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brief contents
1 What Is Psychology? 1
3 Biological Psychology 61
6 Learning 194
7 Memory 233
9 Intelligence 313
10 Consciousness 340
14 Personality 498
vii
contents
1 What Is Psychology? 1
MODULE 1.2
Psychology Then and Now 16
The Early Era 16
viii
MODULE 2.3 Why Does This Matter to Me? 58
Measuring and Analyzing Results 53 Suggestions for Further Exploration 58
Descriptive Statistics 53
Additional Resources 59
Evaluating Results: Inferential Statistics 56
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 2
IN CLOSING: Statistics and Conclusions 57 Statistical Calculations 60
Summary 57 Standard Deviation 60
3 Biological Psychology 61
Synapses 66
MODULE 3.3
Brain and Behavior 79
What’s the Evidence? Neurons Communicate The Major Divisions of the Nervous System 79
Chemically 68
Measuring Brain Activity 85
Neurotransmitters and Behavior 69
The Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine
IN CLOSING: Neurons, Synapses, System 86
and Behavior 70 Experience and Brain Plasticity 88
Summary 71
The Two Hemispheres and Their Connections 89
Key Terms 71
The Binding Problem 91
ix
The Cutaneous Senses 114 Perceiving Movement and Depth 132
Synesthesia 120
IN CLOSING: Making Sense of Sensory
Information 139
IN CLOSING: Sensory Systems 121
Summary 139
Summary 121
Key Terms 140
Key Terms 122
Answers to Other Questions in the Module 140
MODULE 4.3 EXPLORATION AND STUDY 141
The Interpretation of Sensory
Information 123 Why Does This Matter to Me? 141
Research Designs for Studying Development 158 IN CLOSING: Social and Emotional Issues
Through the Life Span 180
Jean Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development 161
Summary 180
Infancy: Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 162
Key Terms 180
What’s the Evidence? The Infant’s Concept of
Object Permanence 162
MODULE 5.4
Early Childhood: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage 164 Diversity: Gender, Culture, and Family 181
x
IN CLOSING: Many Ways of Life 191 Why Does This Matter to Me? 192
6 Learning 194
MODULE 6.3
Operant Conditioning 210
Thorndike and Operant Conditioning 210
7 Memory 233
xi
MODULE 7.2 MODULE 7.3
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval 247 Forgetting 259
Encoding 247 Retrieval and Interference 259
xii
9 Intelligence 313
10 Consciousness 340
xiii
11 Motivated Behaviors 373
Emotion, Arousal, and Action 414 Anger and Aggressive Behavior 431
What’s the Evidence? The Cognitive Aspect Happiness, Joy, and Positive Psychology 433
of Emotion 416
Sadness 436
Do We Have a Few “Basic” Emotions? 418
Other Emotions 437
Usefulness of Emotions 423
In Closing: Emotions and the Richness of Life 437
Emotional Intelligence 425
Summary 438
IN CLOSING: Research on Emotions 427
Key Terms 438
Summary 427
xiv
MODULE 12.3 Summary 448
Stress, Health, and Coping 439 Key Terms 448
Stress 439
EXPLORATION AND STUDY 449
How Stress Affects Health 441
Why Does This Matter to Me? 449
Coping with Stress 443
Suggestions for Further Exploration 449
Attitudes and Behavior 472 Why Does This Matter to Me? 496
Central and Peripheral Routes of Attitude Change Suggestions for Further Exploration 497
and Persuasion 474
Additional Resources 497
Summary 479
xv
14 Personality 498
Summary 559
MODULE 15.2
Psychotherapy: An Overview 546 Key Terms 560
Historical Trends in Psychotherapy 546
MODULE 15.3
Psychoanalysis 547 Social and Legal Aspects
Behavior Therapy 548 of Treatment 561
Therapies That Focus on Thoughts Deinstitutionalization 561
xvi
The Duty to Protect 562 Key Terms 565
Preventing Mental Illness 564 Why Does This Matter to Me? 566
Summary 565
What’s the Evidence? Learning Fear by Mood Disorders and Suicide 599
Observation 573
IN CLOSING: Mood and Mood Disorders 600
IN CLOSING: Emotions and Avoidance 579
Summary 600
Summary 580
Key Terms 600
Key Terms 580
MODULE 16.4
Answers to Other Questions in the Module 580
Schizophrenia and Autism 601
EPILOGUE 612
REFERENCES 613
xvii
preface to the instructor
A few years ago, I was on a plane that had to turn APPROACHES, FEATURES,
around shortly after takeoff because one of its two
engines had failed. When we were told to get into AND STUDENT AIDS
crash position, the first thing I thought was, “I Many years ago, I read an educational psychology
don’t want to die yet! I was looking forward to textbook that said children with learning disabili-
writing the next edition of my textbook!” True ties and attention problems learn best from spe-
story. cific, concrete examples. I remember thinking,
I remember taking my first course in psy- “Wait a minute. I do, too! Don’t we all learn best
chology as a freshman at Duke University in from specific, concrete examples?” For this reason,
1965. Frequently, I would describe the fascinat- science classes use laboratories, to let students try
ing facts I had just learned to my roommate, demonstrations and experiments. Few introduc-
friends, relatives, or anyone else who would lis- tory psychology classes offer laboratories, but we
ten. I haven’t changed much since then. When I can nevertheless encourage students to try proce-
read about new research or think of a new ex- dures that require little or no equipment. At vari-
ample to illustrate some point, I want to tell my ous points, the text describes simple Try It Your-
wife, children, colleagues, and students. Through self exercises, such as negative afterimages,
this textbook, I can tell even more people. I hope binocular rivalry, encoding specificity, and the
my readers will share this excitement and want Stroop effect. Some of these activities are available
to tell still others. as Online Try It Yourself activities on the compan-
Ideally, a course or textbook in psychology ion website at www.cengage.com/psychology/
should accomplish two goals. The first is to instill kalat. Students who try these activities will under-
a love of learning so that our graduates will con- stand and remember the concepts far better than
tinue to update their education. Even if students if they read about them only in abstract terms. A
remembered everything they learned in this few of the online activities enable students to col-
text—and I know they won’t—their understand- lect and report their own data.
ing would gradually go out of date unless they Reading the material is good, but using it is
continue to learn about new developments. I fan- better. Researchers find that we learn more if we
tasize that some of my former students occasion- alternate between reading and testing than if we
ally read Scientific American Mind or similar spend the same amount of time reading. The Con-
publications. The second goal is to teach people cept Checks pose questions that attentive readers
skills of evaluating evidence and questioning as- should be able to answer with a little thought.
sertions, so that when they do read or hear about Students who answer correctly can feel encour-
some newly reported discovery, they will ask the aged; those who miss a question should use the
right questions and draw the appropriate conclu- feedback to reread the relevant passages.
sions (or draw no conclusion if the evidence is Education was long a very traditional field in
weak). That skill can carry over to fields other which the procedures hardly changed since the
than psychology. invention of chalk and desks. Recently, however,
Throughout this text, I have tried to model educators have been learning to use the power of
the habit of critical thinking or evaluating the evi- new technologies, and this text offers several im-
dence, particularly in the What’s the Evidence portant technological enhancements. The website
features, which describe research studies in some already mentioned includes the Online Try It
detail. I have pointed out the limitations of the Yourself exercises as well as flash cards, quizzes,
evidence and the possibilities for alternative inter- an online glossary, and links to other interesting
pretations. The goal is to help students ask their sites related to each chapter. An eBook (electronic
own questions, distinguish between good and version of the text) is available at www.ichapters.
weak evidence, and ultimately, appreciate the ex- com. In addition to the usual text material, it in-
citement of psychological inquiry. cludes links to videos, animations, and Online Try
xviii
It Yourself activities. It also includes multiple- sent or elusive. In cultures where women have
choice questions with feedback. If a student low status, males do better than females in
chooses an incorrect answer, the eBook explains mathematics, but where status is about equal,
why it was wrong and then explains the correct so is math performance. (chapter 5)
answer.
Each chapter of this text is divided into two to
• After you have learned something, such as a
vocabulary list, additional study at the same
five modules, each with its own summary. Mod- time is nearly a complete waste of time. Study
ules provide flexibility for the instructor who is much more effective if you go away from it
wishes to take sections in a different order—for for a day or so and then return to review.
example, operant conditioning before classical (chapter 7)
conditioning—or who wishes to omit a section.
Modular format also breaks up the reading assign-
• People often do not know why they made a
decision. If you ask, “Why did you choose this
ments so that a student reads one or two modules picture instead of the other one?” and then
for each class. Key terms are listed at the end of show the picture that the person didn’t choose,
each module, and a list with definitions can be the person often doesn’t recognize that you
downloaded from the website. At the end of the made a switch and confidently describes plau-
text, a combined Subject Index and Glossary pro- sible reasons for the choice. (chapter 8)
vides definitions of key terms as well as page ref-
erences for those terms and others.
• The Flynn effect is the observation that mean
IQ performance has increased from one gen-
eration to the next for several generations.
New data show a similar generational in-
crease in developmental milestones of the
WHAT’S NEW first 2 or 3 years. Because health and nutrition
IN THE NINTH EDITION seem the preeminent explanations for this
change in early development, they become
Does psychology really change fast enough to jus-
likely candidates to explain the Flynn effect,
tify a new edition of an introductory text every 3
too. (chapter 9)
years? Some areas of psychology admittedly do
not, but others do. This edition has more than 600 • If you monitor people’s brain activity while
they are about to make a “spontaneous” deci-
new references, including more than 500 from
sion to press the left or right key, you can pre-
2006 or later. The chapter on memory was sub-
dict their choice 5 to 10 seconds before they are
stantially reorganized. A few new topics have
conscious of their decision. (chapter 10)
been added, such as the Myers-Briggs and NEO-PI-
R personality tests. Many of the figures are new or • When an area shifts to daylight savings time,
people’s alertness and performance suffer for
revised. Two of the “What’s the Evidence?” sec-
a week or two. The effects are greatest for
tions are new, dealing with criminal profiling
people who were already sleep deprived, such
(chapter 13) and the problems of a before-and-
as most college students. (chapter 10)
after study without a control group (chapter 2).
Even in topics where the content has not changed • Men with higher testosterone levels are less
likely than other men to marry, and if they
much, an author always finds many small ways to
do marry, they are less likely to be faithful.
improve the presentation. Here are a few of my
(chapter 11)
favorite new studies:
• After you make a decision about anything,
• People show a slight preference for a job that
sounds similar to their own name (e.g. Larry
even something trivial, you become more
likely than before to take action on other mat-
and lawyer), as well as a place to live, em- ters instead of procrastinating. (chapter 11)
ployer, or spouse who shares their initials.
(chapter 1)
• Spending a little money on a gift for someone
else raises your happiness more than spending
• If students take a test with the instructions in that money on yourself would. (chapter 12)
red letters, or any other red mark on the test,
their scores suffer. Evidently, the red discourages
• Happiness is contagious. If your friends be-
come happier, you probably will, too, and
students by reminding them of teachers’ correc- then you may spread it to still other people.
tions on past tests and papers. (chapter 1) (chapter 12)
• If you measure how strongly various people’s
brains respond to somewhat frightening pic-
• Becoming familiar with someone does not
necessarily increase liking. You find out what
tures, you can predict their political leanings you have in common but also what you don’t
with moderate accuracy. (chapter 3) have in common, and you discover the other
• Although males and females differ on the aver- person’s flaws. (chapter 13)
age in their interests, even in early childhood,
supposed differences in abilities are either ab-
• Psychologists have long assumed that no one
would ever again replicate Milgram’s obedi-
xix
ence experiment, but J. M. Burger did, in part. PowerLecture with JoinIn and ExamView is
He asked people to deliver shocks only up to designed to facilitate an instructor’s assem-
150 volts, relieving the serious ethical prob- bly of PowerPoint® or similar demonstra-
lem of the original study. He found that peo- tions and contains lecture slides, figures and
ple obeyed authority almost as much today as tables from the text, the Instructor’s Resource
they did in the 1960s. (chapter 13) Manual and Test Bank, and Resource Integra-
• If you ask people in different countries to rate
how conscientious they are, the reports don’t
tion Guide. With PowerLecture, all of your
media resources are in one place, including
differ much from one country to another. an image library with graphics from the book
However, direct observations of conscientious itself, video clips, and more. ExamView® in-
behaviors show clear differences among coun- cludes all of the test items from the printed
tries. (chapter 14) Test Bank in electronic format and enables
• People with early-onset depression usually
have other relatives with the same or other
you to create customized tests in print or
online, and JoinIn™ Student Response Sys-
psychiatric conditions. People with late-onset tem offers instant assessment and better stu-
depression usually have relatives with blood dent results.
circulation disorders. (chapter 16) CengageNOW with Critical Thinking Vid-
• Apparently, schizophrenia can be caused by
mutations (including new mutations) in so
eos is an online self-study and assessment
system that helps students study efficiently
many different genes that no one gene will and effectively while allowing instructors to
emerge as consistently linked to schizophre- easily manage their courses. CengageNOW
nia. (chapter 16) analyzes student performance and discovers
which areas students need the most help
with. Students take a pretest, and based on
TEACHING AND LEARNING their answers, the system creates a personal-
SUPPLEMENTS ized learning plan unique to each student.
This learning plan is full of engaging peda-
You’re familiar with those television advertise- gogy that aids student understanding of core
ments that offer something, usually for $19.95, concepts in psychology. After completing the
and then say, “But wait, there’s more!” Same here. personalized learning plan, the student fol-
In addition to the text, the publisher offers many lows up with a posttest to ensure mastery of
supplements: the material. The self-study and assessment
Study Guide, revised by Mark Ludorf, pro- questions were revised for this edition by
vides learning objectives, chapter outlines, Alisha Janowsky.
other study aids, and practice test items, with Available on the website, WebTutor, and
an explanation of why each wrong answer is CengageNow for Introduction to Psychology,
wrong. It also includes a language-building 9th Edition, Online Try It Yourself exercises
component especially helpful for nonnative illustrate concepts and promote critical think-
speakers of English. ing about various topics in the text.
Test Bank, revised by Ralf Greenwald, includes
questions from the previous edition, hundreds
of new items contributed by James Kalat and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
tested in his classes, and many new ones by To begin the job of writing a textbook, a potential
Ralf Greenwald. That bank is also available in author needs self-confidence bordering on arro-
ExamView® electronic format. Many of the gance and, to complete it, the humility to accept
items have already been tested with classes at criticism of favorite ideas and carefully written
North Carolina State University, and the Test prose. A great many people provided helpful sug-
Bank indicates the percentage correct and point gestions that made this a far better text than it
biserial. Note also that the Test Bank includes a would have been without them.
special file of items that cut across chapters, During preparation of this edition, I have
intended for a comprehensive final exam. worked with three acquisition editors, Erik Evans,
Instructor’s Resource Manual, revised by Michelle Sordi, and Jane Potter. The transition
Nancy Jo Melucci, is both thorough and cre- proceeded as smoothly as I could hope, and I par-
ative. It includes suggestions for class demon- ticularly thank Jane Potter for guiding the text
strations and lecture material. It also contains through most of the process. Tali Beesley served
the author’s suggested answers to the Step as developmental editor, offering detailed sugges-
Further questions available online. tions ranging from organization of a chapter to
xx
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mon amour
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Language: French
MON AMOUR
PARIS
CALMANN-LÉVY, ÉDITEURS
3, RUE AUBER, 3
DU MÊME AUTEUR
CONTES
ROMANS
Mimnerme.
Avignon, 15 avril.
Avignon, 16 avril.
Paris, 22 avril.
23 avril.
28 avril.
2 mai.
Pons est parti avec Gaby Brewster, sa maîtresse. Bon pour une
promenade aux lacs italiens ou une dernière semaine de Biarritz !
Cette fille-là le ramènera à Paris.
On dit, chez le notaire Lavergne, que les trois quarts de la dot de
madame de Pons sont du voyage. Madame Delaunay, la mère, n’est
guère riche. Est-ce que la pauvre femme, à trente ans, se verrait
frustrée de tout ?
On ne parle que d’elle. Je ne puis penser qu’à elle.
Je souffre pour elle ; mais je ne me dissimule pas que j’éprouve
une certaine satisfaction d’avoir acquis, par cet événement public, le
droit de penser à elle, et de le dire.
3 mai.
5 mai.
6 mai.
20 mai.
21 mai.
23 mai.
Mon amour est d’une jeunesse qui m’étonne. On dirait qu’il
manque de précédent et qu’il a à inventer de toutes pièces sa tenue
et sa conduite futures. Il ne s’est pas encore exprimé, il n’a pas
attaqué ; ce n’est pas du tout l’amour qui fonce sur l’objet. Il a des
énervements et des langueurs. Tantôt il s’imagine heureux, — c’est
bien facile ! — et il est ivre ; tantôt il a la vision d’obstacles
insurmontables, qui l’épouvantent : alors il se suicide et agonise
théâtralement, sans qu’il ait éprouvé ses forces.
6 juin.
7 juin.
15 juin.
16 juin.
29 juin.
Madame de Pons m’a dit :
— Vous avez un secret. Allez-vous vous marier ?… Je suis
curieuse, vous savez !…
J’ai eu l’air si naïvement étonné qu’elle m’a dit aussitôt :
— Ah ! non, je me suis trompée ; ce n’est pas cela…
Ma gorge s’est encore fermée ; je n’ai rien ajouté, pas même un
mot sur sa gentille curiosité.
Quelquefois je regarde sa main, uniquement sa main. Je la
regarderais des heures… Est-ce que je sais seulement si elle est
jolie ? C’est sa main… Litanies ! métaphores ! épithètes même ! quels
jeux, indignes du vrai amour ! Il a peu souci de belles images celui
qui meurt du besoin de répéter qu’il aime.
2 juillet.
3 juillet.
Même jour.
4 juillet.