CH1 | Electric Charges & Fields

Introduction of Electric Charges

The branch of
rest) is called
Physics which deals with static
Electrostatics .
electricity (charge at

It is deals with study of forces fields , and potentials arising from

at rest
static charges or
charges .

Electric charges
The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when

placed in an
Electromagnetic field is called Electric
charge .

Electric charge is a Scalar Quantity .

Denoted
by &/q
·

· SI Unit : Coulomb[c]

Types of Charge
:
-

>
-

Charge
Positive

>
-

Negative charge

Charges always reside on the surface of the charged conducting object .

An object can be
charged by different methods like friction , conduction and
Induction

Conductor & Insulator

Conductors are those substances which can be used to carry or conduct electric

charge from one point to other.

They allow .
electricity
iron Al, etc
e .

. Silver copper,
g , ,
.

Insulators are those substances which cannot conduct .

electricity They are also
called Dielectrics
e
.
g
.
Glass ,
rubber , plastic ,
mica etc
.
,
 Properties of Charges
Some basic properties of the electric charge are discussed below : -

Additive nature

*
of
n charges 9 %1
If the
system consists
·

., 92 93. -- -

qn,
then the total charge of the will be 92
system
.

q +
92 + 93+ --- +
qn -
·
93

q =
q, + 92 + 93+ - - - +
qn ign

Conservation nature

Charge
· can neither be created nor be destroyed .
t

·
In
any physical
process the
charge may get net
·
,

transferred from one part to another , but

charge will always the same
.

Quantisation nature

The charges always exist in

integral Multiple of
fundamental charges
&= the En = 1 ,
2, 3 ... is any integers
Here , e : Basic unit of Charge , e = 1 . 6 X10-19 (

A
 Coulomb’s Law and its vector form

The force of interaction (attraction or

repulsive) between two
stationary
point charges is directly proportional to the product of charges & inversely
the distance between them
proportional to square of .

-
Force acts along line joining the centre of 2
charges
.

k v -
-

Fir⑭
>
⑫ F2i
-

1 2

: FX9, 92
Inverse Square Law : -

" :.
FC
FC

F =
22

e
If

&
v =

v
Doubled
F

=
=

Half
F/y It v

F =
4F

-> is Depend on

medium
9X109
maso
=
k =

Nm2/c2

Coulombs Law in Vector form

>
-

>
-
V, 2
-
-

Fir④---------
>
F2
-

> -

1
151 2
>
-

r21

Acc to Coulomb's Law , the

.

magnitude of force on
charge 9
due to is
given by
:

g2 -

>
-
->

Fi =
Fe =
For Fi : -

F2 =

= is
Fi
=
i
 For I21
: -

=+
>
-

F
4 &Su

=
21
21
>
-

>

i
-

=
21
=

On
comparing eq and eq get :
-
,
we

>
-
>
-

Fiz = -

Fe
. Coulomb's Law with Newton's 3rd Law
.
i e
.
agrees

Force between multiple charges: Superposition Principle

According to superposition principle force ,

on
any
charge due to number of other charges is the

F
vector sum of all the forces on that charge due Fu
to other charges ,
taken one at a time .

The individualforces are unaffected due to the

presence of other charges. &

qu
> >
23
F? + E +3 +
- -

Fact = ----
+ En

Permittivity & Relative Permittivity

material medium that affects the Coulomb

It is the property of a or a

point charges when placed in that medium

force between 2

24 FX

& EX > Fo
F1- Mari (in free space/vaccum)
Mini (in free space/vacum]

Em > 20 & Fm < Fo

~ So = 8 85
. x10-12 C2/Nm2

The ratio of permittivity of any medium with respect to permittivity of vaccum

.

Er
=
or

Em = Er Er
 -
Em
= Yam
=
=
② E
①

=: /

Electric field and Electric field lines

It is a vector field that produced by a

charge near its
surrounding
.
It is v
a ector field that can be associated with each point in
space
force unit
"The per charge
.

that is used
Test
Charge (90) : -
It is a
vanishingly small tive charge to

detect the presence of an E-F.

.:
Intensity of E F -
.

F 90 -
E =

To - >

=
E k
- r> -

# Principle of Superposition for Electric field : -

# Enet E +T2 +Es

=
+---

EfLs Excellent way of

are an
visualising E F These are
drawings
-
.

representing electric fields around charged objects using lines or arrows .

Properties : -

i) EFL's start from tire charges and end at negative charges .

In the case of single charge they may start or end

,
at infinite .

ii) Tangent to any point on EFL's shows the direction of Electric

field at that point.

iii) Two field Lines can never intersect each other because if they
intersect , the 2 tangents drawn at that point will represent
2 directions
of field at that point ,
which is not
possible .
 iv) In a charge free region ,
electric field lines can be taken to be
continuous curves without any breaks
.

1) Electric field lines do not form closed loops .

vi) EfL's are perpendicular to the surface of charged conductor.

Electric dipole & Dipole moment

# Electric dipole :
-

"A system of 2 equal and opposite point charges

that are kept at a

separation is called Electric dipole

"

certain

e or

# Electric dipole moment : -

"It's magnitude is
equal to the product of dipole and
one
charge in
"
distance between them
of
.

Direction : -

· It
represents the
strength of Electric dipole .

>
--

j qxzt
=

Electric field due to Electric dipole

i) On the axial position :

-

k -
x
P

----------------------- z2
#x 1 - - x

k x +1 -
 M

Consider an E D .
.

consisting of 2
point charges
-

q and to which are

distance 21
separated by
.

Net Electric field : -

Enet = E2-E ,

Here ,

E & E
= =
,

Enet
= -es
= kar
[is ines)
kq[ 2)
=

Ke122
x
2x1)
+ 2x1-
-
=

2
(x -

[e]
=

[ ]
=
19

(p x
=
:

Generally ,

xxx1 ,
1- 0

Enet= or Fret
=
Ez
ii) the Equitorial axis !

·
on

Let there be a point P at distance's' from

the center of dipole . We need to calculate
p
Electric field intensity at point .

Here :
-

v
=
x +12 or v =n12 +

E
& E ,
= Ez =
 =,
E1 Ez
e

·
Thus , Net E F :
-
-

Enet = 2 ECOsO
=

2e(f)

· (p qx21)
=

Generallya >1 ,
12 + 0
Enet
1
=

ov

Enet =
zo
 Torque on electric dipole placed in uniform electric field
and opposite forces which do not have same line of action
When two
equal ,

·
Then , it will rotate about its own axis
.
(Torque) .

Perpendicular
i
Force X
Torque
=

distance e. * &
#> qE

where d
T = F Xd

= Dist bet f and axis esino

Fin ?
of rotation - 1 O
--- >
qE 3
T = [, + Tz &
= FXd + FXd

=
ge(1sino) + qE(IsinD) I
>
# ⑦
=
2qelSinD 7

T = PEsinO(p qX21) = - -900 278

S
↑

E Px = O =
Angle bett
E ⑦ <
Case 1) When
Torque is Maxi :- Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium
Y Y

T = PESinO > >

Et (0 = 90 , 270] X X

~ > - 0
Tae
-

7 7

* >
qE ↑ >

> >
#1) is Minin :
Case When
torque
-

> >

0 = 00 0 = 1800

T = PESinO
↑ IIE (same direction] ↑ IIE Copp direction]
02 180
(0
#
=
,

Electric Flux & Gauss Law

It is defined as "No .
of electric field lines

passing perpendicular through the plane"

:
P Z =
or
4 : encoso

>
- It is a Scalar Quantity .

# Gauss Law :
-

the
flux through a closed surface (3D)
times
The net electric
is Yo
charge enclosed by the surface
.
not

Pclosed =

=
 using Coulomb's
Law
Verification of Gauss Law

Electric fusx can be written

E

A
as ! -

do =
E dA
.

EdACOSO
Q
=

= EdA (Coso 1) =

spherical Surface
-

Since E -
F is same on :

⑭En0
.

, =

(dp JEdA =

p = EA

↑= 2 x (t so
=

A =
4aR2)

#/201
Gaussian Surface : -

It is a closedsurface in 3D space through

which the flux of vector field is calculated

Continuous charge distribution

"It dimension . "

measures the amount of charges as
per given
1) Linear charge distribution

F
x =
/

iii) distribution -
:

Volume Charge
t
f /V
= t

+ +
+
+ +

ii) SurfaceCharge distribution

u =
9/A

F
 Applications of Gauss law

To calculate electric field due to infinity long uniform charged wire

Consider
-
uniformly charged wire of infinite length having
on a constant

linear
charge density X .

Imagine cylindrical gaurian surface

a
+
da
The direction of Electric field is radially
i
-
F

outward direction . E

I -
t
>
t
flex
-

Net : - -
t
%
-
Pret 4. = + + 3 +

=
JedA
10290' +
JedAcosgo JEdACOS +
80
- 1 >
-

+ >
-

SEdA
&

+o +
=o E
=F
>

I
-

- = EA
an
Total curved surface area (A) = 2 arl
-

charge density
Linear : -

= order
-

E
:
Acc to Gauss law
-

Est
p =
9in/20- Q
Put A & q in eq0
>

=
z
E(2aux)

Earso]
&

To calculate electric field due to infinity plane thin sheet

sheet.
This
fig refere to the surface charge distri
,
over a thin
large
The surface charge density for this sheet is U
.

Here , If is perpendicular to the surface . Gaussian surface : -

Cylindrical
 +

: da

↑
t :

+ 0 = 90

I
t t E

-----
- + -
- -
⑪ dA
t #

dA ++ &
0 = :
0

- O

Net Electric flux : -

p p + p2 + 43
=
,

↑= SedAcoso +JedAloso' +SEdACos

go

P =
JEdA +
JedA +o

EA
P = EA +

q = 2A -
D

SurfaceCharge density : -

r =
g/A or q = A -

②
to Gaw low :-
According
-
↑=
Put D & Q in B : -

LEA =

E
To calculate electric field due to Spherical shell

Gaussian Surface : -Spherical .

Case 1) Inside (2 < R]

Total flux : -

% =
JEdACOSO
q =
JEdA20sO"
 &: SedA +
+
+ + -

p =
e)dA t +

↑
EA
p =

t E
d e(yar D
X
-
=

&
t
Gauss law : t
According to
-

+
+ t
+ +

p =
9/20
here gin = 0 #8 = 00

=
Case It) Outside

Gaussian

Total flux
Surface

: -
(v > R)
>
-
Spherical
B T
+
+ +

E
+

①
I

Fan
Y
#
⑭
dA

& =
JEdACOSO Acc to Gams law !
.
-

4 =
JEdAcosO" & = in-Q
Eo >
-

p =
fEdA here :- E &

gin/A

·
↓
6 =
t
t
+

p = EA ↑
+
gin/yar
↓ =
? t E = 0

) Q
2
c(uar
&

p = Ext
-

t t
82

Yar2o-
+ +
Ein = +
+
+
+

Put 1 3 in 2 : -

,
In addition :-

E(ytr) =
Y
Eo
↑= >
7

U
-

E(uar) in

Eso
=

Eo
E = n

4au220

Edtz East