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The document discusses the Nationalist Movement in Indochina, focusing on Vietnam's struggle against French colonial rule and the subsequent U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. It covers various aspects such as the division of Vietnam, the role of women, educational policies, and significant uprisings like the Scholar's Revolt. Additionally, it highlights the impact of events like the Geneva peace negotiations and the Ho Chi Minh Trail on the conflict.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views16 pages

Selfstudys Com File

The document discusses the Nationalist Movement in Indochina, focusing on Vietnam's struggle against French colonial rule and the subsequent U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. It covers various aspects such as the division of Vietnam, the role of women, educational policies, and significant uprisings like the Scholar's Revolt. Additionally, it highlights the impact of events like the Geneva peace negotiations and the Ho Chi Minh Trail on the conflict.

Uploaded by

ekambehl64
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Nationalist Movement in INDO-CHINA

2016

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
What was the result of the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat in
Vietnam?
Answer:
At the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat in Vietnam the
Vietnamese were forced to accept the division of the country into North and South Vietnam.

Question 2.
Name the writer who wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters.
Answer:
Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters in 1913.

Question 3.

What were the two bases of colonial economy in Vietnam?


Answer:
The two bases of coldriial economy in Vietnam were rice cultivation and rubber plantation.

Question 4.
Who were called colons in Vietnam?
Answer:
French people living in Vietnam were called colons.

Question 5.
What was main aim of the Scholar’s Revolt of 1868?
Answer:
The main aim of the Scholar’s Revolt of 1868 was to oppose the spread of Catholicism and
to uproot French power.

Question 6.
Name the writer who wrote a play based on the lives of the TVung sisters.
Answer:
Refer to answer 2

Question 7.
What was the main aim to establish Tonkin Free School in Vietnam by French?
Answer:
The Tonkin Froe School was started in 1907 to provide western-style education. The school
encouraged the adoption of western styles.
Question 8.
Name the writer who wrote the book The History of the Loss of Vietnam.
Answer:
Phan Boi Chau wrote the book The History of the Loss of Vietnam.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 9.
How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to
fight against the French? Analyse.
Answer:
Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of the society in the
following ways.

Many religious movements from the 18th century were hostile to western presence. An
early movement against French control and spread of Christianity was the Scholars
Revolt of 1868, led by the officials of the imperial court.
In the late 19th century, the resistance to French domination was led by Chu Trinh
(1867-1940), an eminent nationalist. He was the major figure in anti-colonial resistance
and formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi). Another revolutionary was Phan
Chu Trinh, who was hostile to monarchy and opposed the idea of resisting the French
with the help of the court. His desire was to establish a democratic republic.
‘Go East Movement’ became popular in the early 20th century. The main objective was
to overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty, that had been
deposed by the French. These nationalists wanted foreign help and arms and appealed
to the Japanese as fellow Asians. Developments in China inspired the Vietnamese.

China became a republic in 1911. Inspired by these, the Vietnamese students


organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.

Question 10.
‘The Ho Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against the US.’
Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a usual way in which the Vietnamese, with limited resources,
fought the war against the US, who had the advantage of advanced technology.

The Vietnamese Trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads which moved
through Laos and Cambodia, i.e. from north to south. Most part of the trail was outside
Vietnam, neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending to South
Vietnam.
There were support bases and hospitals along the trail for soldiers to get rest and
medical services.
Along the trail, supplies were transported in trucks and in some parts porters, mainly
women, carried the cargo on their backs or on bicycles. The US regularly bombed this
trail to disrupt supplies but the damage was repaired very quickly.
Question 11.
‘French tried to solve educational problems in Vietnam in different ways.’ Support the
statement.
Answer:
The French tried to solve the educational problems in Vietnam in different ways.

The French systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and


established French schools, glorifying themselves and justifying their colonial rule.
However, not all teachers and students blindly follow the new curriculum and
sometimes even resisted them.
The French needed an educated labour force but they feared that education would
create a problem. Once educated, the Vietnamese would question colonial domination
and French citizens in Vietnam might lose their jobs.
French opened schools like Tonkin Free School to spread western-style education.
Subjects included science, hygiene and French and the schools encouraged western
style such as short haircuts.
Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 12.
‘US entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnam as well
as to the Americans.’ Analyse the statement.
Answer:
US entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnam as well
as to the Americans. The statement can be analysed giving the following reasons.

From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 United States services personnel served ‘ in
Vietnam. Even though United States had the advanced technology and medical
supplies, casualties were very high. About 47,244 died in battle and many were listed
as disabled.
Thousands of United States troops arrived with heavy weapons and tanks, and backed
by powerful bombers—B52s. The widespread use of chemical weapons—Napalm,
Agent Orange and phosphorous bombs—destroyed many villages and jungles.

Civilians died in large numbers.


The effect of the war was felt within the United States as well. Many were against the
war and critical of the government for getting involved in the war, which was
indefensible.
The anger spread in the United States, when youth were recruited for the war.
Compulsory service in the armed forces could be waived for university graduates. It
meant that those Americans, who were sent to-fight the war, did not belong to the
privileged elite but were minorities and children of working-class families.
The United States media and films played a major role in criticising the war. John Ford
Coppola’s Apocalypse Now showed the moral confusion that the war had caused in the
United States.
Question 13.
‘The peace negotiations in Geneva followed the division of Vietnam that set inmotion a series
of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield.’ Analyse the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The peace negotiations in Geneva followed the division of Vietnam that set in motion a
series of events that turned Vietnam into a Battlefield. This statement can be analysed giving
the following arguments.

At the Geneva convention held in 1954, after the defeat of France, Vietnamese were
persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam into North and South Vietnam. This
division gave birth to a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield of death
and destruction.
North Vietnam was led by Ho Chi Minh and the communists whereas South Vietnam
was under Bao Dai, who Was later overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone opposing the regime
was called a communist and was put into jail and killed.
Diem retained a French law, Ordinance 10, that permitted Christianity but outlawed
Buddhism. His dictatorial rule was opposed and the people united under the banner of
National Liberation Front (NLF).
With the support of Ho Chi Minh’s government, the NLF fought for the unification of the
country. The US government feared the alliance. It was worried about the communist
gaining power, decided to intervene, sending in troops and arms.

Question 14.
‘Women were represented as warriors as well as workers in Vietnam in the 1960s.’ Analyse
the statement with examples.
Answer:
Women played an important role in Vietnam, as warriors as well as workers in the 1960s,
during their struggle against the US.

During the anti-imperialist struggle against the US, women, whether young or old,
played an important role. They were brave fighters. They formed women militia and
shot down fighter planes.
Stories have shown women as dedicated workers. They had rifle in one hand and
hammer in the other. Nguyen Thi Xuan was reported to have shot down a jet with just
20 bullets.
Besides being warriors, women managed other works also. They helped in nursing the
wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy.
The women volunteers protected 2195 km long Ho Chin Minh Hail and guarded 2500
key points.

They built six airstrips, neutralised tens of thousands of bombs, transported cargo,
weapons and food and shot down fifteen planes. There were about 1.5 million women
in regular army, the militia, local forces and professional teams
2015

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 15.
How was the maritime silk route useful for Vietnam?
Answer:
The maritime silk route was useful for Vietnam as it brought in goods, people and new ideas.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of concentration camps?
Answer:
Concentration camps were the prisons where people were detained without due process of
law. In these camps, prisoners were tortured and given brutal treatment.

Question 17.
Why were Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces called the electrical fuses of Vietnam?
Answer:
These two provinces were called the electrical fuses of Vietnam because besides being the
poorest, these provinces were the first to blow, when the system was under pressure.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 18.
Describe the major protest that erupted in Saigon Native Girls School in 1926, in Vietnam.
Answer:
In 1926, in the Saigon Native Girls School, a Vietnamese girl, sitting in one of the front seats,
was asked to move to the back seat of the class and give her front seat to a local French
student.
The Vietnamese girl refused to do so. The French principal expelled the Vietnamese girl and
the other students who supported this. This led to a protest by other Vietnamese students
who were angry at the discrimination. The widespread protests compelled school authorities
to take back all students to the school.

Question 19.
How did Paul Bernard argue in favour of economic development of Vietnam? Explain.
Answer:
Paul Bernard, an influential writer and policy-maker argued in favour of economic
development of Vietnam in the following ways. According to him:

The economy of the colonies needed to be developed. The purpose of acquiring


colonies was to make profits.
If the economy of the colony was developed and the standard of living of the people
improved, they would buy more goods leading to more profits. the market would
expand leading to better profit for French business

Question 20.
How was the eduction policy unfavourable to the Vietnamese students during the colonial
period? Explain.
Answer:
During the colonial period, educational policy was unfavourable to Vietnamese students in
the following ways.

The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide western style education
including science, hygiene and French. It encouraged western styles like having short
haircuts. It was against Vietnamese culture as they traditionally kept long hair.
School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule that was unacceptable
to the Vietnamese.
The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward and capable only of
manual labour.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 21.
Describe the major problems in the field of education for the French in Vietnam.
Answer:
The following were the main problems in the field of education for the French in Vietnam.

The main problem was to decide how far should the Vietnamese be educated because
the French, living in Vietnam, were scared that they might lose their jobs to the
educated Vietnamese.
The elites in Vietnam were greatly influenced by Chinese culture. To consolidate their
power, the French had to counter the Chinese influence. So they systematically
dismantled traditional system and established a French school for the Vietnamese.
The main problem for the French was thus to come out with a strategy to replace
Chinese, the language used by elite, by another language acceptable to the
Vietnamese.
There were two broad opinions. While one group emphasised the need to use the
French language, the other group suggested that Vietnamese should be taught in
lower classes and the French in higher classes.
The first group felt that by learning French the Vietnamese would be introduced to the
culture and civilization of France and would be solidly tied to European France. The
Vietnamese educated in French would respect French sentiments and ideals and
realise the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

Question 22.
Describe the ‘Rat Hunt’ activity introduced by the French in Vietnam.
Answer:

In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague caused and spread by
rats.
The large sewers in the; modern part of Hanoi became the breeding ground for the rats
and also acted as a great transport system allowing the rats to move freely and enter
well-cared-for homes through drains.
To stem the invasion of rats, the French in 1902 hired Vietnamese workers and paid
them for each rat they caught.
Rats began to be caught in thousands but there was no end to rat invasions. The
Vietnamese now started a collective bargaining. Those who did the dirty job of entering
sewers, realised that if they came together they could negotiate higher bounty. They
discovered innovative ways for making profit. Since they were paid when they gave the
tail of a rat as a proof they started dipping the tail of the rats and releasing them, so that
the process could be repeated over and over again. Defeated by the resistance, the
French were forced to scrap the rat hunt programme.

Question 23.
Describe the Scholar’s Rovolt of 1868 against the spread of Christianity in Vietnam.
Answer:
The following points describe the Scholar’s Revolt of 1868 against the spread of Christianity
in Vietnam.

The Scholar’s Revolt was organised by the Vietnamese in 1868 against the French
control and the spread of Christianity.
It was led by officials at the imperial court who were against the spread of Catholicism
by the French.
They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where many Cathloics
were killed.
The French crushed the movement.
However the uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against the French.

Question 24.
Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of Mekong Delta Region.
Answer:
The following were the five steps taken by the French for the development of Mekong Delta
Region.

The French built canals and draining lands to increase cultivation. The vast system of
irrigation increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to international
market. Eventually Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
The French organised various infrastructure projects to help to transport goods for
trade.
They moved military garrisons to control the entire region.
Trans-Indo-China rail network was constructed to link the northern and southern parts
of Vietnam and China.
They pressurised the government in Vietnam to develop the infrastructure further.

Question 25.
‘The role of women varied in the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam.’ Examine the
statement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

2014

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 26.

Why did major protest erupt in 1926 in the Saigon Native Girls School in Vietnam? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 18
Question 27.

How did the students in Vietnam fight against colonial government efforts to prevent
Vietnamese from qualifying for ‘white-collar jobs’? Explain.
Answer:
The students in Vietnam fight against colonial government efforts to prevent Vietnamese
from qualifying for ‘white-collar jobs’ as the

students all over Vietnam protested and resisted French efforts to prevent Svhite-collar’
jobs to the Vietnamese. They were inspired by patriotic feelings among educated
students, who were convinced that is was their duty to fight for the benefit of the
people.
the Vietnamese elite and French saw that their position was threatened by the new
educated Vietnamese students.
Vietnamese students, by 1920, were forming political parties such as Party of Young
Annan and publishing nationalist journals such as Annanese student.

Question 28.
Explain the ideas of Phan Chu Trinh to establish a democratic republic in Vietnam
Answer:
The following were the ideas of Phan Chu Trinh to establish a democratic republic in
Vietnam.

He was intensely hostile to the idea of monarchy and opposed to the idea of taking
help from the court to resist the French.
He was profoundly influenced by the democratic ideals of the West and did not want a
complete rejection of Western Civilisation.
He accepted the ideal of liberty and demanded that the French should establish legal
and educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 29.
‘The measures taken by the French to control the spread of bubonic plague in Hanoi created
a serious problem.’ Explain the statement.
Answer:
The measures taken by the French to control the spread of bubonic plague in Hanoi created
a serious problem. This statement can be explained in the following ways.

To prevent the rat invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902. Vietnamese workers were
employed by the French and paid them for each rat killed.
Since thousands of rats were to be caught, the situation went out of hand.
Those who entered the sewers, found if they came together, they would get a higher
bounty. The bounty was given when the tail was shown as a proof, that the rat has
been killed.
The rat-catchers clipped the tail of the rat and released it. The process could be
repeated. Some people even started raising rats to get a bounty.
Ultimately the French had to cancel the bounty programme. Rat hunt had created a
serious problem. The bubonic plague swept through the area in 1903 and in
subsequent years.

Question 30.
Explain with examples how religious groups played an important role in the development of
anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.
Answer:
Religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial feelings in
Vietnam.

Scholars Revolt: An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French
control was the Scholar’s Revolt in 1868. It was led by the officials of the imperial court
who were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. They led a general
uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.
Vietnamese organisers of this movement were angry because from 17th to 18th
century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the French.
Although the French crushed the movement, it had great impact on the Vietnamese.
Hoa Hao Movement: The movement began in 1939 in the fertile Mekong delta and
gained a lot of popularity. This movement used popular religious ideas in the anti-
French uprisings of the 19th century. Hoa Hao Movement was started by Huynh Phu
So. He performed miracles and helped the poor. He was opposed to the sale of child
brides, gambling, use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the
movement.Movements like this always have a contradictory relationship with
mainstream nationalism. Political parties took their support but disliked their activities.
Yet they helped in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 31.
‘Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers in Vietnam.’Support the
statement with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

2013

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 32.
Explain any three steps taken by the French to develop cultivation in Mekong delta.
Answer:
Refer to answer 24

Question 33.
Explain the contribution of Ho Chi Minh in the freedom movement of Vietnam.
Answer:
The following points sum up the contribution of Ho Chi Minh in the freedom movement of
Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh was the leaders of the Vietnamese struggle for independence and
unification. He brought together the nationalist groups and established the Vietnamese
Communist Party.
In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam. So nationalists had to fight the Japanese as well as
the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam, which came to be known as
Vietminh fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi. Ho Chin Minh
became the Chairman of Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945. He led the
Communist Party.
After the US intervention in Vietnam, he supported NLF (National Liberation Front) with
resources and army against the US. He died in 1969, a few years before the unification
of Vietnam.

Question 34.
Explain the views of Phan Chu Trinh as a nationalist.
Answer:
Refer to answer 28

Question 35.
Why was the ‘Tonkin School’ started in Vietnam? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
The Tonkin Free School was started in Vietnam in 1907 because of the following reasons.

The Vietnamese elite were strongly influenced by Chinese culture. In order to counter
this it was necessary to have western influence on the people and this was done
through Tonkin Free Schools. It was to provide western- style education.
The school encouraged the adoption of western style. For example, having short-hair.
The approach of the school was to make students think modern and look ‘modern’.

Question 36.
How were women shown as warriors in Vietnam? Explain with three example.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 37.
How were Vietnamese nationalists inspired by Japan and China to set up a democratic
republic? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China. They were inspired
by these two countries in the following ways.

Japan had modernised itself and had resisted colonisation by the West.
Japan’s victory over Russia in 1907 proved its military capabilities.
Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. China overthrew the
long established monarchy in 1911 and set up a republic.
Inspired by these developments, Vietnam students organised the Association for the
Restoration of Vietnam.
Now, the nature of the anti-French independence movement changed from setting up a
constitutional monarchy to setting up a democratic republic.

Question 38.
Describe any five features of the ‘go east movement’.
Answer:
The main features of the go east movement were as following.

The ‘go east movement’ became popular in the first decade of the 20th century. In
1907-1908, about 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern
education.
The primary objective for many of them was to acquire means and formulate plans to
drive away the French from Vietnam, to overthrow the puppet emperor and establish
Nguyen dynasty that had been overthrow by the French.
The nationalists looked for foreign help. They appeared to Japan as fellow Asians.
Japan had successfully resisted the foreigners, modernised herself and defeated
Russia in 1907.
Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo.
Japanese Ministry clamped down on them and deported them to China or Thailand.

Question 39.
How did the entry of United States into the war in Vietnam Provo costly to the Vietnamese as
well as to the Americans? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 12

2012

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 40.
Describe infrastructural projects which were developed bythe French conlonisers in Vietnam.
Answer:
The infrastructural projects which were developed by the French colonisers in Vietnam were
as follows.

Construction of trans-Indo-China rail network that linked the northern and southern
parts of Vietnam and China.
The final link with Yunan in China was completed by 1910.
The second link connected Vietnam to Siam (previously, Thailand) through the
Cambodian capital Phnom Penh.These projects helped in the movements of goods for
trade and move military garrisons.

Question 41.
Describe any three steps taken by the French to develop agriculture in Vietnam.
Answer:
Steps taken by the French to develop agriculture in Vietnam were:

The French began building canals and draining land in the Mekong delta to increase
cultivation.
The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built mainly with forced
labour increased rice production.
This was followed by infrastructure projects, like trans-Indo-China rail network, to help
to transport of goods.

Question 42.
Describe any three steps taken by the French of suppress the movement inspired by Huynh
Phu So.
Answer:
The movement started by Huynh Phu So was the Hoa Hao movement. The French tried to
suppress the movement started by Huynh Phu So in the following ways.

The French declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze.
He was put in a mental asylum.
The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to
concentration camps

Long Answer Type Questions [4\5 Marks]

Question 43.
‘The division of Vietnam set in motion a series of events that turned the country into a
battlefield.’ Support the statement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 13

Question 44.
What were the two major problems before the French in the Held of colonial education in
Vietnam? How did they try to solve these problems? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 21

Question 45.
How did Japan and China inspired Vietnamese Nationalists to drive out the French from
Vietnam? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 37

Short Answer Type Questions 13 Marks]

Question 46.
Explain the views of Paul Bernard regarding the economy of Vietnam.
Answer:
Refer to answer 19

Question 47.
Describe the ‘rat hunt scheme’ ordered by the French in Hanoi.
Answer:
Refer to answer 22

Question 48.
Explain the reactions within United States to its involvement in the Vietnam War during the
1960s.
Answer:
National Liberation Front fought for the unification of Vietnam with the help of Ho Chi Minh.
The US saw this alliance as a decisive alliance and feared that the communists may gain
power. It led the US to intervene decisively and sent its troops and arms to Vietnam. The war
proved costly for both the US and Vietnam in terms of casualties and loss of money. The
effect of this war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical of the government for
getting unnecessarily involved in the war. Compulsory service in the armed forces sparked
their sentiments further. It was felt that those belonging to the privileges elite classes were
exempted from this provision but people belonging to the minorities and working class had to
follow this. The US media and films supported and criticised the war. John Ford Coppola’s
Apocalypse Now reflected the moral confusion that the war had created in the US.

Question 49.
Explain any three features of the “go east movement” in Vietnam.
Answer:
Refer to answer 38

Question 50.
Explain any three characteristics of the ‘Tonkin Free School’ in Vietnam.
Answer:
Refer to answer 35

Question 51.
Explain any three points how school textbooks in Vietnam glorified the French and justified
colonial rule.
Answer:
The textbooks introduced in schools glorified the French and justified the colonial rule in the
following ways.

Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward capable only of manual work
and could not have any intellectual thought and that they could work only in field.
Vietnamese were portrayed as incapable of ruling themselves and that the only French
rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.
They stated that the Vietnamese were not creative by themselves but were skilled
copyists.
Books taught that since the establishment of the French rule the Vietnamese peasants
no longer lived in fear of pirates and that they have created calm situation so that the
peasants could ‘work with a good heart’. (any three)

Question 52.
Explain the role of women as warriors in Vietnam during the 1960s.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

Question 53.
Explain any three factors that led to the outbreak of bubonic plague in the modern part of
Hanoi in 1903.
Answer:
The factors that led to the outbreak of bubonic plague in the modern part of Hanoi in 1903
were as follows.

The latest ideas of architecture and engineer were used to build a new modern city in
the French-occupied region of Hanoi with wide avenues and well laid-out sewer system
whilst the native region became the dumping ground and refused from the city drained
into rivers which during rainy
. season overflowed into the street.
The large sewer became an ideal breeding grounds for rats and also served as a
wonderful transport system for them. The rat enter into the well- cared-for homes of the
French through the sewage pipes.
In order to overcome to the rat menace a rat hunt scheme was devised by the
colonizers who paid to the natives to get rid of the rats. However, the natives took
advantages of the scheme and did not kill the rats but just clipped their tails so that the
process could be repeated.
Some natives began raising rats in their homes so the numbers of rats
actually increased instead of decreasing.
Question 54.

Explain any three developments in Japan and China that inspired Vietnamese nationalists.
Answer:
Refer to answer 37

Question 55.
Explain three features of the ‘Ngo Dinh Diem’ regime.
Answer:
Ngo Dinh Diem acquired power from Bao Dai after a coup. The following were the features of
his regime.

He built a repressive and authoritarian government.


Anyone opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed.
Christianity was permitted and Buddhism was outlawed.

Long Answer Type Question [4\5 Marks]

Question 56.
Explain any four ways in which teachers and students organised resistance against the
French in Vietnam.
Answer:
The teachers and students organised resistance against the French in Vietnam in the
following ways.

They began to oppose the curriculum either openly or in silent.


Teachers modified and criticised the texts.
Students protested against the colonial government in context of providing white-collar
jobs only to French.
Students formed various political parties such as Party of Young Annan and also
published nationalist journals.
Schools became a hub of political ideas and revolutions.

2010

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 57.
When did Vietnam gain formal independence?
Answer:
Vietnam gained formal independence in September 1945. However it was only after three
decades of fighting with France and US when it gained true independence.

Question 58.
Mention any two major barriers to economic growth in Vietnam.
Answer:
The two major barriers to economic growth in Vietnam were as follows.

High population levels


Low agricultural productivity
Extensive indebtedness among the peasants

Question 59.
In which area of Vietnam was Hoa Hao movement more popular?
Answer:
The Hoa Hao movement was more popular in the fertile Mekong delta area.

Question 60.
Where was the rat hunting started in Vietnam?
Answer:
Rat hunting was started in Vietnam in Hanoi.

Question 61.
Name the founder of the Hoa Hao Movement.
Answer:
The founder of the Hoa Hao Movement was Huynh Phu So.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 62.
Why was conflict started in Vietnam against French colonizers in all areas of life? Explain.
Answer:
The conflict started in Vietnam against the French colonizers in all areas of life due to the
following reasons

The French, in order to civilise the natives, introduced modern education and
dismantled the traditional education system in Vietnam. They followed the policy of
discrimination against the Vietnamese students and deliberately failed the Vietnamese
students so that they cannot qualify for top jobs.
Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism and Confucianism. French
introduced Christianity against their interest which resulted inj the Hoa Hao Movement
by the Vietnamese in 1939.
The French textbooks too glorified French rule and ridiculed Vietnamese culture.
French tried to create modern Vietnam with modern architecture and engineering skills
to build a modern city in Hanoi but the native quarter was deprived off modern facilities.

Question 63.
What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in Vietnam?
Explain how far did they succeed in their mission?
Answer:
The main motive of the French in the development of infrastructural projects in Vietnam was
as follows.

To ensure the regular supply of natural resources and other necessary goods, . the
French colonists took up various infrastructural development projects to make more
profit.
They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase
cultivation. The vast system of irrigation work—canals and earthworks—built mainly
with forced labour increased rice production and enabled the export of rice in
international market.
To facilitate trade, various projects were started to transport goods for trade, to move
military garrisons and control the entire region.
Construction of trans-Indo-China rail network that linked northern Vietnam with
southern Vietnam and China was completed by 1910.
Paul Bernard, an influential policy-maker argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies
was to make profits which is possible if the standard of living of the people improved to
enable them to buy goods so infrastructural development to develop the economy of
the colonies was necessary.

Question 64.
‘The schools became an important place for political and cultural battles in Vietnam against
French colonialism.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education,
change their values, norms and perceptions. The Vietnamese intellectuals feared that
Vietnam may Ibse not just their territory but also their culture. The schools became an
important place for political and cultural battles in Vietnam against French colonialism in the
following ways.

They wanted to use education as a power to motivate the students to resist against the
colonial rule.
Teachers and students did not follow the curriculum framed by the French. While
teaching, Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text which was against Vietnam.
The Vietnamese students faced discrimination. In the Saigon Native Girls School, a
Vietnamese girl was asked to vacant the front seat for a French student, but she
refused and was expelled. Angry students protested and they too were expelled. This
moved the people for an open protest and the government forced the school to take
the students back.
Some students’ groups have formed various political parties such as Party of Young
Annan. They began to highlight the misrule of the French and made the people aware
of their culture.
Many of the Vietnamese students also sought to go to Japan and sought help to
overthrow the French rule from Vietnam.

Question 65.
Describe the ideas of Phan Chu Trinh regarding the establishment of Democratic Republic of
Vietnam.
Answer:
Refer to answer 28

Question 66.
Describe the role of women in the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

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