3?( 3 )# 4 - b# W r

G
import ( K/ 6 ;<! .( (# 7 / :. X J ( \ O).( (# ?"
! new ( K ( " ( K 9 . 7 X J " & .( (# * .#
"* # " *# 3 ( (# X @S . *V "/ ( S # X ; 9
. ( .# K V!

" /
6 7(1 9 *5 .#/ 6 7(1 ( K 9 curve setting
: ! / )5 ( # ! -) " ( K ;N X J *&*# .( (#
 58 PLAXIS

.( (# D j( ;N *] (27-1) )5

& 1 )2 3

9 E V< X *N . D j( ( K 9 / 6 ;<! " .( (# Y S "* #

. *5 .# / frame setting 6 7(1 ( K
59 PLAXIS

D j( ;N *] (28-1) )5

Plaxis 1 U* I !g3 7-1

Y & Y3 & h 031-7-1

I I( 9 Q ! .h XA :# / * 7# .h 0 #
# I 3B * 5 .# *S .h 3 # A* :#. ( .# yV?#
3 ?( 9 f .# 9 . *5 .# 3? # I s 3?(
: / ( ". 6 5 U : {*# O 3?

& =M& (17-4) Q

#/ - ; W -O I( I ‰ &R ]# .<V! t # M B
- ; W -O I I( I ‰ W <) & & . O . 5 .#
:/ ( 2 !. " * # ; *# I5 ( #/
 60 PLAXIS

T
& =( & xx C & yy
C & zz C & xy
C & yz
C & ) zx (2.a) (18-4) Q

& =( & C & C & C & C & C & )

T

xx yy zz xy yz zx (2.b) (19-4) Q

& & &

3 *# 9 . (<-" ;N & zx C & yz C yz C C zx zz " ; *# RQ-# I O
. 5 .# ? 6 (" ? .;(# 0 # 3?( I? ? 0 # 2\# 3?(

:D D M j . )5 4 q* Ux,Uy K
(20-4) Q
Uy Uy
yy
= y
xy
= Ux y + (3.a) x
xx = Ux x

O . ! L . 3 ?( / 6 ;<! 7 .N 3?( / 6 ;<! A* :#

:D RQ-# I

=0.5( + )-(.25( - )2 + 2 ).5 (21-4) Q

1 xx yy xx yy xy

2 = 22
(22-4) Q
2
3 =0.5( xx + yy
)+(.25( xx - yy )2 + xy ).5
(23-4) Q

3 2 1 Plaxis

:D 9 (F "
(24-4) Q
P = -1/3( 1 + 2 + 3 )
(25-4) Q
q= (0.5( 1 - 2 ) 2 +( 2 -
2
3 ) +( 3 - 1)
2
 61 PLAXIS

N > q. ! . 5 I( 0 :# q f!*<# {*# I( 9M " I( qG P

q=| 1
- 3| 6 MB 5 3
= 2 K B .2 &

: ! v . 7O I U : (
(26-4) Q
v = ( 1+ 2+ 3)

. ! 2\# _ - O .;(# D _*G 2G ( " . 7O I

< !@1 ; *# 3? * 5 . # 6 ;<! <!@1 *<!A 3 # / ) #/

: *5 .# D -b <!A
(27-4) Q
= p
+ e

L) *M : & .1

=* " * G i ! . Q> <!A < *& Plaxis . #9 6 !

: *5 .# / Q / 6 ;<! !

& xx 1 0 &xx e
& yy e
1 0 & yy
= E /(1-2 )(1+ ) (28-4) Q
& zz 1 0 &zze
& xy 0 0 0 1/ 2 & xye

e
. (" .# I D A* :# R ]# .<V! t #

W h {* # ^ 0 # E / ( 2 ! 6 5 6 ;<! <# 1 0 # 9
E ur / {* # " <# 1 / 6 ;< ! 7 # U <V# 3?V ! 9) # {*# *! *1
. *5 6 ;<! (x > T ) Eref / ( `K O k* #)

(29-4) Q
Eoed =(1- )E/(1-2 )(1+ )
G=E/2(1+ ) K=E/3(1-2 )
 62 PLAXIS

6 5 + # " *Q ,E ,G, Eoed " <# 1 W * *# .Q> <!A 3 #

.t) *5 .# 2! # 3 B / M b# E, b#

T . Q> X * ] U : *S .<V! * .# .Q> <!A 0 #

6 7(1 X * N B . 7 * . # advanced / 9. ( 4
<# 1 9 *5 .# <! *> Eincrement *( <# 1 B *5 .# / &
0 # ! .b 6 (" ? yref ! O b# T I I b#
: 9 (. ! 6 5 K 6/ B Eref

Eactual=Eref +(yref-y)Eincrement y<yref (30-4) Q

A* " | ! ( " *5 .# 6 G=> . " 6/ ! < + 0 #

B mA* N *5 .# 6 ;<! non-poros < m #* 0 # 9 . ! 6 5 6 B ... .(<
. *? * EB ?

i! HF $ B * '$ : :> F S) I3 .2

= > 6 ? . ?)"/ < {* # " <# 1 / 6 ;< ! ! G Plaxis

E V< undrained O 6 # < _* B .# I 1 . #/ O 9 . " y V?
:D .G / N / 6 ;<! . 5 6 5

xx
= xx
+ w

yy
= yy
+ w

zz
= zz
+ w

xy
= xy

. * " *> .;(# ? w

2G ( " 5 &*

.(: !. h 6 ;O ? <! " IV # 5 *> EB ?

 63 PLAXIS

= Psteady +Pexcess (32-4) Q

w

! j # X @S *( ! EB <! " O k* # Psteady

EB & X 2! # EB & f> X 2! # EB / f> . :# / 6 ;<! B
X2 ! # ! EB . h 6 ;O ? k* # Pexcess . 2! # .( #/ /
X*] . h 6 ;O ? ) #/. *5 .# * 6 ? .?)"/ R ]# *# <!@1
. 6 ;<! B 2! # D) B / * .# *5 .# 6 ( 1 #/ q

:D 2G Q / K T<?#

& w = P&excess (33-4) Q

:D 2G f Q 9 `M &

&xxe 1 0 & xx 1 0 & xx &w

& yye 1 0 & yy 1 0 & yy &w
e
= 1/ E = 1/ E
& zz 1 0 & zz 1 0 & zz &w
& e
xy 0 0 0 2+2 & xy 0 0 0 2+2 xy

: 5 D " *>C 5 D G EB )( [

& w
=Kw/n x( & e xx + & e yy + & e zz ) (34-4) Q

. ! = > V V W h n EB 0 # Kw A 0*#

:D D - *( Eu,Vu 6 ? .?)"/ " <# 1 . 3?( X *] =*" * G K

& xxe 1 u u 0 & xx

e
& yy u 1 u 0 & yy (35-4) Q
e
= 1/ E
& zz u u 1 0 & zz
& e
xy 0 0 0 2+2 u
& xy
 64 PLAXIS

+ µ (1 + ) 1 Kw E
Eu=2G(1+ u) = µ= K=
1 + 2µ (1 + )
u
3n K 3(1 2 )

A 3 *# / 6 ;< ! = > {*# " <# 1 *5 .# 6 " ?# W 9

< 6 # *5 < K j u =0.5 ) < O . *5 .# 2 6 ? .?)"/ " <# 1
b# 9 C * 5 . # 6 " ?# ) (F " . " *> ? *> / D G r m@#
. - D G r @# 6 # qG EB. *5 .# Q> s u

j u =0.495 * . # B / ! 0 # *j(# ! „ . > B 0 #

0 # b# / <K EB 0 #C 6 #B ! 3 *& / ( S . K
E* & 5 <0.35 * j(# 9 ! . K w >> nK .(: 5 = >
W h *( 0.35 / <K b# .<G / - # #/ . *5 N O IV2< h
.?)"/ < 2! # #/ . 5 " *> 5*K # Y S / -# 9 C *5 . :# *! *1
. *5 .# 6 .<V! t # *> *Q B 0 #C 6 ?

3 ? #/B . ! ) ?# {*# " <# 1 . <! mA* :# 3 >

0 # X *N 9 C ! 3 B 6 ? .?)"/ " <# 1 .<O * .# . N
. 2 6 5 .?)"/ ^ 0 # / 0*# * .# 6 ? .?)"/ ^

2(1 + )
E= Eu (36-4) Q
3

. B ! ,c
/ .<O {*#
* . 6 ? .?)"/ .5 # b# 9 (F "
B = = u 0 Cu 6 ? .?)"/ " <# 1 9< K * .# Plaxis O 9
&* . 5 . D" soft soil (creep) 3 # ( K 9 . " 7 6 ? .?)"/
. :# 0 # {*# " <# 1 C 5 6 5 . :# undrained 6 # _* .<G 5
.

$ : :> F H '$ : :> F )7 [ .3

6 # 6 ? .?)"/ < * .# D ( 6 ;<! A ( K / D " *V . " K

= u = 0.495 E=Eu 6 ? . ?)"/ " 6 non-poros 6 # _* E V<
. 3 ?( B 2G O Y@> O 9 . 0 # = u = 0o C=Cu
 65 PLAXIS

.# O 9 . 5 " *> 7 {* # I( EB ? 9 5 +GX ;

" *> ; N EB " ? .# * " *> . 3 ?( X * ] 3 & >
" *V D ! non-poros < " <!@ .) K " .& > 9 (F ". *
. 5 . 6 ;<! G soft soil(creep) 0 # ( K9 . 5

E" :)H 7 `)>I3 Y)H : .4

e <O soft soil creep soft soil ( " < ? 1 3 # / 6 ;<! M("
D ) I 1 I( / 0* :# * Q . ! (3# " D D ) I 1 I( . :#
yield cap # 9<> (5 Plaxis ) O *5 .# 6 ;<! p D+ G
. / Ppeq 0 :# 1 ?

D ) I 1 2- / - 2 / *# X @S < D ) I 1 3 > *#
U : yy0 . : I( p 2G 6 50 \ O I( X *] (O.C.R) .M<
. *5 .#

O.C.R= / 0 (37-4) Q
p yy

(p.o.p) 6 ? / 6 ;< ! * .# 3?( :h 9 (F "

. *5 .# U : . : ? \ O 6 ? Y@<> X *] yV?#

Pop=| p - 0
yy | (38-4) Q

6 ? ? Y@<> .M *MJ (29-1) )5

 66 PLAXIS

: K .# X *N / X h B 2! # K .# X *N p i ! Ppeq 2! #

1 = p 2 = 3 = k0nc p (39-4) Q

<# 1 9 [ I 1 b#. ! .M< D ) O k0 b# k 0nc

. . * 5 .# 2! # k 0nc =1-sin .)& 0*# / hardening soil soft soil 3 #
. ! X ;<# . X 2 9 SSC0 #

)7 : 3 .5

D ) 3 >/ <K = > .2 & " ? 2- < D ) 3 >

. K .# j / X *] < ? 1 3 # # *# 9 . ! <

= p ?
yy * # X *] I #/B => * D( [ K
0
< !A X * ] * 9 O C *5 yy = yy t|! *5 `K
: * " *> / X *] =*" * G i ! 3?( 2- 6 <

k 0nc p
0
xx k0nc OCR 0
yy
0
xx
xx
= 0
= 0
= ur

yy p yy (OCR 1) yy 1 ur
(40-4) Q
0
! xx
0
= k 0nc OCR ur
(OCR 1)
yy 1 ur

6 5 3 =*" * G i ! *J ! 0*2G G <!A 6 # 3( A 0*#

3 ?( 2- 6 5 / OCR 2- C *5 / . > b# = > K . !
. *5 .# 0 <( W * - *# :#
 67 PLAXIS

=*" Ko 9 : 6* (30-1) )5

(S & L) * H) N 7!& – ! G 2-7-1

< z ; 6 # `1 ?K 3? < .# z ; . #/ <!@1 O

/ ! 6 < z ; 2! # <!@1 O B )( yV?# .
H ; N X * ] A* :# q 9 *5 .# 6 ;<! D - q *(: q
5 & ;N !. # # <!@1 0 # . < .# z ; . N 3?(
. *5 .# U : 6 # " <# 1 i ! 3( {

S & L) * H -L) *M .1

*<! <!@1 <!A IV 3? D -b <!@1 <!A < i !

. !

= e
+ p
& = &e + & p (41-4) Q

=* " Q A Q `M & . ! 6 5 <!A 3? =*" * G

:D

& = De & e = De ( & &p) (42-4) Q

 68 PLAXIS

T<?# W! (<# <!@1 3? C (Hill 1950) < - <!@1 !@ *g i !

* .# < !@1 3 ? ! (:# 9 . 5 .# 3?( 2- D - q
6 " & *g !@ )5 9 . ? D - RQ! * . " X *]
& < - <!@1 * g O9 . . ! *3?# (Associated Plasticity)
CD - q 6 @ 9 ( . " .# ! .:G b# / I _ - b# 6 "
6 " r * G *( g#f O. *5 .# 3(? 1 g <!@1 - <1 q ( M q
: 5* / X *] * .# <!@1 3? C . O . *5 .# 6 #

g
&p = "
(43-4) Q

! ;N " # < !A < . ! <!@1 W h " Q 9

: .<2\# b# W h 9 <!@1 < ) O

fT
" =0 for ;f<0 or De & 0 ( <!A
(44-4) Q
fT
" >0 for ;f>=0 or De & > 0 ( <!@1)

N 7!&- ! G U7! .2

. N 3 ?( i ! q ! * .# W * - *# . > :# . O
:

f 1 =1/2| 2 - 3 |+1/2( 2 + 3 )Sin -cCos 0

(45-4) Q
f 2 =1/2| 3- 1 |+1/2( 3+ 1 )Sin -cCos 0

f 3 =1/2| 1 - 2 |+1/2( 2 + 1 )Sin -cCos 0

c 6 5 <> (5 " <# 1 *& D - q * 9 <!@1 0 # <# 1

. * " *> / X *] q * 9 . H D ! . (<-"
 69 PLAXIS

0 # / <!@1 - <1 q C 5 aA D - q 6 @ 9 (F "

: *5 .# U : W * - *#

g1 =1/2| 2 - 3 |+1/2( 2 + 3 )Sin

g 2 =1/2| 3 - 1 |+1/2( 3 + 1 )Sin (46-4) Q

g 3 =1/2| 1 - 2 |+1/2( 1 + 2 )Sin

0 # <# 1 9 . (<-" *( C <!@1 M <# 1 #5 > q*

. 5 .# V! 3 > 6 5 6 " ?# 3 7O I

W "*# 0 # => 3?( 9 : (31-1) )5

9 ( . ( .# :2 =*" * G / ! <!A = > < D - RQ! >

9 > " <# 1 )( &* . *5 .# XA :# ,E M <# 1
X h* B / ! 6 5 s 3 B *# m 2G (<-" 6 5 <> (5 C < 0 #
@
. *5 .# *> 7( <?
 70 PLAXIS

Hardening Soil (HS) G 3-7-1

3 ?( ; N D - RQ ! 0 # 9 # <!@1– <!A 0 # Y@>

= > ) #/. * 5 . # f-2(# <!@1 3? ! 6 ? {.N
< !@1 3 ? B .# I" B .<V!C K .# G Y K
9 6 5 6 " ?# Q C 6 5 .?)"/ * # ! I #/B . < .# z ; `1 ?K
9 Q 9 . ? . * `" .( (# * .# . I( * #I
9 / 6 5 6 ;<! HS 0 # <2 . 5 6 " ?# 1963 0 ! kondner f!*
* g / 6 ;< ! : :mA . ! < K j <? " <# 1 < D"
j : : m \ {C = > _ - / ! 0 # : : m { < - <!A *g 7 < - <!@1
I( = > .<V! 0 # 9<> ! f2 # HS 0 # N*]> 9 < 3# yield cap 9< K
. ! => *&*#

* $ @ :> F !I * Y F[ ' ! * K' •

: 5* / X *] * .# D - .( (#C 6 5 .?)"/ * # ! I #/B

1 q
1 = q < qf (47-4) Q
2 E50 1 q qa

. ! asymptotic .5 # b# qa B

`K < I( # <- . 3 # b# N 50 ^ 0 # E50

5 .#

: B * .# / Q

c cot
E50 = E50ref ( 3
) (48-4) Q
c cot + P ref

I 1 b# Plaxis ). 5 .# P ref .2 & ? # b# N 50 ^ 0 # E50ref

G O . N I( .<V ! b# q G .( ! 6 5 < K j P ref =100 [
f!* I( ^ 0 # .M<- b#. ! .;(# ? B b# ! <- 3
:D / Q 9 (F ". *5 .# m <# 1
 71 PLAXIS

2 Sin
q f = (c cot 3 ) qa = q f R f (49-4) Q
1 Sin

6 5 < K W * - *# . > :# / q f 6 5 a Q *5 .# 6 " ?# ) (J

Plaxis . < . # z ; < !@1 3 ? = > 5 q= q f )( ‹ # !
` K < - <!A 0 # b# 9 (F ". ! 6 5 < K j 0.9 Rf b#
: 5* / X *] * .#

c cot
Eur = Eurref ( 3 m
) (50-4) Q
c cot + P ref

I 1 *Q Plaxis . 5 .# P ref q& # ? k* # ^ 0 # Eurref B

. 5 .# 3 > 9 q 5 b# C 6 5 [ Eurref =3 E50ref [

=> ^ 0 # 9 : (32-1) )5

HS G ! * N 3 .1

/ .: f B D ( U : f = f p
X*] D - q K
p
:D ! <!@1 3? / .: I(

1 q 2q
f = p
= (2 1
p
v
p
) 2 1
p
(51-4) Q
E50 1 q qa Eur

D 7O < !@1 X 4C ;! 3 > . 5 .# <!@1 3? M ? pt

. p = 2 1p 9 ( ( .# # ;N ( vp )
 72 PLAXIS

)5 6 5 a . * `" Q - B A X *] f U : D3# X N*]> / .)

9 . &* `K 0 X j * .# & 9 0 <( . *5 .# # 5
: 9 ( . 5 .# f=0 D - q < .# z ; # <!A O Xj

1 q q
1
p
=1 2 f = (52-4) Q
2 E50 1 q / qa Eur

B^ 0 # <!A O m 2 b C 7# K IV .( (#
5 .# 3= 2 = { 3B * # ! X ? #/B .D " .# ? Eur
:D # .# .G { Eur b#

q q
e
= e
= e
= (53-4) Q
1
Eur
2 3 ur Eur

. ! `K *! *1 W h ur B

D ) 6 " ! 9M " ? 6 5 .?)"/ * # ! X ? #/B 0 O #

=* " * G i ! < !A m@# . 7O X 4 HS 0 #. 5 . #
# 5 * # 3? C ! . `K O# . C ( .# B
. 5 .#(52-1) :# T Q# <!@1 ; *# (53-1) :# T Q# <!A ; *#

1 q
1 = e
1 1
p
= (54-4) Q
2 E50 q q / qa

Q 9 . (: .?b <!@1 3? Q 9 *5 .# 6 " ?# ) (J

. v
p
=0 ! ! . #/

. C 5 ;N . 7O <!@1 3? B *& . > … " qG

(54-1) Q 9 ( ! J* C * # 3? - b# b# 9 V! 3 >
. . *> W b

;N * .# f=0 D - f 5 p .K 5 V! <# 1 / yV?# b#

: 6 ;<! / :# / B D! . D! p q,
 73 PLAXIS

1 q 2q
f = p
= (2 1
p
v
p
) 2 1
p
(55-4) Q
E50 1 q / qa Eur

(yield D - . ( (# ) 5. * < K X *N E50 Eur @2G .; : "

) O ( B .# ! ! 3Q> m=1 . m <# 1 .M<- loci)
m=0.5 / ) 5. B . # . ( (# X * ] yield loci, m < b#
. ! 6 5 D! V! 3 >

V! " = > D - .( (# (33-1) )5

$ !I * : 3 /7 L) * H \ : & .2

p p
v < !@1 I 0 OC < !@1 .5 I 2 Q . :# / :
&vp , & p 9 Q HS 0 #C < !@1 3 # " ( ".D ( .# &*
9 . 5 .#

: .Q> O Q

Sin m Sin
&vp = cv
(56-4) Q
1 Sin m Sin cv

. > = )Q N / m ! critical state O . > = )QN / cv

: *5 .# U : / X *] ! 6 5 c@N
 74 PLAXIS

Sin m = 1 3
(57-4) Q
1 + 3 2c cot

-( ( Rowe f !* I( – _ - *g ) *g 9 N*]> 9 < 3#

<K 3<2 - . < . z ; _ - ( m < cv ) J* I( 3<2-
6 5 c@ N = )Q N / B . > #/ . < .# z ; _ - ( m > cv ) I(
: K 7 < * .#C *5 .# . > = )QN /

Sin Sin Sin Sin

Sin = cv
Sin cv = (58-4) Q
1 Sin Sin cv 1 Sin Sin

. 2! # , / 6 ;<! * .# critical state = )QN /C 9 (

3( *56 cv - /A " .# 7 Plaxis *> X 2! # 9 .#

. . :# _- / . > j . > = )QN / b#

Hardening –soil G ' FM H .3

,c , W * - *# " <# 1 -

E50ref , Eoed
ref
,m .<# b# " <# 1 -

. h " <# 1 -

( Eurref = 3E50ref [ I 1) `K ^ 0 # : Eurref

( ur =0.2 [ I 1) `K *! *1 W h : ur

( Pref=100 [ I 1) .<V! 2! # q& # * # ! I( : P ref

( K0nc=1-Sin [ I 1) < D ) O K0 b#: K0nc

( Rf=0.9 [ I 1) q f / qa 2- : Rf

( tension = 0 [ I 1) .?? # b# : tension

 75 PLAXIS

( Cincrement =0 [ I 1) .K (2-J I : Cincrement

HS G `) ;3 dK* .4

. 7O I C 5 6 ? * 2G X ;N .5 D - ;N
. " . c 5 yV?# *Q *5 .# K 6/ 1 ? <!@1

<!A bQ(# *5 < K j D - RQ! / M _* 9 3

0 # D - RQ! k* # * # ! I #/B 0 #. *5 <- " x * # X / *#
.) < !@1 3 ? <? E50ref qG . *5 .# D - RQ! *1 k* # <#
ref
0 <( Eoed ?# *Q ( .# 0 <( (<-" .5 D - RQ! k* #
. *5 .# 6 ;<! C D - *1 / 6 5 7 <!@1 3? b#

. # &* ! / X *] BU : D - *1 *# <? R h*
D(

q~ 2
fc = + p 2 + p 2p ( # = c cot ) (59-4) Q
#2

:D 9 (F ". ! K 0nc k* # 0 # .) <# 1 # B

P= ( 1 + 2 + 3 )/3 , q~ = 1 +( 1) 2 3

3 + Sin
= (60-4) Q
3 Sin

q~ = ( 1 3 ) 6 MB 1 > 2 = 3 x > O
q= ( 1 3) 6 M B 1 = 2 > 3

. * 5 . # yV ?# Pp 9M " D ) I 1 I( / 6 ;<! D - *1 #
: " .# f vpc *1 . 7O I Pp *& *G

$ Pp
v
pc
= ( ) m+1 (61-4) Q
m + 1 P ref
 76 PLAXIS

* & C $ C M <# 1 . ! 1 ? <!@1 . 7O I vpc

6 ;< ! K 0nc / # ref
7 Eoed / B 7 - " <# 1 * (:
X * ] Pp q~ ;N RQ! 9 ;K D - *1 <3 D : .D ( .#
_:5 . H 9 C * 5 .# 6 ? : )5 ) (J. 5 .# .H IV
b#. ! P * # 3& B „ _ :5 5 .# # Pp <)J* _ :5 Pp „
# J* b# *5 .# W * - *# f> / D - *1 5 ( s #„
D" D - RQ! D" .H 9 . 5 <5 D @# W 5 -G 9 *5 .# s
: 9 ( . ! - <1 RQ!

fc $ Pp P&p
& pc = " "= ( )m (62-4) Q
2 P P ref P ref

$ Pp
6 #B ! v
pc
= ( ) m+1 6 :# fc=0 D - O/" 0*# 9
m + 1 P ref
. *5 .# 2! # OCR,POP 6 b# / 6 ;<! Pp b# . !

: X *N Pp b# 9 : .M *MJ (34-1) )5

D " ? .N 3?( H : ! O *1 9 D " *V K

. * " *> / )5
 77 PLAXIS

: ! X *N D - *1 9 : 6* (35-1) )5

(Soft Soil Creep) SSC G 4-7-1

. ! . B 3 > .< ! 3! < D) 3! C 3 > / *j(#

I #/B 0 \# *(: . ! -? 3B / - <1 3 > / <! 9 D3# N*]>
S* # <# 1 D" m 2 b Eoed < D) i = > <#
. ! < D) !#

= > .<V! 0 # I( .Q> k 2 (soft soil) 3 > M N*]>

. !

:D <5 HS 0 #

Eoed = Eoed
ref
( / P ref ) m (63-4) Q

:D t1C *5 [ m=1 .Q> Q

Eoed = "% , "% = P ref Eoed

ref (64-4) Q

:D X *N 9
(65-4) Q
&=" &/%

:D ! .# D . < M Q B/ K 0 M<
 78 PLAXIS

= "% ln (66-4) Q

/ -
! .2 ! (# 0 # - 3 > HS 0 # *5 .# 6 " ?#
B .# # * { -? > 1 .# M(" . 0 # B * .# + -#
-? 0 2 3 > .# 2 b . 5 W! (# * . 0 # 9 M
[ K C < .# z ; ! .S A* :# * { -? . (5 .# * { -?
C 5 3 >9 -? / N C -? 9 ! 10~30 6 @\# D (
9 . #B " *> ! / b# 2 b >C / -? . 3 >
* .#C *5 .# ΠO 3 > " ! ( " . " 6/ ! *# -#
. 5 D3#

$ !I L _ " .1

-# &* . &* > -# * .- 9 Buismsn19360 !

: [ / X *] { {*# I( => < C >

= c C $ log(t t c ) , t<tc (67-4) Q

D ) 3< #/ tc `K _ 5 < / #/ tC D ) 3< I c

! 9 A 0*# .;(# #@ . ! j *# = > { CB
: 5* / X *] A :# * .#.D 6 ? .;(# #@ D #

tc + t (68-4) Q
= c C $ log( ) t'>0
tc

. 5 .# > {*# #/ t'=t-tc B

+ Buismsn X : Q# i ! Garlanger(1967) M . 7 0* #
: ! / X *]

+t
e = ec C# log( c
) B C# = C $ (1 + e0 ) , t'>0
c (69-4) Q
 79 PLAXIS

c <# 1 I 9 M & e V V 2- ! 9 . 7 :# 9 z
. * (" *> . ) :# 9 *5 [ c = tc K . ! 6 5 tc D ) #/ 9 M &
. .# I :# 9 Y@<> t' I 5 c & tc ) #/

X * N O # 9 (J ` K C *5 .# 7 0* :# *Q <# I #/B
24 / 25 K .# G yV?# `K * ) #/ X # K .#
& 0* # / W 9 t'=0 t=24h #/ *5 .# [ W 9 !
z ; * X #9 .5 > *5 .# [ W 9 *5 .# Y`O D< M
. " * 9 `1 a*; . ! f r . *Q [ 9 . ! 6 <
23 . # 9 / 6 ;O ? ! / : C K .# G <# I #/B
*# .h I 1 *MF " 2 # 9 ( . < .# z ; * > 3( : !
.D 5 <5 tc c

6 5 + Butterfield(1979) f!* * {D) *# M . 7 0*#

: !

+t
H
= H
c C ln( c
) (70-4) Q
c

V 1+ e
H
= ln( ) = ln( ) (71-4) Q : !. < M I
V0 1 + e0
H

Ht C " .# ? " <# 1 b# "0" t A 3 *#

. !. < M 3? 6 (" ?

:D / 0*# J* 3? ? Honkey

C# C
C= = $ (72-4) Q
(1 + e0 ) ln 10 ln 10

c c )R .2

:D D( K T<?# #/ 2- Butterfield :# / K
 80 PLAXIS

C 1 +t
&= = c
(73-4) Q
c +t C
&

2! # c C " <# 1 Janbu / 6 ;< ! XA :# 9 / W 9

/ 6 ;< ! c C " <# 1 B ! Janbu / 3 )5 .D ( .#
. ! 6 5 6 c 5 <# L <

Janbu " * (36-1) )5

: / X *] * .# c D) 3< I C !@ f i!

pc
c = e
c + c
c = A ln( ) B ln( ) (74-4) Q
0 p0

. <O (J " ! . < M I 5 &* > 0*#

? ` K / 2G {*# ? 0 A :# . ! 6 5 Y`O Ht 9<5*
D) / : 2G D ) I 1 ? pc , p 0 b#. ! . 3 {*# ? " .#
Cr * W h log / ln 7 e V V 2- / 7 *# <? . " .# ?
/ X * ] A,B,Cr,Cc A f . *5 .# 6 ;<! B 7 Cc D W h A 7
: !

Cr Cc C r
A= B= (75-4) Q
(1 + e0 ) ln 10 (1 + e0 ) ln 10
 81 PLAXIS

: 5 D " *> Butterfield :# 2G XA :# W

pc +t
= e
+ c
= A ln( ) B ln( ) C ln( c
) (76-4) Q
0 p0 c

tc+t' E ( #/ 0 / {*# I( I { . < M I q & B

. ! 6 56 ? . ! X *] A X@ & / )5 . !

Butterfield :# D ! (37-1) )5

$ !I L _ " S); B 7 0 •

Q ! /A > . - ; 0*# B !
/ X @S * . !6 + c 9 : Janbu .5 / .D ( 1 c
D ( . # [ c *# . ? X @S B ! . B ! c *#
IV _* 7#C . I 9 ( . (< -" #/ q <!A r 3? .#
. 5 .# c #/ q > IV e
<!A
 82 PLAXIS

:D 0O

c
p
= e
+ c
= A ln( ) B ln( )! p = p 0 exp( ) (77-4) Q
0 p0 B

c
. ! .;(# 5 &*

: B .# ! / X *] . 2G XA :# W p #/ q D ) I1 ?

p +t
c - c
c = B ln( ) = C ln( c
) (78-4) Q
pc c

I #/B . * :# 7 . 6 ;< ! * . # c <3 D3 Q 9 / 0O

# .# {C . #/ 6 9 6* O# O # X *] I <#
O 9 . *5 .# < K j / mA* :# 5 .# t'+tc= . #/ 6 9
[ . B . # ! p= (NC) 0 # D ) f>C *5 .# 6 # 1 `K
: B .# / X *] :# t'= -tc p =

+ tc
B ln( ) = C ln( c
) , OCR=1 (79-4) Q
pc c

: 5 D " *> 9 (C 5 c -tc<< = D ( .# [ 0 O

B pc B
=( ) C
c = ( ) C (80-4) Q
c pc

. D ) 3< D ) I 1 ? {*# I( .M<- c 9 (

pc

C ! OCR=1 K 3< D" `K K < D " I #/B . * :#

1I 6 * #/ pc p0 b# / p `K K 9 .S ) O
I . A* S X # .S pc / p O # 9 / : .( D ) ) ( .#
/ t1. . . ! < D) O * C/ 3< 9 ( . .#
. G under-consolidated O G p< O * D)
A :# / c .)J* - b#C 15 ' B/C 2- „ - b#
: 5* * .# 0 O. ! ! c -tc<< [ 9 ( . B .# !
 83 PLAXIS

c
& C & C pc B
& = &e + &c = A = A ( ) C
, p = p 0 exp( )
c +t c p B
(81-4) Q

c
. *5 .# [ .;(# D O

& C B
& = &e + &c = A ( ) C
p = p0 exp(- c
/B) (82-4) Q
p

0' * G 5-7-1

oct P= I( 3< 9 : ! O : 0 # f-
oct 0 " < 0 # I( oct ( B .# ! . I( q = 3 oct / 2 ?
6 ;< ! *# I( & b# U : 3< 9 . 5 .# 0 " < .5 I(
. K .# G

q2
P eq = P + (83-4) Q
M 2P

: !0 # . I( (38-1) )5
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3 H 9 qG . ! { .H Peq I( b# " .# ? A )5
. ( B . # ! C 5 . :# Rosco,Burlandf !* 6 5 c@N cam-clay 0 #/
: ! 6 56 ? )5 ! critical statef> W 5 qG M <# 1

6 sin
M= cr
(84-4) Q
3 sin cr

. ! critical state O = )QN / cr

: )( &*

(85-4) Q
q = 0.5( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

6* # XA :# D : . # .# .G { " .H <# Peq 0 :# ?

D " .# G j # < D) O 3? 3?( C 6 * # ! O
: 5 D " *> O 9 9 (

2 = 3 = k0nc 1

1 + 2k0nc 3(1 + k 0nc ) 2

P eq = + 2
3 M (1 + 2k 0nc ) (86-4) Q

eq 1 + 2k 0nc 3(1 + k 0nc ) 2

Pp = p + 2
3 M (1 + 2k 0nc )

B6* # b# W! (<# < D : D ) I 1 ? Ppeq =k0nc 1

. 2 ! # p 9<5 Ppeq b# / 6 ;<! * .# Peq9 ( . 5 .#
:D 7 v 9<5* A 3 *# 6 * # <!A I 9< M j

c
c P eq
&vc = ( eq ) B C ! Ppeq = Ppeq0 exp( v ) (87-4) Q
Pp B

#/ c
v =0 b# 6 (" ? A XA :# "0"t ! a /A
:D ( .# 6 ;<! = > " <# 1 / A,B,C " <# 1 7 0 O. ! t=0
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3(1 )
(% = ur
A B= "% ( % µ% = C (88-4) Q
1+ ur

: 5 D " *> " <# 1 9 / 6 ;<!

"% ( %
µ % P eq µ%
c
& =
c
( ) ! Ppeq = Ppeq0 exp( v
) (89-4) Q
v
Pp eq
"% ( %

c
3? #5 3 > ) O D <5 &* v .5 > . 7O I # 7(
D ( .#[ > . 0*# . <! . 5 .# .5 > .5
‰ * . # 9 ( . (< -" #/ q <!@1 3? "C .5 > 3?
j C K . # X * N < - <!@1 *g ) (J & *G .5 > 3?
. ! 0* :# " / 6 ;<! " & * G *M( ( 0*# . K

= ( 1, 2 , 3 )T , = ( 1, 2 , 3 )T

> < !A I V # 5 3? D" : !0 # C : O ?#

:D . 2G W Q# / 6 ;<! . *5 .#

gc
& = &e + &c = D 1 & + " (90-4) Q

: (5 .# / X *] - <1 q < - <!A t # B

1 ur ur
1
D1= ur 1 ur , g c = P eq
Eur
ur ur 1

P eq P eq P eq P eq
&vc = &1c + &2c + &3c = " ( + + )=" = "#
1 2 3 P

"% ( %
(91-4) Q
&vc P eq 1 µ %
P eq
µ% P eq
! &=D 1& + =D1& ( )
# # Ppeq

c
Ppeq
P = P exp(
eq eq v
)! c
= (" %
( ) ln
%

"% ( %
p p0 v
Ppeq0
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0' * L) *M : & U7! .3

< - <!A 0 #C <!A 3? W! (# : !0 # !

:D ( .# U : / X *] Eur

P
Eur = 3(1 2 ) K ur = 3(1 2 ) (92-4) Q
(%
ur ur

&* . .M<- ( % <# 1 4<# ( " . - & <# 1 Eur 9 (

P
: 5 D " *> t1 K ur = )(
(%

P& P& P
&ve = = (% ! e
v = ( % ln( ) (93-4) Q
K ur P P0

*5 .# 0 <( P' f!*<# I( !* <!A 3? C : ! O 9 (

6* # D . *5 .# 0 <( . N I( f!* : 0 # Y@>
: 5 D " *> 0 # D ) f>

P
3p'=(1+2 k0nc) , 3 p0 = (1 + 2k 0nc ) 0 ! = (94-4) Q
P0 0

6 MB e
v = ( % ln( 0 ) (95-4) Q

: *5 .# / X *] : !0 # A 0*# ) O

e
v = A ln( 0 ) (96-4) Q

:D ( .# / X *] .M< D ) I1 O 0 #

P& 1 + 1 &
= ur
P 1 ur 1 + 2k 0
(97-4) Q
P& 1 + (% &
&ve = ( % = ur
P 1 ur 1 + 2k0
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SSC G H 0 .4

: 5 .# / " <# 1 # 5 0 # 9

W * - *# 0 # " <# 1 -

, c,

6 # .<# b# " <# 1 -

6 5 c@N * *< : ( %

6 5 c@N D *< : "%

6 5 c@N > *< : µ %

. h " <# 1 -

`K *! *1 W h: ur

< D) O .b D+ G 3?( 2- : knc0

Critical state f> W 5: M

6 Sin cr
knc0 b# 6 @: *5 .# 2! # M = 0*# /M b# [ I 1 *Q
3 Sin cr
knc0 b# * . # 9 (F ". ! .)& 0*# / B [ I 1 b# " O9
: *5 .# 2! # / 0*# / M b# X *]( . :#

(1 k0nc ) 2 (1 k 0nc )(1 2 ur )("% ( % 1)

M =3 + (98-4) Q
(1 + 2k 0nc ) 2 (1 + 2k 0nc )(1 2 ur ) "% ( % (1 k 0nc )(1 + ur )

k0nc
b# / ) ( M b# * . qG 9 (
D ) I #/B L < / * .# = > .<# b# " <# 1. *5 .# 2! # *> X *]
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! D b<-# f> C D ( D! ( , ln ) .( (# K . 2! # <# 6* # !

. B .#

f > W 5/ "% W h b# 2! # < D) f> W 5/

" <# 1 A 6 5 c@N " <# 1 9 <2 . *5 .# 6 ;<! ( % 2! # ( *)
X # . A* S K 6/ * .# µ % <# 1. *& X ; " , ( ; cam-clay . N
. 2! # ( v , ln t ) X ]<V# 6 M<! B D! . 7O 3?

:D /f 9 (F "

Cc
"% =
2.3(1 + e)
(99-4) Q
3 1 Cr
(% = ur
2 .3 1 + ur 1+ e

:.! q& #

U *# C *1 . 9 # i (3# 3# .O # i (3# "*K *|3 # i (3#

1385 0 n J C / X ?< C Plaxis # q& # C D& <#

Refference:

PLAXIS 2D, Edite by R.B.J Brinkgereve, Delft university of technology&

PLAXIS b.v the Netherlands. 2002