Math 2nd Quarter Reviewer

Polynomials
Parts of a polynomial: Difference between monomial and polynomial:

Identifying the leading term, leading coefficient, and the degree of a polynomial:

7x³-2x²+3x+4
Definitions Examples
Leading term- the term with the highest 7x³
degree/exponent
Leading coefficient- the coefficient of the 7
leading term
degree of a polynomial- exponent (degree) of 3
the leading term
The following are not polynomials:
negative exponent
variable inside a radical symbol
fractional exponent
variable in the denominator
variable exponent (the exponent is x)

POLYNOMIAL OR NOT?
-the shaded ones are polynomial

Long Division of Polynomials

Long Division Method is a method of dividing large numbers, algebraic expressions, and
decimals by breaking them into smaller numbers at every step.
Parts:
 Long Division of Polynomials
Steps:
1. Arrange the terms in both the divisor and the dividend in
descending order.

2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of

the divisor to get the first term of the quotient.

3. Multiply the divisor by the first term of the quotient and

subtract the product from the dividend.

4. Using the remainder, repeat the process, thus finding the

second term of the quotient.

5. Continue the process until the remainder is zero or the

remainder is of a lower degree than the divisor.
if there is a remainder, write it in fraction form with the remainder in the numerator (taas)
and the divisor in the denominator (baba). Then, write it alongside the quotient with the sign
of the remainder.
Example:

Here, 19 is the remainder and it is positive. So, it will be

written like this:

4x+13+ 19/x-2
divisor
sign ng remainder remainder
(positive)

Synthetic Division
Synthetic division can be defined as a simplified way of dividing a polynomial with another
polynomial equation of degree 1 and is generally used to find the zeroes of polynomials.
Parts/ contents and process of synthetic division:

dividend divisor

Quotient:

Steps:
1. Arrange the coefficients of the dividend in descending powers of x, placing zeros for the missing
terms.

2. The top row contains the coefficients of the dividend in descending power of x. On the leftmost
separated by an inverted L-shape put the value indicator (value of c in x – c found in the divisor)

3. Bring down the leading coefficient below the line. This will be the leading coefficient of the
quotient.

4. Multiply the number below the line to the value indicator. Place the product below the
coefficient of the next term of the dividend. Add the two that would be the next coefficient of the
quotient.

5. Repeat step 4 until the last number below the line is obtained

6. Write the quotient. The quotient is one degree lower than the dividend. The last number in the
quotient side is the remainder.
 Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x-c, where c is a real number, then the remainder is P(c).
Proof:
P(x)=(x-c)·Q(x)+R
P(c)=(c-c)·Q(c)+R
P(c)=0·Q(c)+R
P(c)=R
Hence, the remainder R is equal to P(c).

How did they get the value of x?

They got the value of x after getting the root of the divisor which is x-2.
Here’s how you get the root:
Let’s use the divisor above for example.
First, equate the divisor sa 0. It will be like this.
x-2=0
Second, transpose the constant which is -2 to the other side of the equation.
x-2=0
constant

x-2=0
!!Remember, tuwing magta-transpose tayo, magbabago lagi ang sign ng ililipat natin. At
dahil negative yung 2, magiging positive ito kapag trinanspose na.
x=0+2
x=2
After nating makuha yung root, isa-substitute na natin ito sa value ng x sa equation. Which
is how -12 yung remainder o yung nakuhang sagot dito.

Factor Theorem
The polynomial x-c is a factor of the polynomial P(x) if and only if P(c)=0.
Ginagamit ito para malaman kung ano yung mga factor ng equation. Pwede mo rin i-check dito if
yung binomial (example: x+2, x-1, x+4) na given ay factor ba ng function. Malalaman mo lang ito
kapag naging 0 yung sagot mo.
Same process lang din sa remainder theorem kapag may given na polynomial pero pwede mo
ring gamitin yung synthetic division if mas nadadalian ka ron.
Examples:
using synthetic division:

Rational Root Theorem

The rational root theorem, as its name suggests, is used to find the rational solutions of a
polynomial equation (or zeros or roots of a polynomial function). The solutions derived
at the end of any polynomial equation are known as roots or zeros of polynomials.
The rational root theorem is also known as the rational zero theorem (or) the rational
zero test (or) rational test theorem and is used to determine the rational roots of a
polynomial function.

Wherein:
p- factors of the last term/ constant term (walang variable or yung x)
q- factors of the first term/ leading coefficient
Listing Possible Rational Zeros Using Rational Root Theorem
Example:
f(x) = 2x⁴-5x³-4x²+15x-6
Steps:
Step - 1: Identify the constant and find its factors (both positive and negative). These factors
would give the possible values of p.
Here, the constant is -6 and its factors are, p = ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, and ± 6.

Step - 2: Identify the leading coefficient and find its factors (both positive and negative).
These factors would give the possible values of q.
Here, the constant is 2 and its factors are, q = ± 1 and ± 2.

Step - 3: Find each possible value of p/q (find all combinations by dividing every value of p by
every value of q) in the simplest form.

When q = ± 1, p/q = ±1/±1, ± 2/±1, ± 3/±1, ± 6/±1 = ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.

When q = ± 2, p/q = ±1/±2, ± 2/±2, ± 3/±2, ± 6/±2 = ± 1/2, ± 1, ±3/2 , ± 3.

Step - 4: List all the possible rational zeros from Step 3 by removing the duplicates.
Then the list of all possible rational zeros of f(x) = 2x4 - 5x3 - 4x2 + 15 x - 6 are ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ±
1/2, and ± 3/2.

Finding All Zeros Using Rational Root Theorem

Yung nakuha nating list ng possible roots, hindi pa yon yung sagot. Mahahanap natin yung
zeros/solutions/roots with the use of the formula na ginagamit sa remainder theorem. Ang
gagawin natin, isa-substitute natin yung mga possible roots na nakuha natin sa x.
Kapag 0 ang kinalabasan, meaning non ay yun yung root/zero/solution ng function.
!!!Magkahiwalay na sino-solve ang positive ang negative.
Examples:
x=1 x=-1
f(x) = 2x⁴-5x³-4x²+15x-6 f(x) = 2x⁴-5x³-4x²+15x-6
f(x) = 2(1)⁴-5(1)³-4(1)²+15(1)-6 f(x) = 2(-1)⁴-5(-1)³-4(-1)²+15(-1)-6
f(x) = 2(1)-5(1)-4(1)+15(1)-6 f(x) = 2(1)-5(-1)-4(1)+15(-1)-6
f(x) = 2-5-4+15-6 f(x) = 2+5-4-15-6
f(x)=2 f(x) = -18
(not a root/ solution of the function) (not a root/ solution of the function)
x=-2 x=2
f(x) = 2x⁴-5x³-4x²+15x-6 f(x) = 2x⁴-5x³-4x²+15x-6
f(x) = 2(-2)⁴-5(-2)³-4(-2)²+15(-2)-6 f(x) = 2(2)⁴-5(2)³-4(2)²+15(2)-6
f(x) = 2(16)-5(-8)-4(4)+15(-2)-6 f(x) = 2(16)-5(8)-4(4)+15(2)-6
f(x) = 32+40-16-30-6 f(x) = 32-40-16+30-6
f(x)=20 f(x)=0
(not a root/ solution of the function) Because f(x)=0, x=2 is a solution.
Ngayong nakahanap na tayo ng solution/zero/root, pwede na nating gawin yung synthetic
division para mapadali yung paghahanap natin ng mga factor and root.

-5 -4 15 -6
4 -2 -12 6

-1 -6 3 0
depressed polynomial: 2x³-x²-6x+3
Now, factor the depressed polynomial to find the other factors. Repeat the process from
synthetic division if needed.
The number of total roots that we must get are based on the degree of the polynomial.
Since the degree of the polynomial in the example is 4, the total number of roots should
also be 4.

Polynomial Equation
The roots of the polynomial equations can be determined by using:
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Zero-Product Property
Synthetic division
Depressed Equation
Remainder and Factor Theorem
Rational Root Theorem and other factoring techniques
 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
states tha if P(x) is polynomial equation of degree n and with real coefficients then it has
at most n roots.
Example: The polynomial equation is 7x³-2x²+3x+4. The degree of the polynomial is 3 since
it is the highest degree in the equation and this theorem explains that the polynomial
also has 3 roots.

The Zero Product Property

states that if the product of two factors is zero, then at least one of the factors must be
zero. If (a)(b)=0, then either a=0 or b=0, or both.

Root of Multiplicity n
refers to a root which occurs n times. If a root occurs twice, the root is called a root of
multiplicity 2, and so on.
Example:

You need to apply the zero product property first and then followed by its multiplicity.

Graphing Polynomial Functions

cartesian plane- two-dimensional coordinate
system that uses a pair of perpendicular lines to
map points on a plane
y-axis- The vertical line that extends indefinitely
x-axis- horizontal line that extends indefinitely
x-intercept- one of the values in the domain and
intersects the x-axis. wherein the value of y is
always 0.
y-intercept- one of the vales in the range and
intersects the y-axis. wherein the value of x is
always 0.
point of origin- point where the x-axis and y-axis
meet, with coordinates (0, 0)

Steps in Graphing Polynomial:

1. Write the function in factored form. Identify the roots/zeros and the y- intercept of the
polynomial function.

2. Arrange the zeros (ascending order) on the table of values.

3. Complete the table of values.

4. Determine the end behavior of the graph.

5. Plot the points and join with a smooth continuous curve.

6. Sketch the graph.

y-intercept:
y= (x-1)(x+2)(x-2)
y= (0-1)(0+2)(0-2)
y= (-1)(+2)(-2)
y= 4
point on the graph: (0,4)

table of values:
-2 0 1 2
0 4 0 0