Module 1

Calculus
Introduction:

 Polar coordinates are (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) where r - radial distance,𝜃- polar angle.

 Polar form of the equation of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is called polar curve.

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
 1 + cos 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 2, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 sin2 2 , sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 2 cos 2

𝜋 1+tan 𝜃 𝜋 1−tan 𝜃
 tan (4 + 𝜃) = 1−tan 𝜃 , tan (4 − 𝜃) = 1+tan 𝜃

𝑑𝜃
 Angle between radius vector and tangent is 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Problems:

1. Derive angle between radius vector and tangent. (May 22)

Let 𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) be any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

Let 𝜒 be the angle from the 𝑋 axis to the tangent.

Let 𝑝 be the perpendicular distance from the origin to the tangent.

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙

tan 𝜒 = tan(𝜃 + 𝜙)

tan 𝜃+tan 𝜙
tan 𝜒 = 1−tan 𝜃.tan 𝜙 ------- (1)

But
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑦 (𝑟 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃+𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟
(𝑟 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃−𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

1
 𝑑𝑟
Divide by 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 in numerator and denominator,

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜃+𝑟
𝑑𝑟
tan 𝜒 = 𝑑𝜃 -------- (2)
1−𝑟 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑟

Equating components of (1) and (2),

𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

2. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 (ii) 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

(i) 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 = 𝑎2 (ii) 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log(𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃) = log 𝑎2 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 2 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)

2 log 𝑟 + log cos 2𝜃 = 0 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

2 log 𝑟 = − log cos 2𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

= 0 + (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, 𝜃 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
= 𝜃
2 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
= 2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 2𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 = − tan 2
= tan 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜃
𝜋 cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 2)
cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − 2𝜃)
𝜋 𝜃
𝜙 = 2 − 2𝜃
𝜋 𝜙=2+2

This is the required angle between This is the required angle between

radius vector and tangent. radius vector and tangent.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

2
 3. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
(i) 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒏𝜽 + 𝜶) (ii) 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

(iii) 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) (iv) 𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) Log 𝑟 𝑚 = log 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) 𝑚 log 𝑟 = 𝑚 log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)

𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, 𝑚 𝑑𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃)

=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝜃)
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) tan(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼)
= 0+𝑛
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) Divide by cos 𝑚𝜃 in Nr. And Dr.

cot 𝜙 = tan(𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼) 1 𝑑𝑟 1 − tan 𝑚𝜃

=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + tan 𝑚𝜃
𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − (𝑛𝜃 + 𝛼)) 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)
Angle between the radius vector and the
𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot (2 − (4 − 𝑚𝜃))
𝜋
tangent is 𝜙 = − 𝑛𝜃 − 𝛼
2
Angle between the radius vector and the
𝜋
tangent is 𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

4. Find the angle between radius vector and tangent to the following:
𝒍
= 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 .
𝒓

𝑙
= 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝑟

Take log on both sides,

log 𝑙 − log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃,

1 𝑑𝑟 −𝑒 sin 𝜃
− =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝑒 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜙 =
1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜙 =
𝑒 sin 𝜃
1+𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑒 sin 𝜃

5. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) , 𝒓 = 𝒃(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) (MQP 2)

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑏(1 − cos 𝜃)

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 (1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 (1 − cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 −2 sin 2 cos 2 1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 𝜃
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = − tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

6. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 and 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 (July 23)

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 log 𝑟 𝑛 = log 𝑏 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃

n log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 𝑛 + log sin 𝑛𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 𝑑𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
=0+ =0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
𝑛 = −𝑛 tan 𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = −𝑛 cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃 = cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = − tan 𝑛𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝑛𝜃

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

7. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒂 𝒃
𝒓 = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 . (MQP 2)

𝑎 𝑏
𝑟= 𝑟=
1 + cos 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,
𝑎 𝑏
log 𝑟 = log log 𝑟 = log
1 + cos 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log(1 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑏 − log(1 − cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2 1 𝑑𝑟
𝜃
2 sin 2 cos 2
𝜃
= 𝜃 =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃
2 2 sin2 2

1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 𝜃
= tan = − cot
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2
𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = tan cot 𝜙2 = − cot
2 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

8. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:
𝒂
𝒓 = 𝒂𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎𝜃 𝑎
𝑟=
𝜃
Take log on both sides,
Take log on both sides,
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 𝑎
log 𝑟 = log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1
= 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 1
= 0−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃
1
cot 𝜙1 =
𝜃 1
cot 𝜙2 = −
𝜃

𝑎
By data, 𝑎𝜃 = 𝜃

Therefore, 𝜃 2 = 1.

1 1
cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = ( ) (− )
𝜃 𝜃
1
= − 𝜃2

= −1

Therefore, both intersect orthogonally.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

9. Show that the following pair of curves intersect orthogonally:

𝒓 = 𝒂𝒆𝜽 and 𝒓𝒆𝜽 = 𝒃

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝜃 𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑎
Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 log 𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = log 𝑎

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝜃 log 𝑟 + 𝜃 = log 𝑎

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
=0+1 +1=0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = 1 cot 𝜙2 = −1

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

𝜽 𝜽
10. Show that 𝒓 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐 the pair of curves cut orthogonally.
(May 22)
𝜃 𝜃
𝑟= 4 sec 2 2 𝑟=9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2

Take log on both sides, Take log on both sides,

𝜃 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log (4 sec 2 ) log 𝑟 = log (9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 4 + 2 log sec 2 log 𝑟 = log 9 + 2 log 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

Differentiate with respect to 𝜃 Differentiate with respect to 𝜃

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

 1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 𝜃 𝜃
=0+ 𝜃
sec tan =− 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 cot
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 2 2 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2
2 2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2 cot 𝜙2 = −2 cot 2

Since cot 𝜙1 . cot 𝜙2 = −1 , both intersect orthogonally.

11. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

𝒓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝑟 = sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log(2 sin 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 𝜃

= =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin 𝜃
𝜋 cot 𝜙2 = cot 𝜃
cot 𝜙1 = tan ( 4 − 𝜃)

𝜙2 = 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot ( 2 − ( 4 − 𝜃))

𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot ( + 𝜃)
4
𝜋
𝜙1 = +𝜃
4

𝜋
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 12. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:
𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) and 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log (2𝑎 cos 𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (1 − cos 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log cos 𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
= = 0−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2
= 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 sin2 𝜋
2 cot 𝜙2 = cot (2 + 𝜃)
𝜃 𝜋
cot 𝜙1 = cot 2 𝜙2 = 2 + 𝜃
𝜃
𝜙1 = 2

By data, 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1 = 3 cos 𝜃
1
𝜃 = cos −1 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

 Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

𝜋 𝜃
|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = +
2 2

𝝅 𝟏 1
= 𝟐 + 𝟐 cos −1 (3)

13. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

𝒂
𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜽 (May 22)

𝑎
𝑟 = 𝑎 log 𝜃 𝑟 = log 𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (log 𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (log 𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 𝑑𝑟 1
= =−
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃
1 1
cot 𝜙1 = cot 𝜙2 = −
𝜃 log 𝜃 𝜃 log 𝜃

tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 tan 𝜙2 = −𝜃 log 𝜃

𝑎
By data, 𝑎 log 𝜃 = log 𝜃 ⇒ (log 𝜃)2 = 1

⇒𝜃=𝑒

tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃 log 𝜃 = 𝑒 log 𝑒 = 𝑒

𝜙1 = tan−1 𝑒

tan 𝜙2 = −𝜃 log 𝜃 = −𝑒 log 𝑒 = −𝑒

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

 𝜙2 = tan−1(−𝑒) = − tan−1 𝑒

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 𝑒 + tan−1 𝑒 = 2 tan−1 𝑒

14. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log 𝑟 = log(𝑎 sin 2𝜃) log 𝑟 = log(𝑎 cos 2𝜃)

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (sin 2𝜃) log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log (cos 2𝜃)

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟
= 2 cot 2𝜃 = −2 tan 2𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = 2 cot 2𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = −2 tan 2𝜃

1 1
tan 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2𝜃 tan 𝜙2 = − 2 cot 2𝜃

By data, 𝑎 sin 2𝜃 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 ⇒ tan 2𝜃 = 1

𝜋
2𝜃 = 4

1 1 𝜋 1 1
tan 𝜙1 = 2 tan 2𝜃 = 2 tan 4 = 2 ⇒ 𝜙1 = tan−1 2

1 1 𝜋 1 1
tan 𝜙2 = − 2 cot 2𝜃 = − 2 cot 4 = − 2 ⇒ 𝜙2 = −tan−1 2

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

 1 1 1
|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 + tan−1 = 2 tan−1
2 2 2

1 1
tan 𝜙 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙2 + 4
Note: 1 tan|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = |1+tan1𝜙 |=|2 2
|=3
11
1 .tan 𝜙2 1− .
22

4
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 3

1
1 2( ) 4
Note: 2 2 tan−1 2 = tan−1 2
1 2
= tan−1 3
1−( )
2

15. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

𝒂𝜽 𝒂
𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝟏+𝜽𝟐 (Feb 23)

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
𝑟 = 1+𝜃 𝑟 = 1+𝜃2

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

𝑎
𝑎𝜃 log 𝑟 = log
log 𝑟 = log 1 + 𝜃2
1+𝜃
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 − log (1 + 𝜃 2 )
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝜃 − log (1 + 𝜃)
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 2𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 1 1 = − 1+𝜃2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
= (𝑎) −
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝜃 1+𝜃
2𝜃
cot 𝜙2 = − 1+𝜃2
1 1 1
cot 𝜙1 = − =
𝜃 1+𝜃 𝜃(1+𝜃)
1+𝜃2
tan 𝜙2 = −
tan 𝜙1 = 𝜃(1 + 𝜃) 2𝜃

𝑎𝜃 𝑎
By data, 1+𝜃 = 1+𝜃2 , 𝜃 + 𝜃 3 = 1 + 𝜃 , Therefore, 𝜃 = 1.

1+1
tan 𝜙1 = 1(1 + 1) = 2, tan 𝜙2 = − = −1
2

tan 𝜙 +tan 𝜙2 2+1

tan(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) = 1−tan1𝜙 = 1−2 = −3
1 .tan 𝜙2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 𝜙1 − 𝜙2 = tan−1(−3) = − tan−1 3

Angle of intersection of the given pair of curves is given by

|𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = tan−1 3

16. Find the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:

𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟒 and 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 = 4 𝑟 2 = 16 sin 2𝜃

Take log on both sides Take log on both sides

log(𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃) = log 4 log(𝑟 2 ) = log(16 sin 2𝜃)

log 𝑟 2 + log sin 2𝜃 = log 4 log 𝑟 2 = log 16 + log sin 2𝜃

Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

2 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 2 𝑑𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃
+ =0 = 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 2𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 2𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = − cot 2𝜃 cot 𝜙2 = cot 2𝜃

cot 𝜙1 = cot(−2𝜃) 𝜙2 = 2𝜃

𝜙1 = −2𝜃

1 𝜋
By data, 16 sin2 2𝜃 = 4, sin 2𝜃 = 2 , 2𝜃 = 6

𝜋 𝜋
Therefore, |𝜙1 − 𝜙2 | = 4𝜃 = 2 (6 ) = 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

 1.2 Pedal equations

Introduction:

If 𝑝 is the perpendicular distance from the pole to the tangent of the polar curve, then the

equation of the curve in terms of 𝑝 and 𝑟 is called pedal equation or 𝑝 − 𝑟 equation.

1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑝 − 𝑟 equation is 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 or = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃 ) .
𝑝2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟐
1. With usual notations, prove that 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟒 (𝒅𝜽) and hence deduce that
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝒖𝟐 + (𝒅𝜽) , where 𝒖 = 𝒓 .
𝒑𝟐

𝑃(𝑟, 𝜃) − Any point on the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) .

𝑟 – Radius vector

𝑝 − perpendicular distance from the origin

By diagram,

By diagram, Therefore,

𝑝 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= sin 𝜙 = + ( )
𝑟 𝑝2 𝑟 2 𝑟 4 𝑑𝜃
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
Put

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

 1 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑟
2
= 2 2 𝑢= , = − 2( ).
𝑝 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

1 1 We ge
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙
𝑝2 𝑟 2
1 2
𝑑𝑢 2
1 =𝑢 +( )
𝑝2 𝑑𝜃
= (1 + cot 2 𝜙)
𝑟2

1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 2 (1 + 2 ( ) )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝜃

2. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

2 log 𝑟 = 2 log 𝑎 + 2 log sin 𝜃 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃

log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log sin 𝜃 𝑟2

𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( 2 )
𝑎
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
=
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑝2 = 𝑟 4
cot 𝜙 = cot 𝜃
𝑎𝑝 = 𝑟 2
𝜙=𝜃

3. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓 = 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 = 2(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋 𝜃

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( + )
2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

 log 𝑟 = log 2 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2
2
log 𝑟 = log 2 + log(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑟
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 ( )
1 𝑑𝑟 − sin 𝜃
𝜃
−2 sin cos
𝜃 4
2 2
= 0 + 1+cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 2 cos2
2 4𝑝2 = 𝑟 3
𝜃 𝜋 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − tan 2 = cot ( 2 + 2)

𝜋 𝜃
𝜙=2+2

4. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (May 22)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( + 𝑛𝜃)
2

𝑛 log 𝑟 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 + log cos 𝑛𝜃

𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑟𝑛
𝑝 = 𝑟 (𝑎𝑛)
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 −𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑎𝑛 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑛+1
1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 + 𝑛𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 2 + 𝑛𝜃

5. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 = 𝒂𝒎

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

 𝑟 𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)
𝑚 log 𝑟 + log cos 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑚 log 𝑎
𝑝 = 𝑟 cos 𝑚𝜃
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑎𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑟 (𝑟𝑚 )
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃
+ =0
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑚−1 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑚
1 𝑑𝑟
= tan 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( 2 − 𝑚𝜃)

𝜋
𝜙 = 2 − 𝑚𝜃

6. Find the pedal equation of the curve 𝒓𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝜽)

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙

Take log on both sides, 𝜋

𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (4 + 𝑚𝜃)

𝑚 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑚 + log(cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃) 𝑟

𝑝= (cos 𝑚𝜃 + sin 𝑚𝜃)
√2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟𝑚
𝑝= (𝑎𝑚 )
𝑚 𝑑𝑟 −𝑚 sin 𝑚𝜃+𝑚 cos 𝑚𝜃 √2
=0+
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑚𝜃+sin 𝑚𝜃
√2𝑎𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑚+1
1 𝑑𝑟 𝜋
= tan ( 4 − 𝑚𝜃)
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
cot 𝜙 = cot ( − + 𝑚𝜃)
2 4

𝜋
𝜙 = 4 + 𝑚𝜃

7. Find the Pedal equation of the curve 𝒓 = 𝒂𝒆𝒎𝜽

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

 To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑟 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑚𝜃 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃)
𝑝2
Take log on both sides,
1 1
= 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑚2 )
𝑝2
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + 𝑚𝜃
𝑟 2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑚2 )
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃

1 𝑑𝑟
=0+𝑚
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

cot 𝜙 = 𝑚

𝒍
8. Find the Pedal equation of the curve = 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒓

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

𝑙 1 1 1 𝑑𝑟 2
= 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 (𝑑𝜃)
𝑟 𝑝2

Take log on both sides, 1 1 𝑒 2 sin2 𝜃

= 𝑟 2 (1 + (1+𝑒 cos 𝜃)2 )
𝑝2
𝑙
log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)
𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 cos 𝜃)
log 𝑙 − log 𝑟 = log(1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃)
𝑙
𝑙 2 = 𝑝2 (1 + 𝑒 2 + 2 ( − 1))
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃 𝑟

1 𝑑𝑟 −𝑒 sin 𝜃
0 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃 2𝑙
𝑙 2 = 𝑝2 (𝑒 2 + − 1)
𝑟
𝑒 sin 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = 1+𝑒 cos 𝜃

𝟐𝒂
9. Find the Pedal equation of the curve = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒓

To find: 𝜙 To find: Pedal equation

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

 2𝑎
= 1 − cos 𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
Take log on both sides, 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin (𝜋 − 2) = 𝑟 sin 2

log 2𝑎 − log 𝑟 = log(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑝2 𝜃 𝑎

= sin2 2 =
𝑟2 𝑟
Differentiate w. r. to 𝜃
𝑝2 = 𝑎𝑟
𝜃 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 2 sin cos
2 2
0 − 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 1−cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
2 sin2
2

𝜃 𝜃
cot 𝜙 = − cot 2 = cot (𝜋 − 2)

𝜃
𝜙=𝜋−2

1.3 Radius of curvature

Introduction:

 Derivative of an arc length:

Cartesian form Polar form

𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 = √𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐𝟏
= √𝟏 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙

 The rate of change of bending of a curve at p is called the curvature at p.

dχ
It is denoted by k = .
ds

 The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at p is called the radius of curvature at p.

𝑑𝑠
It is defined by 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜓.

Cartesian form Polar form

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

 (1 + 𝑦12 )3⁄2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 )3⁄2
𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑦2 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟 𝑟2

Parametric form Pedal form

3
𝑑𝑟
(𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦 2̇ )2 𝜌=𝑟
𝜌= 𝑑𝑝
𝑥̇ 𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ 𝑥̈

Note:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
In Cartesian form, 𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑2 𝑟
In Polar form, 𝑟1 = 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑟2 = 𝑑𝜃2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In Parametric form, 𝑥̇ = , 𝑦̇ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1. Derive radius of curvature for the Cartesian curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). (May 22)
𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜓 = 𝑦1
𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦1 )
Differentiating w. r. to 𝑥,
𝑑𝜓 1
= .𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦12 2
Therefore, radius of curvature is given by
𝑑𝑠
𝜌=
𝑑𝜓
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜓
1 + 𝑦12
= √1 + 𝑦12 .
𝑦2
3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
=
𝑦2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ]
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

2. Derive radius of curvature for the parametric curve 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒕).

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦̇
𝑦1 = 𝑦2 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥̇

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦̇ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = ( )( )
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑥̇ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑥̇ 𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ 𝑥̈ 1
=( )( )
𝑦̇ 𝑥̇ 𝑥̇
=
𝑥̇

The radius of curvature is given by

3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
𝜌=
𝑦2
3
𝑦 2̇ 2
(1 + 𝑥̇ 2 )
= 𝑥̇ 𝑦̈−𝑦̇ 𝑥̈
( )
𝑥 2̇

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

 Therefore,
3

(𝑥̇ + ̇ )
2
𝑦2 2
𝜌=
𝑥̇ 𝑦̈ − 𝑦̇ 𝑥̈

3. Derive radius of curvature for the polar curve 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽).

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙
𝑑𝜒 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= +
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
= + .
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= (1 + )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝜙
1 + 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃

But 𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟
𝑑𝑟

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

 𝑟 The radius of curvature is given by
𝜙 = tan−1 ( )
𝑟1 1 𝑑𝜒
Differentiate with respect to 𝜃, =
𝜌 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜙 1 𝑟1 . 𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟2 𝑑𝜙
= . 1 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑟12 =
1 + (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑠
1
𝑑𝜃
𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2 1 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
= = .
𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
√𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
𝑑𝜙 𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2
1+ = 1+ 2 Therefore,
𝑑𝜃 𝑟 + 𝑟12 3

𝑟 2
+ 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2 (𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 )2
= 𝜌= 2
𝑟 2 + 𝑟12 𝑟 + 2𝑟12 − 𝑟𝑟2

𝑑𝑠
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟12
𝑑𝜃

4. Derive radius of curvature for the pedal curve 𝒑 = 𝒇(𝒓).

By diagram, 𝜒 = 𝜃 + 𝜙
Also,
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
Differentiate with respect to 𝑟,
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝜙
= sin 𝜙 + 𝑟 cos 𝜙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙
=𝑟 +𝑟 .
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
= 𝑟( + )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑
= 𝑟 ( (𝜃 + 𝜙))
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜒
= 𝑟( )
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
=𝑟
𝑑𝜒 𝑑𝑝

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

 Therefore,
𝑑𝑟
𝜌=𝑟
𝑑𝑝

5. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟐 at (𝟏, 𝟏) (July ’16)

𝑥4 + 𝑦4 = 2
Differentiate w. r. to 𝑥,
4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0 -------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to 𝑥,
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 (𝑦′)2 + 𝑦 3 𝑦" = 0 -------- (2)
At (1, 1),
(1) ⟹ 1 + 𝑦′ = 0 ⟹ 𝑦′ = −1
(2) ⟹ 3 + 3 − 𝑦" = 0 ⟹ 𝑦" = −6.
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦"
3
(1 + 1)2
=
−6
2√2
=
−6
Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25
 √2
=−
3
Here, negative sign indicates the direction of bending of the curve.
By ignoring sign,
√𝟐
𝝆=
𝟑

6. Find the radius of curvature of the Folium 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚 at the point

(𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐, 𝟑𝒂⁄𝟐) .
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦) ------ (1)
Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦" = 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦" + 2𝑦′) ------- (2)
3𝑎 3𝑎
At ( 2 , ),
2
9𝑎2 9𝑎2 3𝑎 3𝑎
(1) ⇒ + 𝑦′ = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦′ + )
4 4 2
9𝑎2 3𝑎2 3𝑎2 9𝑎2
( − ) y′ = −
4 2 2 4

𝒚′ = −𝟏
3𝑎 3𝑎 3𝑎 2 3𝑎
(2) ⇒ 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 𝑦" = 𝑎 ( 2 𝑦" − 2)
9𝑎2 3𝑎2
3𝑎 + 3𝑎 + 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑎
4 2
3𝑎2
4
𝑦 ′′ = −8𝑎

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

 −𝟑𝟐
𝒚′′ =
𝟑𝒂
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
3
22
=( ) 3𝑎
−32

3𝑎√2
=−
16
Here, negative sign indicates the direction of bending of the curve.
By ignoring sign,
𝟑𝒂√𝟐
𝝆=
𝟏𝟔

𝒙
7. Find the radius of curvature of the catenary 𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒄 at (𝒄, 𝟎).
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐

Differentiate with respect to 𝑥,

𝑥
𝑦′ = sinh 𝑐 -------- (1)

Differentiate again with respect to 𝑥,

1 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑐 cosh 𝑐 ------- (2)

𝐴𝑡 (𝑐, 0),
(1) ⟹ 𝑦′ = sinh 1
1
(2) ⟹ 𝑦′′ = cosh 1
𝑐
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
(1 + sinh2 1)3⁄2
= 1
cosh 1
𝑐

= 𝑐 cosh2 1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

 𝑦2
=
𝑐

Note:
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑 cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
sinh 𝑥 = (sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑 cosh2 𝑥 = 1 + sinh2 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 = (cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥

8. Find the radius of curvature of the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 at (𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝟐𝒂𝒕) .

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
Differentiate w. r. to x,
𝑦𝑦′ = 2𝑎 ---------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to x,
𝑦 ′2 + 𝑦𝑦′′ = 0 ---------- (2)
At (𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡),
(1) ⟹ 2𝑎𝑡𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎
1
⟹ 𝑦′ =
𝑡
1
(2) ⟹ + 2𝑎𝑡𝑦 ′′ = 0
𝑡2
1
⟹ 𝑦 ′′ = −
2𝑎𝑡 3
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

 1 3⁄2
(1 + 2 )
𝑡
= 1
(− 2𝑎𝑡 3 )
3
= −2𝑎(1 + 𝑡 2 )2

9. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝒂) at (𝒂, 𝟎).

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
Differentiate w. r. to x,
𝑦′ = 𝑥 3 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)3𝑥 2 ---------- (1)
Differentiate again w. r. to x,
𝑦′′ = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑎) -------- (2)
𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 0),
𝑦′ = 𝑎3 − 0 = 𝑎3
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑎2 − 0 = 6𝑎2
The radius of curvature is given by,
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )3⁄2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
3
(1 + 𝑎6 )2
=
6𝑎2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

 𝒂𝟐 (𝒂−𝒙)
10. Find the radius of curvature for 𝒚𝟐 = where the curve meets the x-axis.
𝒙

𝑎2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦2 =
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑥

Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥 ,
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 = −𝑎2
𝑎3
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = −
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎3
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦𝑥 2
does not exist at 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑦
∴ =− 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
Differentiate w.r.to y,

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

 𝑑2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 3 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 0 then 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑑𝑥
(1) ⟹ =0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2𝑥 2
(2) ⟹ 2
=−
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
Therefore, radius of curvature is given by
3⁄2
𝑑𝑥
(1 + (𝑑𝑦))
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑎
=−
2
By ignoring the sign,
𝒂
𝝆=
𝟐

.
11. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝜽
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )
𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃), = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃
2
= sec 2 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 1 𝜃
sec 2 2
𝑎 sin 𝜃 2
=
= 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
1 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 sec 2 2
2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2
= 𝑎 (2 cos 2 2)
𝜃
2 cos 2𝜃
2
𝜃
1 𝜃
= tan 2 = sec 4
4𝑎 2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

 3
(1 + 𝑦 ′2 )2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
𝜃
sec 3 2
= 1 𝜃
sec 4 2
4𝑎

𝜃
= 4𝑎 cos
2

12. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝜽
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃), = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜃 𝜃 1 𝜃 1
2 sin 2 cos 2 = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2) × 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) ℎ
= 𝜃
2 sin2 1 𝜃
2 = − 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 (2)
𝜃
= cot
2

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by,

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

 3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
(1 + ( ) )
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
3
𝜃 2
(1 + cot 2 2)
= 1 4 𝜃
− 4𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2)

𝜃
= −4𝑎 sin
2
By ignoring sign,

𝜽
𝝆 = 𝟒𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐

13. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 at 𝒕 = 𝟒 .

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , = 3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦′ = 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 = − sec 2 𝑡 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 sec 2 𝑡
3𝑎 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 =
3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
=
−3𝑎 cos 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 1 sec 4 𝑡
= − tan 𝑡 =
3𝑎 sin 𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33

 𝜋
At 𝑡 = 4 ,

𝜋
𝑦 ′ = − tan 4 = −1

4 𝜋
1 sec 4 1
𝑦′′ = 3𝑎 𝜋 = 3𝑎 4√2
sin
4

The radius of curvature is given by,

3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
𝜌=
𝑦2
3
(1 + 1)2
= 1
4√2
3𝑎

3𝑎
=
2

14. Find the radius of curvature of the curve

𝒙 = 𝒂(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 + 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕) at any point 𝒕.

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎(− sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 cos 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
2
= sec 2 𝑡 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
sec 2 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡 =
= 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34

 = tan 𝑡 1
= sec 3 𝑡
𝑎𝑡

Therefore, radius of curvature is given by

3
(1 + 𝑦12 )2
𝜌=
𝑦2
3
(1 + tan2 𝑡)2
= 1
4√2
3𝑎

sec 3 𝑡
= 1
sec 3 𝑡
𝑎𝑡

= 𝑎𝑡

𝝆𝟐
15. For the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) , show that is a constant.
𝒓

Step 1: Find 𝝓 Step 3: Find radius of curvature.

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2
Take log on both sides, Differentiate w.r.to 𝑝,
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟
3𝑟 2 = 4𝑎𝑝
Differentiate w. r. to x, 𝑑𝑝

1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 4𝑎𝑝
= 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑝 3𝑟

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 35

 𝜃
2 sin 2 cos 2
𝜃 4𝑎𝑝
𝜌=
cot 𝜙 = 𝜃 3𝑟
2 sin2 2
2
16𝑎2 𝑝2
𝜌 =
𝜃 9𝑟 2
cot 𝜙 = cot
2 8𝑎𝑟
=
𝜃 9
𝜙=
2 𝜌2 8𝑎
=
Step 2: Find 𝒑 − 𝒓 equation. 𝑟 9
𝜃 = Constant
𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙 = 𝑟 sin
2 𝜌2
𝜃 Therefore, is a constant.
𝑟
𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 sin2
2
𝑟3
𝑝2 =
2𝑎
𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2

16. If 𝝆𝟏, 𝝆𝟐 be the radii of curvature at the extremities of any chord of the cardioid
𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐
𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) which passes through the pole, show that 𝝆𝟏 𝟐 + 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 = May 22)
𝟗

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 36

 Step 1: Find 𝜙 Step 2: Find 𝑝 − 𝑟 equation.
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑝 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝜋 𝜃
= 𝑟 sin ( + )
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + cos 𝜃) 2 2
𝜃
Differentiate w.r.to r, 𝑝2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2
2
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
=− 𝑟2
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 = (1 + cos 𝜃)
2
𝜃 𝜃
2 sin 2 cos 2 𝑟3 𝑟
cot 𝜙 = − 𝜃 = ( )( )
2 cos 2 2 2 𝑎

𝜃 𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2
= − tan
2
𝜋 𝜃
= cot ( + )
2 2
𝜋 𝜃
Therefore, 𝜙 = +
2 2
Step 3: Find 𝜌 16𝑎2
Step 4: To prove 𝜌12 + 𝜌22 = 9
𝑟 3 = 2𝑎𝑝2
At (𝑟, 𝜃), 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑝
8𝑎𝑟 8𝑎2
𝑑𝑟 𝜌12 = = (1 + cos 𝜃)
3𝑟 2 = 4𝑎𝑝 9 9
𝑑𝑝
At (𝑟, 𝜋 + 𝜃), 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos(𝜋 + 𝜃))
𝑑𝑟 4𝑎𝑝
𝑟 = 8𝑎𝑟 8𝑎2
𝑑𝑝 3𝑟 𝜌22 = = (1 − cos 𝜃)
9 9
4𝑎𝑝
𝜌= Adding both.
3𝑟
16𝑎2
16𝑎2 𝑝2 𝜌12 + 𝜌22 =
𝜌2 = 9
9𝑟 2
8𝑎 (2𝑎𝑝2 )
=
9𝑟 2
8𝑎𝑟
=
9

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 37