CH5 | Magnetism & Matter

Introduction of Magnet

Magnet A
magnet is a material that produces magnetic field.

Magnet

2)
Natural
Magnet Artifical Magnet
>
-

Naturally found >

-
Man-made

> weak in Strength

- >
-

strong field
>
-

Irregular Shape & >

-
Desired shaped size
size .

Some common ideas about Magnetism

:
-

1) Earth behaves as
magnet
a .

2)When bar
magnet freely suspended ,
it points in the

N-S direction .

#
&
-

3) Attractive

- >
-

Fun Repel Es

Bar Magnet
poles (N & S)
· It is a bar shape magnet ,
has 2 .

Magnetic field is more

stronger in
poles as
compared to Middle portion.

S N S

cylinderical Rectangular
shape shape

Magnetic Monopole Exist ?

exists pairs.
pole of magnetic poles
in
We can not isolate Nors a
magnet . it

N S

S N SNS
N

If is broken ,
a bar
Magnet
each
piece behaves as small magnet
Magnetic Length of Magnet
-
a Bar :

The dist between 2

poles of a bar .
magnet
N Pole & is
It's direction is from S-pole Magnet to of represented by '21'
It is also called Effective Length (Le) & is less than its
geometric length ((g)

Le
(5)(g
=
N S

kl -

1 1g -T

Pole Strength :
-

(m)
·
It is defined as the
strength of a
magnetic pole to attract magnetic material

towards .
itself

·
S[Unit-(A-m)
·
Strength of N &S pole of a
magnet is
always equal & opph ( +m , -

m)

Force bet 2
Magnetic Poles : -
(Coulomb's law of My forces
Fa mm2 or F = me
22 u2

where , K is Magnetic force Constant

O
= 10 - WbAm

Magnetic dipole Moment : -

- m + m

M = m(21) ; N
k 21 -

SI Unit : -

A/m2

Magnetic field & field lines

The magnetic field lines are a visual and intuitive realisation of the magnetic field. The
magnetic field lines in a magnetic field are those imaginary lines which continuously
represent the direction of the magnetic field. The tangent drawn at any point on magnetic
field line shows the direction of magnetic field at that point.

Properties of Magnetic field lines : -

(i) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops. This is unlike the
electric dipole, where these field lines begin from a positive charge and end on the negative charge
or escape to infinity.
(ii) The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field B
at that point.
(iii) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the
magnitude of the magnetic field B.
(iv) The magnetic field lines do not intersect, for if they did, the direction of the
magnetic field would not be unique at the point of intersection.

Magnetic field intensity due to magnetic dipole along its axial position

17
S N
P
=
E
B
⑤ t · --------

2
Mi 8 M 2 Bi
+k
k
l l
ku -1 -

kr + 1 - 4

Magnetic field Strength at P due to -Pole of magnet is

given by :-

D
B1
=
-

tes
Magnetic field Strength at P due to N-Pole of magnet is
given by :-

-
B2
= es
Magnetic field Strength at ↑ due to the bar Magnet
-
:

B =
B2 -
By

B
= -(from
(v 1)
eg) +
B
= m
B=
m[] .. M = mX2l

B=
Megh
B =

Nom]
= M
B
B =

y
mart-cut B
M
=

om
-A
B
B
=
Mom p2]
B =
 Magnetic field intensity due to magnetic dipole along its equatorial position

t
B2
BeSinD

B2CosP O
(
<

S
I BicosO O(

~B , SinD
· *

k 2 -
-
Bi
k
-
1 -k1-

Magnetic field Strength at P due to N-Pole of magnet is

given by :-

Bi
= +e

Magnetic field Strength at P due to -Pole of magnet is

given by :-

B2 =
+ 12

Magnetic field Strength at ↑ due to the bar Magnet

-
:

B = B , CosO + BeCoSO (Bi = Br = B)

B = 2 BCOSO

B= 2

(i) (000 = ]
2
B =

+Tate

2
B =

+12/ 3/2

B =

2 20 , 312

B
2
=

x
314

B
=
Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field

When a bar
magnet is placed in a uniform Magnetic field , torque acts on the

magnet ,
Also , magnetic potential energy
is associated with the magnet due

to its orientation as discussed below .

Force on N-Pole : -

F = mB
 >
-

N mB

Force on

F = MB
S-Pole : -

N
·
IsinO

mB
I
>
S

T= FX I Sing
Torque acting on the bar
Magnet :
-

T= F x (Perpendicular dist ) .

>

E+
-

Tnet =

>
Flsind + FISind
-

Inet =

>
-

Inet = 2 F(sing
>
-

Inet = 2 (mB) 1 SinD

(M 21)
>
-

Thet = MBsinO = mx

of

mix
>
-

Tnet =

Electrostatics Analog

Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid

kv -
x+ 1
The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is
given by :
-

?
dB = MoNI a

⑰ P
-

2(a2 + x23/2 -

For small Elemental Part Equation become -

?
dB I
-
MoNIa
2(a) + (0 -

x)2)3/
Generally
,
x
V >a , > ,

a> 0 -
& x+0

dB = MoNIah
0)2)32
-

2(0 + (2 -

a
Monduta
=
dB =
[N ncorn
= =

203

Bonduct a

B
:S onduta
g
a

B =

At da

B =
eat (21-o]
2u3
B = Monta x 21 x
A
2u3
?
B = MonIna
-
21
2u3a

B
MonIARI
:

NIA [
B

B
M [M NIA
= =

B
=
 Magnetisation and magnetic intensity

Magnetic Intensity (H)

The capability of magnetic field to magnetise the substance is measured in terms of magnetic
intensity of the field. The magnitude of magnetic intensity may be defined as the number of
ampere turns flowing round the unit length of toroid to produce the magnetic induction B0, in
the toroid. It is denoted by H.
M =
Bo/no (s[ unit-A/m)
where , Bo =
Magnetic field
Mo = 4ax 10
-

"Tm/A

Magnetic intensity is also known as

Magnetising Force & Magnetic
fieldStrength
.

Intensity of Magnetisation (I)

The intensity of magnetisation of a magnetised substance represents the degree to which
the substance is magnetised. It is defined as the net magnetic moment M developed per unit
volume V, when a magnetic specimen is subjected to magnetising field. It is denoted by I.

I =

M/V (SI Unit -

Alm)

Magnetic Induction (B)

It is defined as the number of magnetic lines of induction crossing per unit area normally
through the magnetic substance. It is denoted by B. Magnetic induction B is the sum of
the magnetic field B. and the magnetic field µ. I produced due to the magnetisation of the
substance.
B Bo + MI
=
MoH + MoZ =

B =
Mo(H + 1) (SI Unit : Tor Wh/m)
Magnetic Induction is also known as
Magnetic flux density or
simply magnetic field.

Magnetic susceptibility ( Um)

It is a measure of how easily a substance is magnetised in a magnetising field. The magnetic
susceptibility of a magnetic substance is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation
to the magnetic intensity. It is denoted by χm

Rm
E
=

Magnetic Permeability( H )

M =
H
02 Mr =
Mo
Relation between magnetic permeability & magnetic susceptibility

1 + Cm
Mr =

Magnetic properties of materials

-
↓ xm =
T
-
TC
x=
C
-