Journal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol. 39, No 5, pp.

1033-1042, September 2011

SOLAR COOKERS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FOOD

COOKING IN REMOTE AREAS: REVIEW
Kassem, Talal K.a, b and Youssef, M. S.a, c
Current Address: a Mechanical Engineering Department, College of
Engineering,Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 888, Saudi Arabia.
Permanent Address: b Mechanical Department, Faculty of Mechanical &
Electrical Engineering, P.O. Box 86, Damascus University, Syria.
c
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut
University, Assiut P. O. Box 71516, Egypt.
(Received August 3, 2011 Accepted September13, 2011)
Cooking is the major necessity for people all over the world. It accounts
for a major share of energy consumption in developing countries.
Therefore, solar cookers are commonly used in the domestic sector in
these countries. The advantages of the use of solar cookers would result
in the reduction of the release of CO2 in the environment. The present
work provides the different classification of solar cookers, heat transfer
mechanism of cooking, and thermal performance parameters of solar
cookers. A literature survey of the different experimental designs of the
various solar cookers as well as the different materials used in thermal
energy storage has been conducted to determine the thermal
performance parameters of each type of the solar cookers. Based on this
survey, box type solar cooker has been selected due to its simplicity of
handling and operation which coupled with vacuum tube collector.
Suitability and application of the present solar cooker system with
climate and geographic location of Taif City, Saudi Arabia will be
investigated in future research.
KEYWORDS: Solar cookers, Thermal energy storage, Vacuum tube
collector, Phase change material, Latent heat, Sensible heat.

1. INTRODUCTION
The present research project aims to investigate the feasibility of using solar cookers
for food cooking in remote areas in KSA and to provide the industrial community with
a database for important parameters and the thermal performance of such type of
cookers. The first phase of the project is concerned with reviewing the different types
and designs of solar cookers and then selecting the suitable design with climate and
geographic conditions of KSA. To meet the objectives of the project, study of the
thermal characteristics of the selected design will be addressed in the second phase of
the project.
Many methods have been developed to utilize the available solar energy for
different end uses. Solar energy is free, environmentally clean, and therefore is
recognized as one of the most promising alternative energy resources options.
Moreover, solar cooking has proved to be one of the simplest and attractive options for
solar energy utilization. Solar cooking has been introduced in 69 countries worldwide

1033
1034 Kassem, Talal K. and Youssef, M. S.

[1]. The highest numbers of cookers are in India and China, approximately 34,000 in
India, and 140,000 in China [1]. In both countries, the solar cooking programs have
been promoted by the government. Countries like Pakistan, Kenya, South-Africa, the
United States of America (USA) and Switzerland have less than 20,000 solar cookers
in each of them [1,2]. In some countries the government support solar cooking, for
example, the Indian government has offered a subsidy of 33 % on the price of solar
cookers for potential buyers. This has resulted in India being the largest marketer of
solar cookers in the world [1]. Solar cooking has many advantages such as [3]:
1- no running cost;
2- high nutritional value of the cooked food;
3- high durability.
Cooking energy in urban areas is supplied by fuels such as kerosene, liquid
petroleum gas (LPG), Natural Gas, and electrical energy [3]. While, cooking purposes
in rural/remote areas mostly use fuels like firewood, agricultural waste, and animal
dung. Particularly, in developing countries, there is a critical need for the development
of cooking methods based on solar energy. Basically there are different types and
designs of solar cookers. For each design of them different performance parameters
has been used. Therefore, the following paragraphs will be focused on some types of
solar cookers. Before reviewing the various types of solar cookers, the heat transfer
mechanism of cooking will be explained first.

2. HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM OF COOKING

Lof [4] explained the mechanism of cooking as: most of the energy required for
cooking is consumed during sensible heating period, while, less heat required for
physical and chemical changes involved in cooking. The magnitude of energy
required for a specific cooking operation is not always known and it depends on the
cooking method used (boiling type, frying, roasting). During cooking, 20 % of heat is
consumed in bringing food to boiling temperature, 35 % of heat is spent in
vaporization of water and 45 % of heat is spent in convection losses [5]. Therefore,
insulating the vessel of cooking and also using a lid can considerably reduce the heat
losses.
It should be mentioned here that the sensible heating period depends mainly on
the material you cook, in other words, once the contents of the cooking vessel have
been sensibly heated up to the cooking temperature, the speed of cooking is
independent of heat rate. This means that, the differences in time required to cook
equal quantities of food are due to different sensible heating periods.

3. TYPES OF SOLAR COOKERS

The available solar cookers are mainly classified into two groups. The first group is
solar cookers without storage and the second one is solar cookers with storage. More
details about each class will be given in the following.

3.1. Solar Cookers without Storage

Solar cookers without storage are classified into direct and indirect solar cookers
according to the heat transfer mechanism to the cooking vessel [5]. In direct type
 SOLAR COOKERS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FOOD COOKING … 1035
solar cookers, solar radiation is used directly in the cooking process, while, in the
indirect solar cookers a heat transfer fluid is used to transfer the heat from the collector
to the cooking vessel.

3.1.1 Direct Solar Cookers

Direct type cookers are box and concentrating type cookers. Many designs of each
type have proposed and tested to investigate the thermal performance parameters for
each type. A complete review for both types will be discussed in the following
paragraph.

3.1.1.1 Box Type Solar Cookers

Among the direct solar cookers, box type solar cookers are more popular due to their
simplicity of handling and operation. Different designs of box type solar cookers are
available to enhance the thermal performance of solar cooker. Cooker pot design also
helps in improving the thermal performance of the cooker.
A solar box cooker has been designed, constructed and tested by Alozie et al.
[1] to investigate its workability of cooking food in most tropical regions where the
sun's radiation is abundant. Their results show that the best time to cook with the solar
box cooker is between the hours of 11.00 am and 4:00 pm (Nigerian time) on sunny
days and is not possible to cook on cloudy or rainy days or at night unless effective
solar storage devices are incorporated.
An experimental study was conducted at Irbid city, Jordan by Al-Azab et al.
[6] to investigate the thermal performance of box type solar cooker with two different
cooking pots (finned and un-finned pots). The box-type solar cooker of Al-Azab et al.
is illustrated in Fig. 1. Al-Azab and his coworkers found that the maximum
temperature was reached 90 oC and 98 oC in un-finned and finned pots, respectively.
Moreover, they found that the cooker efficiency can reach 45 % for finned pot and 40
% for un-finned pot.

Fig. 1. Box-type solar cooker designed by Al-Azab et al. [6].

Guar et al. [7] designed and fabricated the pot lid in concave shape and carried
out water heating test and stagnation test with conventional pot lid and concave shaped
lid. They observed that heating time is 15-20 min less in the cooker having pot with
concave shaped lid. Also, the stagnation temperature of the cooker with the concave
1036 Kassem, Talal K. and Youssef, M. S.

shaped lid was greater than the stagnation temperature with the conventional lid by 3 –
7 oC.
A comparative experimental study of a box type solar cooker with two
different cooking vessels has been carried out by Harmim et al. [8]. The first cooking
vessel was conventional and the second one was identical to the first in shape and
volume but its external lateral surface provided with fins. The box type solar cooker
used by Harmim et al. [8] was of double glazed bottom which allows the absorber to
receive solar radiation on its lower side with the help of a parabolic reflector displaced
under the cooker. In addition, on its upper side, the absorber was exposed to solar
radiation from two glass mirrors hinged to the frame of the upper side of the cooker.
The experimental setup of the double exposure solar cooker and the cooking vessels
used by Harmim et al. [8] are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. It was experimentally
concluded that cooking time can be reduced by using a finned cooking vessel. This
reduction is consistent with the increase of the heat transfer surface area by fins
attached to the external surface of the cooking vessel.

Fig. 2. A photograph of the experimental setup of the double exposure solar cooker of
Harmim et al. [8].

Fig. 3. A photograph of the cooking vessels used by Harmim et al. [8]

 SOLAR COOKERS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FOOD COOKING … 1037
In most recent review article for box type solar cookers, some of the
performance parameters and the related test procedures have been reviewed by Lahkar
and Samdarshi [9]. They reported that most of the existing performance parameters
are largely climate independent and can provide the information about the gradable
performance value of the cookers.
Summarizing what is reviewed, one could conclude that, the temperature
around 100 oC is achieved in this type of cookers. This range of temperature is suitable
for cooking by boiling. The use of a box type solar cooker is limited because cooking
of food is not possible due to frequent clouds in the day and in the evening.

3.1.1.2 Concentrating Type Solar Cookers

In the concentrating solar cookers, the cooking vessel is placed at the focal of a
concentrating mirror. According to the mode of concentration of energy, i.e.
concentrate light from above or concentrate light from below, there are several designs
developed for such type of cookers. The various types of concentrating type cookers
are shown in Fig. 4 [5]. Arenas [10] designed, developed and tested a new portable
solar kitchen with a large, parabolic solar reflector that folds up into a small volume.
Arenas concluded that his solar kitchen provides a portable, inexpensive, and
environmentally friendly food heating system.
Concerning the concentrating solar cookers, one may add, such type of cookers
works on one or two axis tracking with a concentration ratio up to 50 and temperature
up to 300 oC, which is suitable for cooking. Advantages of concentrating cookers
include high cooking temperatures, and correspondingly, cooking any types of food
and short heat-up times. While, disadvantages are their size, cost, the risk of fires and
burns and the inconvenience to adjust the cooker to track the sun [5].

(a) Panel cooker (b) Spherical reflector

(c) Parabolic reflector

Fig. 4. Concentrating type cookers [5]
1038 Kassem, Talal K. and Youssef, M. S.

3. 1. 2 Indirect Solar Cookers

In indirect type solar cookers, the cooking vessel is physically displaced from the
collector and correspondingly a heat-transferring medium is required to convey the
heat from the collector to the cooking vessel. Three types are categorized under
indirect solar cookers, namely; flat plate collector, evacuated tube collector, and
concentrating type collector.

3.1.2.1 Flat Plate Collector Solar Cookers

A new flat plate collector solar cooker with one plastic and one glass cover was
designed and tested by Schwarzer et al. [11] to study its performance. Figure 5 shows
a photograph of the new solar cooker. The preliminary experimental results of
Schwarzer and his coworkers showed an increase from 0.35 to approximately 0.4 in the
sensible efficiency of the solar collector. Advantages of this cooker are possibility of
fast cooking, large vessel cooking volumes and the possibility of indoor cooking [5].
While, the main disadvantage of flat plate collector solar cookers is non-removable
vessels which makes cleaning food difficult.

Fig. 5. A photograph of the new flat plate collector solar cooker used by Schwarzer et
al. [11].

3.1.2.2 Evacuated Tube Collector Solar Cookers

Solar cooking system based on evacuated tube solar collector has more advantages
than box type or concentrator cookers. This system provides high thermal power and
temperatures without tracking and allows cooking in the shadow.
Kumar et al. [12] designed a solar pressure cooker based on evacuated tube
solar collector. Their system consists of an evacuated tubular solar collector and a
pressure cooker which both units are coupled together by heat exchanger. The heat
transfer mechanism in Kumar et al.'s system may be explained as: when the incident
solar radiation falls onto the collector tubes heats up the working fluid inside these
tubes. Correspondingly, the vaporized fluid rises upwards to the heat exchanger and
conveys energy by condensation to the water flowing in the secondary loop of the heat
exchanger. The condensed working fluid returns back to the collector tubes and the
process of heat transfer repeats. In such system, it is observed that, the heat is supplied
at higher temperature than normal flat plate collector.
A solar cooking system using vacuum-tube collectors with heat pipes
containing a refrigerant as working medium has been fabricated and its performance
 SOLAR COOKERS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FOOD COOKING … 1039
has been analyzed experimentally by Esen [13]. The system mainly consists of three
main components, namely, collector, heat pipes, oven section. The collector is made
up of six evacuated double-wall (concentric) glass tubes mounted on parabolic
concentrating chrome-nickel reflectors. Freon 22, Freon 134a, and Freon 407C were
used as working fluids in heat pipes. Figure 6 shows side-view of the solar cooker of
an evacuated collector tube with integrated heat pipe used by Esen [13]. Esen
demonstrated that cooking times between 27 and 70 min as well as short heat-up times
can be obtained with the system used. Nevertheless, the cooking time depends not only
on meteorological conditions, but also on the thermophysical properties of the
refrigerant used in the heat pipes.

Fig. 6. Side-view of the solar cooker of an evacuated collector tube constructed by

Esen [13].

3.1.2.3 Concentrating-type Collector Solar Cookers

In this type of collector either parabolic or spherical shape is used to concentrate the
solar radiation. There is a successful solar steam cooking using parabolic
concentrators at Tirumala Turupathi Devasthanam in India and solar steam cooking
using spherical reflectors at Auroville in Pondichery, India [5]. The first one is
considered the world's largest steam cooking system in which generates steam for
cooking up to 30,000 meals daily. Regarding the second cooking system at Auroville,
the solar bowl is 15 m in diameter and 7 m above the ground level. The solar radiation
trapped by a hemispherical mirror focuses on a cylindrical boiler in which generates
steam at 150 oC for cooking meals for 1000 people.

3.2 Solar Cookers with Storage

Cooking outdoors and impossibility of cooking food in late evening hours are the main
problems associated with solar cooking systems. Therefore, thermal energy storage is
essentially needed to increase the utility and reliability of the solar cookers. Phase
1040 Kassem, Talal K. and Youssef, M. S.

change materials (PCM) are materials absorb energy during the heating process as
phase change takes place and release energy to the environment in the phase change
range during a reverse cooling process. There are three methods for storing thermal
energy, namely; latent, sensible, and thermo-chemical heat or cold storage [3]. More
details about latent and sensible heat storage materials will be discussed separately in
the following paragraphs.

3.2.1 Solar Cookers with Latent Heat Storage Materials

The thermal performance of a prototype solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar
collector with phase change material (PCM) storage unit has been investigated by
Sharma et al. [14] at Mie, Japan. The PCM storage unit was consisted of two hollow
concentric aluminum cylinders in which the space between cylinders was filled with 45
kg commercial grade erythritol, C4H10O4 (melting point 118 oC) as a storage medium.
Sketch of the solar cooker system used by Sharma et al. [14] is outlined in Fig. 7.
Sharma and his coworkers observed that noon cooking did not affect the evening
cooking, and evening cooking using PCM heat storage was found to be faster than
noon cooking.

Fig. 7. Outline of the prototype solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar collector
with PCM storage unit used by Sharma et al. [14].

Buddhi et al. [15] tested acetanilide as a PCM with a melting point of 118.9 oC
for night cooking in a box type cooker with three reflectors. Acetanilide was filled in
the cylindrical storage unit and it was reported that by using 4.0 kg of acetanilide, food
could be cooked up to 8:00 PM.

3.2.2 Solar Cookers with Sensible Heat Storage Materials

In sensible heat storage, thermal energy is stored by raising the temperature of a solid
or liquid. Ramadan et al. [16] designed a simple flat-plate solar cooker with focusing
 SOLAR COOKERS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR FOOD COOKING … 1041
plane mirrors and energy storage capabilities constructed by the locally available
materials in Tanta University, Egypt. They used a jacket of sand around the cooking
vessel as heat storage material to improve the cooker performance. Overall energy
conversion efficiency up to 28 % has been obtained by Ramadan and his coworkers
which was considered the best among other solar cookers in the literature. They also
suggested a jacket of salt hydrate Ba(OH)2.8H2O around the cooking vessel as storage
medium to obtain longer cooking periods.

4. CONCLUSIONS
Box-type solar cooker has been adopted for the present research due to its simplicity of
handling and operation. This solar system is coupled with vacuum-tube collector and
integrated with thermal storage material (copper) to overcome the problems associated
with the conventional box-type solar cookers. Feasibility of using such type of cooker
under climate and geographic location of Taif City, Saudi Arabia will be investigated
in the second phase of this research project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is conducted as a part of the research project entitled “Application of Solar
Cookers for Food Cooking in Remote Areas in KSA”, initiated by Taif University,
Saudi Arabia under a contract NO. 1-432-1261. The University is highly
acknowledged for the financial support.

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2. Solar Cookers International U. S. A. Newsletter online, The Solar Cooking
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heat storage systems: a review" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.
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:‫اﻷﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ وأﺴﺘﺨداﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ طﻬﻲ اﻝطﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫دراﺴــــــــﺔ ﻤرﺠـﻌـﻴــــﺔ‬
‫ إذ ﻴﻌﺘﺒر اﻝﻘﺎﺴم اﻷﻋظم ﻹﺴﺘﻬﻼك اﻝطﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻰ‬،‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر طﻬﻰ اﻝطﻌﺎم ﻤن أﻫم ﻀرورﻴﺎت اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻝﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﺒﺸر‬
‫ وﻝﻬذا ﺘﻌﺘﺒر اﻻﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻝوﺴﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﻜﺜر ﺸﻴوﻋﺎ ﻓﻰ طﻬﻰ اﻝطﻌﺎم ﻝدى اﻝﻘطﺎع اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻫذﻩ‬.‫اﻝدول اﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻤن أﻫم ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴز اﻷﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ أﻨﻬﺎ ﺼدﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل إﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﺎت ﻏﺎز ﺜﺎﻨﻰ أﻜﺴﻴد‬.‫اﻝﺒﻠدان‬
‫ أﺴﻠوب إﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﺤ اررة أﺜﻨﺎء اﻝطﻬﻰ وﻜذﻝك‬، ‫ﻴﻘدم ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻸﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬ .‫اﻝﻜرﺒون‬
‫ﺘم ﻓﻰ ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋﻤل ﻤﺴﺢ ﻤرﺠﻌﻰ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻝﻸﺒﺤﺎث‬ .‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴرات اﻷداء اﻝﺤرارى ﻝﻸﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﺸورة ﻝﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻸﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻜذﻝك اﻝﻤواد اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨزﻴن‬
‫ ﺒﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺴﺢ‬.‫اﻝطﺎﻗﺔ اﻝﺤ اررﻴﺔ وذﻝك ﺒﻘﺼد ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤﺘﻐﻴرات اﻷداء اﻝﺤرارى ﻝﻜل ﻨوع ﻤن اﻻﻓران اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘم أﺨﺘﻴﺎر ﻓرن ﺸﻤﺴﻰ ﺼﻨدوﻗﻰ اﻝﺸﻜل ﻝﺒﺴﺎطﺔ اﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل واﻝﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺒﺤﻴث ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺸﻤﺴﻰ ﻤن اﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴب‬
‫ ﻤدى ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ وﺘطﺒﻴق ﻋﻤل ﺠﻬﺎز اﻝﻔرن اﻝﺸﻤﺴﻰ اﻝﻤﻘﺘرح ﻓﻰ ظل اﻝظروف اﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ واﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ‬.‫اﻝﻤﻔرﻏﺔ‬
. ‫اﻝطﺎﺌف ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺴﻌودﻴﺔ ﺴوف ﻴﺘرك ﻝﻠﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﻘﺎدﻤﺔ ﻝﻬذا اﻝﻤﺸروع‬