Basic SQL Commands
1. SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.
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SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
o Use * to select all columns:
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SELECT * FROM table_name;
2. WHERE: Filter records based on conditions.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;
o Example:
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SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age > 30;
3. INSERT INTO: Add new rows to a table.
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INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);
4. UPDATE: Modify existing records.
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UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;
5. DELETE: Remove records from a table.
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DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
6. CREATE TABLE: Create a new table.
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CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype
);
7. DROP TABLE: Delete a table.
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DROP TABLE table_name;
8. ALTER TABLE: Modify a table's structure.
o Add a column:
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ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
o Drop a column:
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ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Common Clauses
1. ORDER BY: Sort results by one or more columns.
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SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC; -- Ascending (default)
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name DESC; -- Descending
2. GROUP BY: Group rows sharing a value.
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SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;
3. HAVING: Filter groups (used with GROUP BY).
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SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name HAVING
COUNT(*) > 1;
4. LIMIT: Limit the number of returned rows.
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SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10;
Joins
1. INNER JOIN: Rows with matching values in both tables.
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SELECT columns
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
2. LEFT JOIN: All rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.
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SELECT columns
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
3. RIGHT JOIN: All rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.
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SELECT columns
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
4. FULL JOIN: All rows when there is a match in either table.
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SELECT columns
FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
Aggregate Functions
• COUNT(): Count rows.
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
• SUM(): Sum values.
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SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
• AVG(): Calculate average.
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SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
• MAX() / MIN(): Get the maximum or minimum value.
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SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
Basic Data Types
• INT: Integer
• VARCHAR(size): Variable-length string
• CHAR(size): Fixed-length string
• DATE: Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
• FLOAT: Floating-point number
