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Mathematical System

The document explains modular arithmetic, which involves numbers wrapping around upon reaching a fixed quantity called the modulus, and introduces the concept of congruence using the symbol (≡). It provides examples of calculating time using modular arithmetic, verifying congruences, and finding least residues. Additionally, it discusses applications of modular arithmetic in generating unique identification numbers such as UPC, USPS codes, credit card numbers, and ISBNs.

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Kali Zeentria
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15 views2 pages

Mathematical System

The document explains modular arithmetic, which involves numbers wrapping around upon reaching a fixed quantity called the modulus, and introduces the concept of congruence using the symbol (≡). It provides examples of calculating time using modular arithmetic, verifying congruences, and finding least residues. Additionally, it discusses applications of modular arithmetic in generating unique identification numbers such as UPC, USPS codes, credit card numbers, and ISBNs.

Uploaded by

Kali Zeentria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM

Modular Arithmetic
-numbers are wrap around upon reaching a given fixed quantity to leave a remainder.

Modulus- a given fixed quantity.

Example:
1. Determine the time 8 hours after 3 o’clock.
2. Determine the time 8 hours after 9 o’clock.
3. Determine the time 9 hours after 7 o’clock.
4. Determine the time 9 hours before 7 o’clock.

The position you end up at on the circle after counting is the


remainder (least residue) after dividing by the modulus.

CONGRUENCE
We use the symbol (≡ ) to show that two numbers are congruent.
a ≡ b (mod n), reads as "a is congruent to b modulo n"

Verify if the following congruence are true:


A. 2 ≡ 5 (mod 3) B. 1 ≡ 10 (mod 3) C. 2 ≡ 7 (mod 3)

Find the least residue of the following:


A. 11(mod 8) B. 25(mod 5) C. 4 (mod 9) D. -11 (mod 6) E. -3 (mod 7)

 If b is a negative number keep adding 'n' to 'b' until the result is 0 or a positive number. You are allowed to add
more than one times the modulus n. The result is your remainder or least residue. The remainder must be in the
range of 0 to n-1.
 If b < n (b is less than n): This means that 'b' is already within the range of possible remainders. Remember,
remainders when dividing by n must be between 0 and n-1.

Arithmetic Operations Modulo n


Arithmetic modulo n (where n is a natural number) requires us to evaluate a modular expression after using the
standard rules of arithmetic. Thus, we perform the arithmetic operation and then divide by the modulus. The answer is
the remainder. The result of an arithmetic operation mod n is always a whole number less than n.

Examples: Evaluate each of the following


1. 48 + 11 (mod 7)
2. 97 - 16 ( mod 12)
3. 81 x 17 ( mod 13)
4. 30 + 11 (mod 10)
5. 5 - 7 (mod 3)
APPLICATION OF MODULAR ARITHMETIC
A. Check Codes
There are many methods being used to produce identification numbers which are unique. This section will cover four
of them, the Universal Product Code (UPC) for consumer products, the United States Postal Services (USPS) zipcode, the
Credit Card, and the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) that was created by Gordon Foster in 1966.
UPC, EAN-13, USPC, Credit card Number and ISBN
- uses check digits as their last digit to ensure that the number is valid.

Universal Product Code (UPC) United States Postal Services (USPS)


- used by many of the products sold in supermarkets and - consists of 11 digits where their last digits also serve as
shopping malls which contains identification numbers their check digit.
coded with bars, read by optimal scanners.
- consist of 11 digits with the last digit who serves as check
digit, for a total of 12 digits of bar code data.
- developed by George Joseph Laurer.

Credit Card Number


- consists of 16 numbers where their last digits also serve
as their check digit.

 European Article Number (EAN)


- known as International Article Number, a standard
numbering system used in global trade to identify a
specific retail product type, packaging configuration ad
manufacturer.
- EAN-13 is the most commonly used EAN standard.

Bank Routing Number


- a 9-digit number used to identify bank from which the
cheque is issued.
- most common application is wire transfers and paper
transactions.
- it does not have a check digit, it is more of an error
detecting code in order to verify the given number is
correct.
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
-whether local or foreign authored/published, it is usually
found on the last cover page of the book.
- It is in a string of ten digits or 13 digits , the first 10 digits
of a ISBN-10 identifies the book and the last digit refers to
the check digits.
- makes it easier for the publisher to encode their
inventories and billing procedures.

Formula used in the different applications of modular


arithmetic

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