2 1 .

2 6 | Methods of Differentiation and Applications of Derivatives

FORMULAE SHEET

dc d du
=0 (cu) = c
dx dx dx

d du dv d dv du
(u ± v) = ± (uv) = u +v
dx dx dx dx dx dx

du dv
v −u dy dy du
d u dx dx =
  = dx du dx
dx  v  v2

d n d n du
x = nxn–1 u = nun–1 dx
dx dx

d x d u du
a = (ln a) ax a = (ln a) au dx
dx dx

d x d u du
e = ex e = eu dx
dx dx

d 1 d 1 du
logax = logau =
dx (lna)x dx (lna)u dx

d 1 d 1 du
ln x = ln u =
dx x dx u dx

d d du
sin x = cos x sin u = cos u
dx dx dx

d d du
cos x = – sin x cos u = – sin u
dx dx dx

d d du
tan x = sec2 x tan u = sec2 u
dx dx dx

d d du
cot x = – cosec2 x cot u = – cosec 2 u
dx dx dx

d d du
sec x = sec x tan x sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx dx

d d du
cosec x = – cosec x cot x cosec u = – cosec u cot u
dx dx dx

d 1 d 1 du
sin–1 x = sin–1 u =
dx 1−x 2 dx 1−u 2 dx

d 1 d 1 du
tan–1 x = tan–1 u =
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + u2 dx
 M a them a ti cs | 21.27

 dy 
* Equation of tangent to the curve y = f(x) at A(x1, y1) is y – y1 =   (x – x1)
 dx (x1 ,y1 )

−1
* Equation of normal at (x1, y1) to the curve y = f(x) is (y – y1) = (x – x1)
 dy 
 
 dx (x1 ,y1 )

* Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent and Subnormal

2
 dy 
y 1+ 
 dx 
Tangent: PT = MP cosec Ψ = y 1 + cot2 ψ = P
dy
dx 
y
y
Subtangent: TM = MP cot Ψ = 
(dy / dx)
T O M R G
2
 dy  Figure 21.9
Normal: GP = MP sec Ψ = y 1 + tan2 ψ = y 1 +  
 dx 

 dy 
Subnormal: MG = MP tan Ψ = y   C1 T1
 dx 
* Angle of Intersection of Two Curves

m1 − m2 T T2
tan Ψ = ,  (x1,x2)
1 + m1m2
C2
where m1 and m2 are the slopes of the tangents T1 and T2 at the intersection
point (x1, y1). Figure 21.10

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards f’(0–) =

lim f(x) − f(0) lim −( −x) − 0
= x →0 = –1
x →0 – x −x
Example 1: Show that the function f(x) = | x | is Since, f’(0+)≠f’(0–), the function is not differentiable at
continuous at x = 0, but not differentiable at x = 0. x=0

Sol: Evaluate f’(0+) and f’(0-).

Example 2: Find the derivative of the function f(x),
 x, x ≥ 0 defined by f(x) = sin x by 1stprinciple.
We have f(x) = 
 –x, x < 0
Sol: Use the first principle to find the derivative of the
Since lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 0 = f(0) given function.
x →0 + x →0 –
The function is continuous at x = 0 Let dy be the increment in y corresponding to an
increment dx in x. We have
We also have
y = sin x
f(x) − f(0) x−0
f’(0+) = lim = lim =1
x →0 + x x →0 x y +dy = sin (x + dx)