CREATIVE WRITING

Creative writing is writing that expresses the writer's thoughts and

feelings in an imaginative, often unique, and poetic way. Creative
writing is guided more by the writer's need to express feelings and ideas
than by restrictive demands of factual and logical progression of
expository writing.

Technical Writing
- Technical writing is a type of writing where the author is writing
about a particular subject that requires direction, instruction, or
explanation. This style of writing has a very different purpose and
different characteristics than other writing styles such as creative
writing, academic writing.

1. An instructional manual for repairing machinery;

2. A memo listing meeting agendas:
3. A letter from a vendor to a client; and
4. A recommendation report proposing a new computer system.

Technical writing, which must be understood easily and quickly,

includes:

1. Memos and e-mail

2. Letters
3. Reports
4. Instructions
5. Brochures and newsletters
6. The job Search
7. Web pages
8. Fliers
9. PowerPoint presentations
10. Graphic
Academic Writing

- Academic writing or scholarly writing is nonfiction writing

produced as part of academic work. Writing that reports on
university research, writing produced by university students, and
writing in which scholars analyze culture or propose new theories
are all sometimes described as academic writing

Imagery - Creating a picture in the reader’s mind by making the reader

see, hear, taste, smell, or touch what is being described is imagery.

Sensory details - include sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste. Writers
employ the five senses to engage a reader's interest. If you want your
writing to jump off the page, then bring you reader into the world you
are creating.

What Is Poetry? It is words arranged in a rhythmic pattern with

regular accents (like beats in music), words which are carefully selected
for sound, accent and meaning to express imaginatively ideas and
emotions. Each poem has rhythm, melody, imagery, and form.

 1 LINE – MONOSTITCH
 2 LINES – COUPLET
 3 LINES – TERCET
 4 LINES – QUATRAIN
 5 LINES – QUINTET/CINQUAIN
 6 LINES – SESTET
 7 LINES – SEPTET/HEPSTATICH
 8 LINES – OCTAVE/OCTAVE
 9 LINES – NONET, SPENSERIAN
 10 LINES – DIZAIN
 13 LINES – RONDEL
 14 – SONNET

Figures
of
Speech
Figures of Speech

Simile
- Comparison of two unlike things using like, as or as if.

- Example: Procrastination is like a thief that steals time.

Metaphor
- Suggests a comparison of unlike things or particulars without
using like, as or as if.

- Example: The teacher was an encyclopedia of information.

Assonance
- Focuses on repetition of vowel sounds in the middle of a word

- Example: The pig in a wig did a jig.

Alliteration
- Repetition of first consonant sounds in several words

- Example: Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter.

Consonance
- Repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line or mostly
in the middle of a word.

- Example: I think I like the pink kite.

Personification
- Giving human characteristics and capabilities to thing which are
inanimate or non-human.

- Example: The sun yawned through the trees.

Onomatopoeia
- Describes natural sound or sound made by an object or a certain
action.

- Example: Hear the silver bells! How they tinkle, tinkle in the icy
hair of night! – Poe

Dysphemism
- Use of harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered less
harsh.

- Example: Calling the television an idiot box

Euphemism
- Mild, indirect or vague term to substitute for a harsh, blunt or
offensive term

- Example: passed away for died

Irony
 - Contradiction of expectation but what is said and what is really
meant

- Example: The explanation is as clear as mud.

Anaphora
- Stylistic device that consists of repeating words at the beginning
of neighboring clauses to give them emphasis.

- Example: You are lovely, you are gorgeous, you are pretty, you are
glorious, you are, you are, just you are!

Epiphora or Epistrophe
- Rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at
the end of neighboring clauses to give them emphasis.

- Example: a government of the people, by the people, for the

people.

Hypophora
- A figure of speech in which the speaker raises a question and then
answers it.

- Example: Is it a bird? No! Is it a plane? No! It’s Superman!

Cataphora
- Refers to a figure of speech where an earlier expression refers to
or describes a forward expression.

- Example: If you go there now, the party will start.

Accumulation
 - A figure of speech in which arguments previously stated are
presented again in a forceful manner.

- Example: She has an attractive face, gorgeous smile, lovely hair,

charming eyes, exquisite nose, flawless skin, gracefulness in her
movement; in short she is divinely beautiful.

Adjunction
- A figure of speech in which a word, phrase or clause is placed at
the beginning or the end of a sentence. Kind of how the character
Yoda speaks in Star Wars.

- Example: Too lazy to find examples, I am. But get the picture, do
you?

Adnomination
- Repetition of words with change in letter or sound.

- Example: She is somebody from somewhere and she knows

something.

Allusion
- Is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of
historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not
describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers.

- Example: The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of

crimes

Atanaclasis
- Rhetorical device in which a word is repeated and whose meaning
changes in the second instance.

- Example: The excuse is sound, nothing but sound.

Antiphrasis
 - A word or phrase is used to mean the opposite of its normal
meaning to create ironic humorous effect.

- Example: She is 65 years young.

Antithesis
- Refers to the juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas. It
involves the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious
contrast in the words, clauses or sentences within a parallel
grammatical structure.

- Example: Too many choices, too little time.

Apostrophe
- An exclamatory rhetorical figure in which a speaker or writer
breaks off and directs speech to an imaginary person or abstract
quality or idea.

- Example: Oh moon! You have seen everything.

Anticlimax
- Refers to a figure of speech in which statements gradually descend
in order of
- importance.

- Example: He got back his dignity, his job and his company car.

Climax
- Refers to a figure of speech in which words, phrases, or clauses
are arranged in order of increasing importance.

- Example: Three things will remain: faith, hope and love. But the
greatest of these is love.

Chiasmus
- Words, grammatical constructions or concepts are repeated in
reverse order in the same or modified form.
 - Example: People must live to work not just work to live.

Merism
- Figure of speech by which something is referred to by a
conventional phrase that enumerates several of its constituents or
traits.

- Example: Flesh and bone means whole body

Metalepsis
- Metalepsis is derived from a Greek word metōnymia, which means
substitution or sharing. It is a figure of speech like metonymy or
metaphor. However, it is an advanced form of figurative speech in
which one thing is referred to another thing that is only slightly
related to it. There are two ways to make this association. One is
through showing causal relationship to seemingly unrelated
things. The other is through indirect intermediate replacement of
terms.

- Example: Pallid death

The effect of death is to make the body pale. Ascribing this effect
to death itself as an adjective here is an example of metalepsis.

Metonymy
- Is frequently used in literature and in everyday speech. A
metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another
word. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is a well-known
characteristic of the word.

- Example: One famous example of metonymy is the saying, "The

pen is mightier than the sword," which originally came from
Edward Bulwer Lytton's play Richelieu. This sentence

- Has two examples of metonymy:

- The "pen" stands in for "the written word."
- The "sword"
Oxymoron
- Is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to
create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of
an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, e.g.
“cruel kindness” or “living death”.

Pun (Paranomasia)
- A pun is a play on words in which a humorous effect is produced
by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by
exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings.

- Example: The life of a patient of hypertension is always at steak.

Synechdoche
- Is a literary device in which a part of something represents the
whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.

- Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups

or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it
is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by
the name of that container or packing.

- Example: The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing

is my bread and
butter” or “sole breadwinner”.

Ellipsis
- Is the omission of a word or series of words. There are two slightly
different definitions of ellipsis which are pertinent to literature.
The first definition of ellipsis is the commonly used series of three
dots, which can be place at the beginning, in the middle, or at the
end of a sentence or clause.

- These three dots can stand in for whole sections of text that are
omitted that do not change the overall meaning. The dots can also
indicate a mysterious or unfinished thought, a leading sentence, or
a pause or silence. This punctuation is also referred to as a
 suspension point, points of ellipsis, periods of ellipsis, or in speech
may be called, “dot-dot-dot.”

Hyperbole
- Derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of
speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of
emphasis.

- Example: My grandmother is as old as the hills.

Litotes
- Derived from a Greek word meaning “simple”, is a figure of speech
which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in
other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its
opposite expressions.

- Example: They do not seem the happiest couple around.

Understatement
- Is figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to
intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is

- Example: “It rained a bit more than usual.” – Describing an area

being flooded by heavy rainfall.

Idiom

An idiom is a phrase that is common to a certain population. It is

typically figurative and usually is not understandable based solely on the
words within the phrase. A prior understanding of its usage is usually
necessary. Idioms are crucial to the progression of language.

Diction
The writer’s purpose – whether to convince, entertain, amuse, inform, or
plead – partly determines diction. Diction refers to the author’s choice
of words. Words chosen to impart a particular effect on the reader
reflect and sustain a writer’s purpose.