1a) Digital transformation has greatly impacted the retail industry by introducing new technologies and

online platforms that have changed the way consumers purchase products. One example of this is the
rise of omnichannel retail, which allows consumers to shop seamlessly across multiple channels, such as
online, in-store, and through mobile devices. This has been made possible by advancements in
technology such as inventory management systems, point-of-sale systems, and customer relationship
management systems that allow retailers to track customer behavior and preferences across different
channels. Additionally, retailers are also using data and analytics to personalize the shopping experience
and offer targeted promotions. An example of this is Amazon's use of personalization algorithms to
recommend products to customers based on their browsing and purchase history. Overall, digital
transformation has made shopping more convenient and personalized for consumers, while also giving
retailers new tools to better understand and engage their customers.
Amazon has transformed the way people shop by providing a vast selection of
products, convenient delivery options, and personalized recommendations. They
also offers features such as customer reviews, wishlists, and one-click purchasing,
making the shopping experience more seamless and efficient for customers.
Additionally, Amazon has introduced new technologies such as Amazon Go stores,
which allow customers to purchase goods with no checkouts, and voice-controlled
shopping through Amazon Alexa. These advancements in technology have greatly
impacted the retail industry and have changed the way customers shop.
1b)
Doug Dietz, an industrial designer, used design thinking to create a more pleasant diagnostic imaging
experience for children. Dietz recognized that traditional diagnostic imaging procedures, such as MRI
scans, can be a traumatic and anxiety-inducing experience for children. He realized that this was partly
due to the design of the scanners themselves, which were often large, loud, and intimidating.

Dietz applied design thinking by considering the needs and perspectives of his target audience (children)
throughout the design process. He conducted research to understand how children perceived the
scanners and what they found most difficult about the experience. He also sought feedback from
parents, caregivers, and medical professionals to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the
problem.

Based on his research, Dietz redesigned the scanners to be more child-friendly. He incorporated colorful
and playful imagery, such as jungle scenes, into the scanner's interior, and used interactive elements
such as buttons and levers to help children understand and control the process. He also worked to
reduce the noise level and the time children spent in the scanner.

The result was a scanner experience that children loved. According to Dietz, children went from being
anxious and scared to excited and eager to have their scans. This not only made the experience more
pleasant for children but also resulted in more accurate scans as children where more relaxed and
comfortable.

Dietz's work serves as an example of how design thinking can be applied to create innovative solutions
that meet the needs of patients and improve healthcare experiences.
2a) The tasks involved in the process of receiving an admission ticket for semester exams in college may
include:

Checking eligibility to sit for the exam (e.g., ensuring the student is enrolled in the relevant course)
Payment of exam fees
Filling out and submitting an application form
Collecting the admission ticket from the exam office or receiving it via mail
All of these tasks can be automated to some extent. For example, one task that can be automated is the
payment of exam fees. This can be achieved by implementing an online payment system that allows
students to make payments electronically, rather than having to go to the college in person to pay. The
automation can be achieved by integrating the system with the student information system, so that
students can pay their fees directly from their student portal.

For example, the college can have an online portal for students to access, where they can see their exam
schedule, the fee structure, and have the option to pay their fees online. This can be done through
various online payment gateways like paypal, authorize.net or college's own payment gateway. Once
the payment is done, the student will receive a confirmation email and can download the admission
ticket from the same portal. This automation reduces the time and effort required for students to pay
their exam fees, and it makes the process more efficient and convenient for both the college and the
students.

2a) The tasks involved in the process of receiving Admission Ticket for semester exams in college may
include:

Verifying student's enrollment and eligibility to take the exams

Generating and printing the admission tickets
Distributing the admission tickets to the students
Collecting and processing any fees associated with the exams
Many of these tasks can be automated through the use of software systems. For example, the task of
generating and printing admission tickets can be automated by using a computer program that
integrates with the college's student information system. This program can automatically pull student
data, such as name and identification number, and use it to generate and print admission tickets. The
program can also be configured to automatically update student records with information about the
exams they have registered for and any fees that have been paid.

Another task that can be automated is the distribution of the admission tickets. This can be done by
sending the admission tickets via email to the students, or by providing an online portal where students
can download their own admission tickets. This eliminates the need for manual distribution and ensures
that students can access their admission tickets quickly and easily.
2b)Cisco WebEx is a web conferencing and video collaboration service. It allows users to share audio,
video, and screen-sharing in real-time with others. It also includes features such as recording,
scheduling, and integration with other tools like calendars and email. The advantages of using Cisco
WebEx include its wide range of features, ease of use, and integration with other tools.

Google App Engine is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering by Google that allows developers to build
and deploy web applications without having to worry about infrastructure. It provides a variety of
services such as data storage, computation, and APIs. The advantages of using Google App Engine
include its scalability, automatic load balancing, and integration with other Google services like Analytics
and BigQuery.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) offering by Amazon that
allows users to rent virtual machines (VMs) on which to run their own applications. It provides a wide
range of options for VMs, including different operating systems and configurations, and users can also
create their own custom images. The advantages of using Amazon EC2 include its flexibility, scalability,
and integration with other Amazon services like S3 and RDS.
1. 3a) As a user, I want to be able to log in to the BookingHall application so that I can access the
features for booking a hall.
2. As a user, I want to be able to search for halls in a specific locality so that I can find the right hall
for my event.
3. As a user, I want to be able to filter the search by specifying the capacity, amenities and other
criteria that I need.
4. As a user, I want to be able to check the availability of a hall for specific dates so that I can
ensure the hall is available for my event.
5. As a user, I want to be able to block a hall for the required duration so that I can secure the hall
for my event.
6. As a user, I want to be able to view the booking details of the hall I have blocked, including the
cost breakdown and terms and conditions, so that I can confirm the booking and have all
necessary details for the event.
7. As a user, I want to be able to view the past booking history and cancel or modify the bookings if
needed.
8. As a user, I want to be able to receive email and SMS notifications for the booking confirmation,
payment reminders and other important updates.
9. As a user, I want to be able to provide feedback and rating for the hall after the event is
completed.
10. As an Admin, I want to be able to add, edit and delete Halls and their details.
11. As an Admin, I want to be able to approve or reject the bookings based on certain criteria.
12. As an Admin, I want to be able to generate reports on the bookings, revenue and feedback.
Top of Form
1. 3b) Test case for login functionality:
 Input: Correct email and password
 Expected Output: Successful login and redirect to the home page
 Input: Incorrect email or password
 Expected Output: Error message and stay on the login page
2. Test case for hall search functionality:
 Input: Search for halls in location "Bangalore"
 Expected Output: List of halls in Bangalore with details like name, location, capacity, and
amenities.
 Input: Search for halls in location "Bangalore" and capacity "more than 200"
 Expected Output: List of halls in Bangalore with capacity more than 200, with details like name,
location, capacity, and amenities.
3. Test case for hall availability check functionality:
 Input: Check availability of hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd June
2022"
 Expected Output: Confirmation of availability of the hall for the specified dates
 Input: Check availability of hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd June
2022"
 Expected Output: Error message indicating that the hall is not available for the specified dates.
4. Test case for hall booking functionality:
 Input: Block hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd June 2022"
 Expected Output: Confirmation of successful booking of the hall for the specified dates
 Input: Block hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd June 2022"
 Expected Output: Error message indicating that the hall is not available for the specified dates.
13. Test case for booking details view functionality:
14. Input: View details of booking for hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd
June 2022"
15. Expected Output: Booking details including hall name, location, dates, duration, cost
breakdown, and terms and conditions.
16. Test case for past booking history view functionality:
17. Input: View past bookings
18. Expected Output: List of past bookings with details like hall name, location, dates, duration, and
status.
19. Test case for payment functionality:
20. Input: Make payment for booking of hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd
June 2022"
21. Expected Output: Confirmation of successful payment and booking.
22. Test case for feedback functionality:
23. Input: Provide feedback for booking of hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 -
3rd June 2022"
24. Expected Output: Confirmation of successful submission of feedback
 25. Test case for Admin functionality:
26. Input: Add new hall "XYZ Convention Center" in location "Mysore" with capacity "300" and
amenities "Projector, Sound System"
27. Expected Output: Confirmation of successful addition of the new hall
2. Test case for Admin functionality:
3. Input: Approve booking of hall "ABC Convention Center" for dates "1st June 2022 - 3rd June
2022"
4. Expected Output: Confirmation of successful approval of the booking
5. Test case for Admin functionality:
6. Input: Generate report for bookings in the month of May 2022
7. Expected Output: Report with details like the number of bookings, revenue, and feedback.
Top of Form
8. 4a) As a user, I want to be able to create an account so that I can log in to the application and
access my information.
9. As a user, I want to be able to search for a specific desert, so that I can easily find what I am
looking for.
10. As a user, I want to be able to sort the list of deserts based on rating or price, so that I can find
the best options for my budget.
11. As a user, I want to be able to add items to my cart, so that I can keep track of my purchases.
12. As a user, I want to be able to view my cart, so that I can review my purchases and make
changes if necessary.
13. As a user, I want to be able to proceed to checkout and make a payment, so that I can complete
my purchase.
14. As a user, I want to be able to view my order history, so that I can keep track of my past
purchases.
15. As a user, I want to be able to leave a rating and review for a desert, so that I can help other
users make informed decisions.
16. As an administrator, I want to be able to add new deserts to the menu, so that I can expand the
selection for users.
17. As an administrator, I want to be able to manage and process user orders, so that I can ensure
timely and accurate delivery of products.
18. As an administrator, I want to be able to generate reports on sales and user feedback, so that I
can make informed decisions about the business.
19. 4b) Test Objectives: To ensure that the eDesert application is functional and user-friendly, and
that it meets the requirements of its users.
20. Test Scope: The test will cover the following functionalities: account creation, searching, sorting,
adding items to cart, proceeding to checkout, viewing order history, leaving rating and reviews,
and the administrator functionalities.
21. Test Environment: The test will be conducted on a development environment using the latest
version of the eDesert application.
 22. Test Data: Test data will be generated for various users and products, and will be used to test all
functionalities of the application.
23. Test Approach: The test will be conducted using a combination of manual and automated
testing techniques.
24. Test Deliverables: The test deliverables will include a test plan, test cases, test data, test results,
and a test report.
Test Cases:
25. Verify that users can create an account on the application.
26. Verify that users can search for a specific desert.
27. Verify that users can sort the list of deserts based on rating or price.
28. Verify that users can add items to their cart.
29. Verify that users can view their cart and make changes if necessary.
30. Verify that users can proceed to checkout and make a payment.
31. Verify that users can view their order history.
32. Verify that users can leave a rating and review for a desert.
33. Verify that administrators can add new deserts to the menu.
34. Verify that administrators can manage and process user orders.
35. Verify that administrators can generate reports on sales and user feedback.
36. Verify that all the links and buttons are working correctly
37. Verify that the application is responsive and mobile friendly
38. Verify that the application is secure and no sensitive data is exposed
39. Verify that the application is accessible to all users, including those with disabilities.
5a) Create a Spring Boot project with the necessary dependencies, such as Spring Data JPA and a
database driver.

Create an Employee entity class with fields for employee id, employee name, and department.

Copy code
@Entity
public class Employee {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
private String department;
 // getters and setters
}
Create a repository interface for the Employee entity that extends JpaRepository.
Copy code
public interface EmployeeRepository extends JpaRepository<Employee, Long> {
}
Create a REST controller for handling the different operations on employee details.
Copy code
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/employees")
public class EmployeeController {

private final EmployeeRepository employeeRepository;

public EmployeeController(EmployeeRepository employeeRepository) {

this.employeeRepository = employeeRepository;
}

@PostMapping
public Employee createEmployee(@RequestBody Employee employee) {
return employeeRepository.save(employee);
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public void deleteEmployee(@PathVariable Long id) {
employeeRepository.deleteById(id);
}

@GetMapping
public List<Employee> searchEmployee(@RequestParam(required = false) String name,
@RequestParam(required = false) Long id) {
if (name != null) {
return employeeRepository.findByNameContainingIgnoreCase(name);
 } else if (id != null) {
return employeeRepository.findById(id);
} else {
return employeeRepository.findAll();
}
}
}
5b) Create an interface called EmailService that defines the methods that any email service
implementation must have.
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public interface EmailService {
void sendEmail(String to, String subject, String body);
}
Create concrete implementations of the EmailService interface for different email services.
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public class GmailEmailService implements EmailService {
@Override
public void sendEmail(String to, String subject, String body) {
// code to send email using Gmail API
}
}

public class OutlookEmailService implements EmailService {

@Override
public void sendEmail(String to, String subject, String body) {
// code to send email using Outlook API
}
}
Create an EmailServiceFactory class that will return the appropriate EmailService implementation based
on the type of email service specified.
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public class EmailServiceFactory {
public EmailService getEmailService(String type) {
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("gmail")) {
return new GmailEmailService();
 } else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("outlook")) {
return new OutlookEmailService();
}
return null;
}
}
Create an EmailSender class that will use the EmailServiceFactory to get the appropriate EmailService
implementation, and send the email.
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public class EmailSender {
private EmailServiceFactory emailServiceFactory;

public EmailSender(EmailServiceFactory emailServiceFactory) {

this.emailServiceFactory = emailServiceFactory;
}

public void sendEmail(String type, String to, String subject, String body) {
EmailService emailService = emailServiceFactory.getEmailService(type);
if (emailService != null) {
emailService.sendEmail(to, subject, body);
}
}
}
To support additional messaging feature, you can create another interface called MessagingService and
its implementation like EmailService, then add a new method to EmailSender class to support this
feature.
Copy code
public interface MessagingService {
void sendMessage(String to, String body);
}

public class WhatsAppMessagingService implements MessagingService {

@Override
public void sendMessage(String to, String body) {
// code to send message using WhatsApp API
 }
}

public class SMSMessagingService implements MessagingService {

@Override
public void sendMessage(String to, String body) {
// code to send message using SMS API
}
}

public class MessagingServiceFactory {

public MessagingService getMessagingService(String type) {
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("whatsapp")) {
return new WhatsAppMessagingService();
} else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("sms")) {
return new SMSMessagingService();
}
return null;
}
}
Copy code
public class EmailSender {
private EmailServiceFactory emailServiceFactory;
private MessagingServiceFactory messagingServiceFactory;

public EmailSender(EmailServiceFactory
6a) One technique to manage high write operations on a collection is to use a technique called sharding.
Sharding involves horizontally partitioning the data across multiple servers, so that the write operations
can be distributed among the servers. Each server would store a subset of the data, and the application
would use a shard key to determine which server to write to. This can help to distribute the load and
improve the performance of write operations.
Another technique to manage high write operations is to use a technique called caching. Caching
involves storing a copy of frequently accessed data in memory, so that the data can be quickly retrieved
without having to read it from the database. This can significantly reduce the load on the database and
improve the performance of write operations.
Additionally, you can use a technique called denormalization to reduce the number of writes.
Denormalization is the process of storing redundant data in multiple places, so that the data can be
quickly accessed without having to join multiple tables. This can also help to reduce the load on the
database and improve the performance of write operations.
Another technique that can be used is to use a technique called "write-ahead logging" (WAL) or
"journaling" in database systems. This technique allows the database to write transaction log records to
a separate location before it writes the data to the actual data storage. This allows the database to
recover from crashes more quickly and with less data loss.
Another technique that can be used to manage high write operations is to use a technique called
indexing. Indexing is the process of creating a data structure that allows for fast lookup of data based on
a specific field or set of fields. This can help to reduce the load on the database and improve the
performance of write operations.
It's worth noting that often a combination of these techniques is needed, as well as monitoring and
adjusting the database infrastructure, such as adding more servers or upgrading the existing servers.
Top of Form
6b) JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) and ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) are two different ways of
communicating with a database in a Java application.
JDBC is a low-level, standard Java API for interacting with a relational database. It provides a set of
classes and interfaces for connecting to a database, sending SQL statements, and processing the results.
JDBC allows developers to write code that directly interacts with the database, using SQL statements.
This gives developers a lot of control over the database, but also requires a lot of boilerplate code for
tasks like opening and closing connections, handling transactions, and mapping results to Java objects.
ORM, on the other hand, is a higher-level abstraction for communicating with a database. ORM tools,
such as Hibernate or JPA, provide a way to map Java objects to database tables and vice versa. This
allows developers to interact with the database using simple Java objects, without having to write SQL
statements. ORM tools handle tasks like opening and closing connections, handling transactions, and
mapping results to Java objects. This reduces the amount of boilerplate code required and makes the
code more readable and maintainable.
In summary, JDBC is a low-level API for interacting with a database, which requires developers to write a
lot of boilerplate code and SQL statements. ORM, on the other hand, is a higher-level abstraction that
allows developers to interact with the database using simple Java objects and reduces the amount of
boilerplate code required. ORM can make the code more readable and maintainable and abstracts the
underlying database layer and makes it easier to switch between different database systems.
Additionally, ORM provides features like caching, lazy loading and advanced querying capabilities which
is not available with JDBC.
7a) Ram should handle the different requests to the service by implementing a robust and scalable
system architecture. One approach that can be used is a microservices architecture, where the
application is broken down into small, independent services that can be developed, deployed, and
scaled independently. Each service is responsible for a specific functionality and communicates with
other services through a well-defined API. This allows for greater flexibility and scalability, as well as
easier maintenance and testing.
For the online apparel application, Ram could create separate services for handling different requests
such as:
40. Product service: responsible for managing product information and inventory.
41. Order service: responsible for managing customer orders and order history.
42. Customer service: responsible for managing customer information and authentication.
43. Payment service: responsible for handling payment transactions.
Ram should also implement a central API gateway that handles incoming requests and directs them to
the appropriate service. The API gateway can also handle tasks such as authentication, rate limiting, and
caching to ensure the security and performance of the system.
Additionally, Ram should also consider implementing monitoring and logging to the system. This will
provide real-time visibility into the system's performance and help to identify and troubleshoot issues
quickly.
In summary, Ram should handle the different requests to the service by implementing a microservices
architecture, an API gateway, and monitoring and logging to the system to ensure the security,
performance, and scalability of the service.
7b) Instagram allows users to share photographs with friends on other social networking applications
such as Twitter and Facebook by using the APIs provided by those platforms. An API (Application
Programming Interface) allows different software applications to communicate with each other.
When a user wants to share a photograph on Instagram to Twitter or Facebook, Instagram uses the APIs
provided by those platforms to securely share the photograph and the accompanying information
(caption, location, etc.) with the user's friends on those platforms. The user will be prompted to log in to
their Twitter/Facebook account and grant Instagram permission to access their account, and then
Instagram will be able to share the post on their behalf.
This integration allows Instagram users to easily share their photographs with a wider audience and can
increase engagement and reach on the platform. This also allows Instagram to access the user data from
other platforms to improve its recommendations and targeting algorithms.
It's worth noting that Instagram is owned by Facebook, so it's natural that they have a tight integration.
8a) Here is an example of how you might implement the data access layer for the Employee
Management Application using Spring Data JPA to perform the "update the employeeContactNumber
for the given employee id" operation:

Create an Employee entity class that represents the employees table in the database and annotate it
with the @Entity annotation.
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@Entity
public class Employee {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String name;
private String department;
private String contactNumber;
//getters and setters
}
Create an EmployeeRepository interface that extends JpaRepository and specify the entity type and
primary key type.
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public interface EmployeeRepository extends JpaRepository<Employee, Long> { }
Create a Service class that will handle the update operation.
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@Service
public class EmployeeService {
@Autowired
private EmployeeRepository employeeRepository;

public void updateContactNumber(Long id, String newContactNumber) {

Employee employee = employeeRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
if (employee != null) {
employee.setContactNumber(newContactNumber);
employeeRepository.save(employee);
}
}
}
This is just a basic example, you can improve it by adding more validations, error handling, and custom
queries.

In this example, Spring Data JPA is used to handle the basic CRUD operations for the Employee entity,
and the updateContactNumber method in the EmployeeService class is used to update the
contactNumber field for the employee with the given id. The method retrieves the employee from the
database using the findById method provided by the EmployeeRepository, updates the contactNumber
field, and then saves the employee back to the database using the save method provided by the
EmployeeReposi
8b) Copy code
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/products")
public class ProductController {

private final ProductService productService;

public ProductController(ProductService productService) {

this.productService = productService;
}
 @PostMapping
public ResponseEntity<ProductResponseDTO> createProduct(@RequestBody ProductRequestDTO
productDTO) {
ProductResponseDTO savedProduct = productService.createProduct(productDTO);
return new ResponseEntity<>(savedProduct, HttpStatus.CREATED);
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<ProductResponseDTO> getProductById(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
ProductResponseDTO product = productService.getProductById(id);
return new ResponseEntity<>(product, HttpStatus.OK);
}

@GetMapping
public ResponseEntity<List<ProductResponseDTO>> getAllProducts() {
List<ProductResponseDTO> products = productService.getAllProducts();
return new ResponseEntity<>(products, HttpStatus.OK);
}

@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<ProductResponseDTO> updateProduct(@PathVariable("id") Long id,
@RequestBody ProductRequestDTO productDTO) {
ProductResponseDTO updatedProduct = productService.updateProduct(id, productDTO);
return new ResponseEntity<>(updatedProduct, HttpStatus.OK);
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Void> deleteProduct(@PathVariable("id") Long id) {
productService.deleteProduct(id);
return new ResponseEntity<>(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT);
}
}

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public class ProductRequestDTO {
 private String name;
private String category;
private BigDecimal price;

// getters and setters

}
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public class ProductResponseDTO {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String category;
private BigDecimal price;

// getters and setters

}
Copy code
@Service
public class ProductService {

private final ProductRepository productRepository;

public ProductService(ProductRepository productRepository) {

this.productRepository = productRepository;
}

public ProductResponseDTO createProduct(ProductRequestDTO productDTO) {

Product product = new Product();
product.setName(productDTO.getName());
product.setCategory(productDTO.getCategory());
product.setPrice(productDTO.getPrice());
Product savedProduct = productRepository.save(product);
return convertToDTO(savedProduct);
}
 public ProductResponseDTO getProductById(Long id) {
Product product = productRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("Product not found with id : " + id));
return convertToDTO(product);
}

public List<ProductResponseDTO> getAllProducts() {

List<Product> products = productRepository.find
}
9a) Docker containers consist of the following components:

The Docker image: This is the blueprint for the container, containing all the necessary files, libraries, and
configuration settings to run the application.

The Docker daemon: This is the background process running on the host machine that manages the
creation and running of containers.

The Docker client: This is the command-line interface that allows users to interact with the Docker
daemon to create and manage containers.

The Docker registry: This is the repository where Docker images are stored and distributed. The most
popular registry is Docker Hub, but users can also use a private registry.

The Docker engine: This is the software that allows the host operating system to communicate with the
Docker daemon and manage the containers.

The container filesystem: This is the file system within the container that contains the application code,
libraries, and configuration files.

The container network: This is the network stack within the container that allows it to communicate
with other containers and the host machine.

The container runtime: This is the software that manages the execution of the application within the
container, such as starting and stopping processes.
9b)
Each component in the flow diagram is described below:
Developer Workstation: This is where developers write and test code changes.

Version Control: Code changes are committed to a version control system, such as Git, which keeps
track of all code changes and allows for collaboration among developers.

Continuous Integration (CI) Server: This server is responsible for automatically building and testing code
changes as they are committed to version control. It can also be configured to run additional automated
tests and checks to ensure that the code is stable and ready for deployment.

Continuous Deployment (CD) Server: Once the code changes have passed the automated tests on the CI
server, they are deployed to a test environment where they can be further tested manually and with
automated tests.

Test Environment: This is a replica of the production environment where code changes can be tested to
ensure they will function correctly in a live setting.

Production: After code changes have been tested and deemed stable, they are deployed to the
production environment, where they are available to customers.

It's important to note that the flow diagram is just a representation and can vary depending on the
company's requirement and technology stack.