1. Adding Information » Additionally / an additional « Furthermore » Also + Too + As well as that + Along with » Besides » Inaddition + Moreover +» Inaddition to this + Apart from this Examples: «He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her. = We went to the park today. As well as that, we did some shopping. « Along with parties and parliaments, elections have lost their charm. = Icant afford to go to a concert. Besides, I don't really like classical music. « You haven't paid the rent yet. In addition, you owe me money. = The report is badly presented. Moreover, it contains inaccuracies. = John’s grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse. « Apart from this paragraph, the report contains a number of sensible initiatives.2. Contrasting Ideas «= Unlike + Nevertheless + On the other hand + Nonetheless = Despite/ in spite of + Incontrast (to) + Alternatively + Conversely + Evenso » Differing from + Contrary to Examples: + Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install. + There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try. + Laptops are convenient; On the other hand, they can be expensive. + The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon. « Despite/ In spite of the rain, I went for a walk. + In contrast to the diligent bee, the butterfly flies hither and yon with no apparent purpose. + The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organise your own transport. + Northern European countries had a great summer. On the contrary/ conversely, Southern Europe had poor weather. + Even so, many old friends were shocked at the announcement. + Differing from his white colleagues, he preferred instructing his scholars to the ambition of acquiring personal renown. + The situation in Ireland is quite contrary to this principle.3 Ex: . Emphasising a Point Undoubtedly Indeed Obviously Particularly/ in particular Especially Clearly Importantly Absolutely Definitely Without a doubt Never It should be noted Unquestionably Above all Positively ‘amples: Undoubtedly, the story itself is one of the main attractions. I don't mind at all. Indeed, I would be delighted to help. Obviously, we don't want to spend too much money. I love silver earrings, in particular ones from Mexico The car is quite small, especially if you have children. Clearly, this will cost a lot more than we realized. More importantly, can he be trusted? He's an absolutely brilliant cook. 1 definitely remember sending the letter. We still believe we can win this series without a doubt. I'm never surprised at what I do. It should be noted that if you have something to note, then note it Unquestionably, teaching has been a paramount part of his career. Above all, this forest is designed for wear and tear.4. Giving Examples + Forexample/ For instance = Such as « Including » Namely « Inthis case = Proof of this + Like Examples: = There are many interesting places to visit in the city, for example J for instance, the botanical garden or the art museum. = I prefer to wear casual clothes, such as jeans and a sweatshirt. « Including Christmas Day and Boxing Day, I’ve got a week off work. = We need to concentrate on our target audience, namely women aged between 20 and 30. = [think I would have made a difference in this case. « This building is a living proof of this existence, so we must preserve it. « lalso make other jewellery like rings and bracelets.5. Sequencing Ideas « First/ firstly (Second/ secondly, Third/ thirdly, Finally) « Atthis time « Following + Previously + Before « Subsequently « Above all = Lastly and most importantly « Last but not least + First and foremost Examples: « Firstly, I prefer the train because I can see the landscape. « At this time, the young man leapt into the air and flew off towards the sunset. « They arrived on Monday evening and we got there the following day. « Thad visited them three days previously. = Your name is before mine on the list. « Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. « Above all, keep in touch. « Lastly, and most importantly, you should be optimistic. + Last but not least, I find I seriously cannot relate to women. « We will continue to focus on our players first and foremost.6. Giving a Result + Asaresult + Asaconsequence + Therefore + Thus + Consequently + Hence + For this reason Examples: + His wife left him. As a result, he became very depressed. + We do not have enough money. Therefore, we cannot afford to buy the new car. + We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it. + There has been a great deal of rain; consequently, the reservoirs are full. + For this reason, they are not a good choice for exterior use.7. Comparing Ideas Similarly Equally Likewise Just as Just like Similar to Same as Compare / compare(d) to(with) By the same token In the same way Correspondingly Examples: She's just as smart as her sister. Some people say | have a running style similar to him. Having a power is not the same as using the power. He gets the ball off quickly compared to two years ago. Teenagers should be more respectful; by the same token, parents should be more understanding. Alex enjoys telling jokes; in the same way/similarly/ likewise,his son adores funny stories.Musical instruments Which instrument do you like listening to most? [Why?] Have you ever learned to play a musical instrument? [Which one? Do you think children should learn to play a musical instrument at school? [Why/Why not?] How easy would it be to learn to play an instrument without a teacher? [Why?] Traffic where you live How do most people travel to work where you live? What traffic problems are there in your area? [Why?] How do traffic problems affect you? How would you reduce the traffic problems in your area? Your friends Do you prefer to have one particular friend or a group of friends? {Why?] Are your friends mostly your age or different ages? [Why?] What do you like doing most with your friend/s? The last time you saw your friends, what did you do together? What makes a friend into a good friend? Do you think it’s important to keep in contact with friends you knew as a child? [Why/Why not?] Food and cooking What kinds of food do you like to eat? What kind of new food would you like to try? [Why?] Do you like cooking? [Why/Why not?] What was the last meal you cooked? Do you prefer home-cooked food or food from restaurants? [Why?] Leisure Do you have any hobbies or interests? [What are they?] How did you become interested in (whatever hobby/interest the candidate mentions)? What is there to do in your free time in {candidate's hametown/village}? How do you usually spend your holidays? Is there anywhere you would particularly like to visit? [Why?] Your favourite place What place do you most like to visit? How often do you visit this place? Why do you like it so much? Is it popular with many other people? Has it changed very much since you first went there? [In what way?] Your country Which part of your country do most people live in? Tell me about the main industries there. How easy is it to travel around your country? Has your country changed much since you were a child?Musical instruments Which instrument do you like listening to most? [Why?] Have you ever learned to play a musical instrument? [Which one?] Do you think children should learn to play a musical instrument at school? [Why/Why not?] How easy would it be to learn to play an instrument without a teacher? [Why?] Traffic where you live How do most people travel to work where you live? What traffic problems are there in your area? [Why?] How do traffic problems affect you? How would you reduce the traffic problems in your area? Your friends Do you prefer to have one particular friend or a group of friends? [Why?] Are your friends mostly your age or different ages? [Why?] What do you like doing most with your friend/s? The last time you saw your friends, what did you do together? What makes a friend into a good friend? Do you think it’s important to keep in contact with friends you knew as a child? [Why/Why not?] Food and cooking What kinds of food do you like to eat? What kind of new food would you like to try? [Why?] Do you like cooking? [Why/Why not?] What was the last meal you cooked? Do you prefer home-cooked food or food from restaurants? [Why?] Leisure Do you have any hobbies or interests? [What are they?] How did you become interested in (whatever hobby/interest the candidate mentions)? What is there to do in your free time in {candidate's hometown/village}? How do you usually spend your holidays? Is there anywhere you would particularly like to visit? [Why?] Your favourite place What place do you most like to visit? How often do you visit this place? Why do you like it so much? \s it popular with many other people? Has it changed very much since you first went there? [In what way?] Your country Which part of your country do most people live in? Tell me about the main industries there. How easy is it to travel around your country? Has your country changed much since you were a child?Colour What's your favourite colour? [Why?] 0 you like the same colours now as you did when you were younger? [Why/Why not?) What can you learn about a person from the colours they like? Do any colours have a special meaning in your culture? Entertainment Do you prefer relaxing at home or going out in the evening? [Why?] When you go out for an evening, what do you like to do? How popular is this with other people in your country? Is there any kind of entertainment you do not like? [Why/Why not?] Clothes How important are clothes and fashion to you? [Why/Why not?] What kind of clothes do you dislike? [Why?] How different are the clothes you wear now from those you wore 10 years ago? What do you think the clothes we wear say about us? Do you eat fruits? How often do you eat fruits? Where do you buy your fruits from? Do you think it’s important for people to eat fruits? (Why/Why not?] Do you like reading books? What kind of books do you like to read? [Why?] Where do you like to read? [Why?] Do others in your family read books too? Do you usually buy your books from a special place? [Where?| Telephone calls How often are you on the phone? Do you like calling friends or family more often? [Why?] Did you call your friends a lot when you were a child? Do you think children should have to pay their own telephone bills? [Why/Why not?} Technology at home/office How often do you use electric appliances at home/office? How do you think they help you with your chores? Are there any other advantages? Are there any drawbacks to using these appliances? Do you think pedople should use electric appliances more often or less often than they do now? (Why/Why not?]Colour What's your favourite colour? [Why?] 0 you like the same colours now as you did when you were younger? [Why/Why not?) What can you learn about a person from the colours they like? Do any colours have a special meaning in your culture? Entertainment Do you prefer relaxing at home or going out in the evening? [Why?] When you go out for an evening, what do you like to do? How popular is this with other people in your country? Is there any kind of entertainment you do not like? [Why/Why not?] Clothes How important are clothes and fashion to you? (Why/Why not?] What kind of clothes do you dislike? [Why?] How different are the clothes you wear now from those you wore 10 years ago? What do you think the clothes we wear say about us? Do you eat fruits? How often do you eat fruits? Where do you buy your fruits from? Do you think it’s important for people to eat fruits? (Why/Why not?) Do you like reading books? What kind of books do you like to read? [Why?] Where do you like to read? [Why?] Do others in your family read books too? Do you usually buy your books from a special place? [Where?] Telephone calls How often are you on the phone? Do you like calling friends or family more often? [Why?] Did you call your friends a lot when you were a child? Do you think children should have to pay their own telephone bills? [Why/Why not?} Technology at home/office How often do you use electric appliances at home/office? How do you think they help you with your chores? Are there any other advantages? ‘Are there any drawbacks to using these appliances? Do you think people should use electric appliances more often or less often than they do now? {Why/Why not?]Sample Part One Questions Family Do you have a large family or a small family? Can you tell me something about them? How much time do you manage to spend with members of your family? What sorts of things do you like to do together? Did/Do you get on well with your family? [Why?] Accommodation . What kind of accommodation do you live in? What's it like? Have you always lived there? What are the main advantages of this [accommodation]? What changes would you like to make to improve it? Would it be easy for you to move to another accommodation? Do many people in your country live in such accommodation? Neighbourhood . Which part of town do you live in? What's it like? What kind of shops are there in your neighbourhood? Do you get along well with your neighbours? What's difficult about living there? Education (students) . What do you study? What is special about this subject? Is there anything you find difficult about it? Where do you study...? What's your university/college like? Education (graduates) . Do you have higher education? ‘What have you studied at university? What did you like about your studies? Was there anything you found difficult? What's your job? Is ita common job in your country? What are your working hours like? Do you get a lot of vacation and off time? Are you thinking of changing your job?Sample Part One Questions Family . Do you have a large family or a small family? Can you tell me something about them? How much time do you manage to spend with members of your family? What sorts of things do you like to do together? Did/Do you get on well with your family? [Why?] Accommodation . What kind of accommodation do you live in? What's it like? Have you always lived there? What are the main advantages of this [accommodation]? ‘What changes would you like to make to improve it? ‘Would it be easy for you to move to another accommodation? Do many people in your country live in such accommodation? Neighbourhood . Which part of town do you live in? What's it like? ‘What kind of shops are there in your neighbourhood? Do you get along well with your neighbours? What's difficult about living there? Education (students) . What do you study? What is special about this subject? Is there anything you find difficult about it? Where do you study...? What's your university/college like? Education (graduates) Do you have higher education? What have you studied at university? What did you like about your studies? Was there anything you found difficult? What's your job? Is ita common job in your country? What are your working hours like? Do you get a lot of vacation and off time? ‘Are you thinking of changing your job?Cold weather Have you ever been in very cold weather? [When?] How often is the weather cold where you come from? Are some parts of your country colder than others? [Which parts?] Would you prefer to live in a hot place or a cold place? [Why?] Laughing What kinds of things make you laugh? Do you like making other people laugh? [Why/Why not?] Do you think it’s important for people to laugh? [Why/Why not?] Is laughing the same as feeling happy, do you think? [Why/Why not?] Keeping in contact with people How do you usually contact your friends? [Why?] Do you prefer to contact different people in different ways? [Why?] Do you find it easy to keep in contact with friends and family? [Why/Why not?] In your country, did people in the past keep in contact in the same ways as they do today? [Why/Why not?] Daily Routine . What would you like to change in your daily routine? Are all your days the same? Tell me about your typical weekday and your typical weekend. What is the balance of work/study and free time in your normal day? Visitors What would you suggest a visitor should see and do in your country? Are there any traditional arts or music you would recommend? Tell me about the kind of foreign visitors or tourists who go to your country. In what ways has tourism changed your country? Festivals Tell me about the most important festival in your country. What special food and activities are connected with this festival? ‘What do you most enjoy about it? Do you think festivals are important for a country? [Why?] Dancing . Do you enjoy dancing? [Why/Why not?] Has anyone ever taught you to dance? [Why/Why not?) Tell me about any traditional dancing in your country. Do you think that traditional dancing will be popular in the future? [Why/Why not?]Cold weather Have you ever been in very cold weather? [When?] How often is the weather cold where you come from? Are some parts of your country colder than others? [Which parts?] Would you prefer to live ina hot place or a cold place? [Why?] Laughing . What kinds of things make you laugh? Do you like making other people laugh? [Why/Why not?) Do you think it’s important for people to laugh? [Why/Why not?] Is laughing the same as feeling happy, do you think? [Why/Why not?] Keeping in contact with people . How do you usually contact your friends? [Why?] Do you prefer to contact different people in different ways? [Why?] Do you find it easy to keep in contact with friends and family? [Why/Why not?] In your country, did people in the past keep in contact in the same ways as they do today? [Why/Why not?] Daily Routine . What would you like to change in your daily routine? Are all your days the same? Tell me about your typical weekday and your typical weekend. What is the balance of work/study and free time in your normal day? Visitors ‘What would you suggest a visitor should see and do in your country? Are there any traditional arts or music you would recommend? Tell me about the kind of foreign visitors or tourists who go to your country. In what ways has tourism changed your country? Festivals Tell me about the most important festival in your country. What special food and activities are connected with this festival? What do you most enjoy about it? Do you think festivals are important for a country? [Why?] Dancing Do you enjoy dancing? [Why/Why not?] Has anyone ever taught you to dance? [Why/Why not?) Tell me about any traditional dancing in your country. Do you think that traditional dancing will be popular in the future? [Why/Why not?]