10/4/23, 9:44 AM Introduction to C++ Notes Week 1

Introduction to C++ Notes Week 1

Introduction to C++ Notes Week 1

Rahil Sehgal
Created 7 months ago • Updated 7 months ago
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Hello everyone welcome to the weekly lecture notes
Topics to be covered:
1. Introduction to C++
2. Variables
3. Data Types
4. Identifiers
5. C++ Output
6. C++ Input
7. C++ Operators
8. C++ Operator Precedence and Associativity

Introduction to C++
1. C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs.
2. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and
the various versions of UNIX.C++ is closer to the compiler and faster
than C language.
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10/4/23, 9:44 AM Introduction to C++ Notes Week 1

3. C++ is both a procedural and an object-oriented programming

language. It supports OOP features such as polymorphism,
encapsulation, and inheritance. As C++ is an object-oriented
programming language so it gives a clear structure to programs and
allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.

Variables
1. A variable is the title of a reserved region allocated in memory. In
other words, it may be referred to as the name of a memory location.
2. Syntax for Declaring a Variable:
<data_type> <variable_name>
Example:
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int x = 10; // here int is the data type and x is variable
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int y = 50;

3. Changing values of variables: A variable's value can also be changed

in the program.
Example :
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int x = 10;
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x = 20; // now the value changes to 20
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int z = 30;
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z = 40; // now the value changes to 40

4. NOTE: Assigning value to variable while declaring is optional.

Variables Naming Rules

1. Variables can start from an alphabet or underscore _ or $.
2. Special characters except _ and $ are not allowed.
3. Some particular keywords are not allowed.
4. Commas or blanks are not allowed.
5. A variable name cannot start with a digit.

Data Types in C++

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1. Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored
in the variable. Hence, by assigning different data types, we can
store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.
2. The different types are :
1. C++ int: int keyword is used to indicate integers.
2. C++ char: This data type is used to store a single character.
3. C++ bool: A Boolean data type is declared with bool keyword.
4. C++ float : float is used to store floating-point numbers (decimals
and exponentials).
5. C++ double: double is used to store floating-point numbers
(decimals and exponentials).
6. C++ void: The void keyword means "nothing" or "no value".

Identifiers in C++
1. It is a name given to a package, class, interface, method, or variable.
All identifiers must have different names.
2. Rules for identifiers in C++ are :
1. All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), $ and _
and must be unique.
2. After the first character/letter, identifiers can have any
combination of characters.
3. A keyword cannot be used as an identifier.
4. The identifiers are case sensitive.
5. Whitespaces are not permitted.
3. Examples of Identifiers in C++ are:
abc, _abc, __xyz

Output in C++
1. In C++, all lines that start with a pound or hashtag # sign are called
directives and are processed by a preprocessor which is a program
invoked by the compiler.

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2. #include<iostream> tells the preprocessor to include the iostream

header file(file that has some already pre-written code which we are
importing to avoid reinventing the wheel) in the program and
iostream is the header file which contains all the basic functions of
the program like input/output etc.
3. Using namespace std is used to define which input/output form is
going to be used. (Explained in the forthcoming lectures).
4. int main(): This line is used to declare a function having the
name “main” whose return type is integer. Every C++ program’s
execution begins with the main() function, no matter where the
function is located in the program.
5. Example :
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#include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
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int main()
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{
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// prints hello world in C++
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cout << "Hello World in C++";
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}
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Output:
Hello World in C++

NOTE :
To print a new line in C++, we use endl command or '\n'
command.

Taking Input in C++

1. This can be done using cin . cin is a predefined object that reads
data from the user with the extraction operator ( >> ) (like scanf is
used in case of C language).
2. Example :

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#include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
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int main() {
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int x, y;
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cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
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cin >> x >> y;
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sum = x + y;
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// prints sum
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cout << sum <<endl;
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return 0;
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}
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C++ Operators
1. Operators are the symbols that are used to perform pre-defined
operations on variables and values (commonly referred to as
operands).
2. Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Miscellaneous Operator
3. Arithmetic Operators: They are used in mathematical expressions in
a program. They function in the same way as they do in algebra.
Example :

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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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int main() {
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int x = 5;
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int y = 10;
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int sum = x+y; // using addition operator
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int diff = x-y; // using subtraction operator
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int div = y/x; // using division operator
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int product = x*y;
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cout << sum << endl;
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cout << diff << endl;
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cout << product << endl;
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cout << div << endl;
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}

4. C++ Relational Operators:

Operator Description Example
== Is Equal To 4 == 5 returns false
!= Not Equal To 1!= 5 returns true
> Greater Than 1 > 5 returns false
< Less Than 2 < 5 returns true
>= Greater Than or Equal 4 >= 5 returns false
To
<= Less Than or Equal To 1 <= 5 returns true

5. C++ Logical Operators : Logical operators are used for decision

making. This class of operators is used to check whether an
expression is true or false. Some of the commonly used logical
operators are mentioned in the table below.

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Operator Example Meaning

&& (Logical AND) expression1 && true only if both
expression2 expression1 and
expression2 are true
| (Logical OR) expression1 | true if either
expression2 expression1 or
expression2 is true
! (Logical NOT) !expression true if expression is
false and vice versa
6. C++ assignment operators:
It assigns the value of its right hand operator to a variable or a
property given by its left hand operator.
Operator Example Equivalent to
it is = p = q; p = q;
+= p += q; p = p + q;
-= p -= q; p = p - q;
*= p *= q; p = p * q;
/= p /= q; p = p / q;
%= p %= q; p = p % q;

7. Bitwise Operators :
Operator Description
~ Bitwise Complement
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift
>>> Unsigned Right Shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR

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8. Miscellaneous Operators:
S.No Operator & Description
1 sizeof
This operator is used to compute the size of a variable. For
example, sizeof(p) , where ‘p’ is integer, and will return 4.
2 Condition ? Expression1 : Expression2
Conditional operator Condition is true then it returns the
value of Expression1 otherwise it returns the value of
Expression2.
3 ,
Comma operator is a binary operator. The value of the
entire comma expression is actually the value of the last
expression of the comma-separated list.
4 . (dot) and -> (arrow)
Member operators are for reference individual members of
classes, structures, and unions.
The dot operator is used for the actual object. The arrow
operator is used with a pointer to an object.
6 &
Address-of operator & returns the memory address of a
variable. For example &p; will give the actual memory
address of the variable p.

C++ Operator Precedence and Associativity

1. Operator precedence determines the order/sequence of evaluation
of operators in an expression (analogous to BODMAS concept in
math).
2. Associativity specifies the order in which operators are evaluated by
the compiler, which can be left to right or right to left.

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Category Operators Associativity

Postfix ++, - - Left to right
Unary +, -, !, ~, ++, - - Right to left
Multiplicative *, /, % Left to right
Additive +, - Left to right
Shift <<, >> Left to right
Relational < <=, > >= Left to right
Equality != , == Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR | Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment += , -=, >> = , << = , Right to left
^=, | =
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