SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 1

(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)

TOPIC 1, PART 7: WORK, ENERGY & POWER
Key areas of understanding and specific learning objectives.

(a) WORK

Core: You should be able to; (Tr. Joshua S)

 Understand that mechanical or electrical work done is equal to the energy transferred
 Recall and use the equation for mechanical working W = Fd = ∆E
(b) ENERGY

Core: You should be able to;

 State that energy may be stored as kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear,
electrostatic and internal (thermal)
 Describe how energy is transferred between stores during events and processes, including
examples of transfer by forces (mechanical work done), electrical currents (electrical work done),
heating, and by electromagnetic, sound and other waves
 Know the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to simple examples
including the interpretation of simple flow diagrams.

Supplement: You should be able to;

1
 Recall and use the equation for kinetic energy 𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
 Recall and use the equation for the change in gravitational potential energy ∆𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚g∆ℎ
 Know the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to complex examples
involving multiple stages, including the interpretation of Sankey diagrams.
(c) ENERGY RESOURCES

Core: You should be able to;

 Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from:
(a) chemical energy stored in fossil fuels
(b) chemical energy stored in biofuels
(c) water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams
(d) geothermal resources
(e) nuclear fuel
(f) light from the Sun to generate electrical power (solar cells)
(g) infrared and other electromagnetic waves from the Sun to heat water (solar panels) and be the
source of wind energy including references to a boiler, turbine and generator where they are
used
 Describe advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of renewability, availability,
reliability, scale and environmental impact
 Understand, qualitatively, the concept of efficiency of energy transfer

Supplement: You should be able to;

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 2
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 Know that radiation from the Sun is the main source of energy for all our energy resources except
geothermal, nuclear and tidal.
 Know that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun
 Know that research is being carried out to investigate how energy released by nuclear fusion can
be used to produce electrical energy on a large scale
 Define efficiency as:
(useful energy output)
a) % efficiency = (total energy input)
x 100%
(useful power output)
b) % efficiency = (total power input)
x 100%
 Recall and use these equations.
(d) POWER

Core: You should be able to;

1. Define power as work done per unit time and also as energy transferred per unit time; recall and
use the equations
𝑊 ∆𝐸
a) 𝑝 = 𝑡
b) 𝑝 = 𝑡

WORK
 In everyday language, work might be writing an essay or digging the garden. But to scientists and
engineers, work has a precise meaning.
 Work is done whenever a force makes something to move through some distance. It follows that
the greater the force the greater the distance moved and the more work is done.

Question: Define the term work done.

 Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force
 In symbols work done is given by the equation;
𝑊 =𝐹x𝑑

Where; 𝑊 is the Work done in Joules (J), 𝐹 is the Force in Newton’s (N) and 𝑑 is the distance moved
in the direction of the force in metres (m).

Expert tip:
1. Since the distance moved in a specific direction is the same as the objects displacement, it
follows that; Work done = force x displacement (𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑠)
2. When work is being done, energy is being transferred and therefore mechanical or electrical work
done is equal to the energy transferred
𝑊 = 𝐹 x 𝑑 = ∆𝐸
The SI unit for work done is a Joule denoted by the symbol (J)

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 3
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
Question: What is a Joule?
 A joule is the work done when a force of one Newton (1N) acts on an object and moves it through
a distance of one meter (1m).
 This in simple terms means that one joule (1J) of work is done when a force of one Newton (1 N)
moves an object one metre (1m) in the direction of the force.
WORKED EXAMPLES

1. If a force of 4N moves an object through a distance of 3m, the work done =12J i.e.

𝑊 = 𝐹 x 𝑑 = (4 x 3)J = 12J

𝑊 = 12J
2. A crane lifts a boat of weight 5000N from a height of 0.20m above the surface of the water to a
height 0f 3.7m above the water at constant speed. What work is done by the crane?

Answer

2. Hint: The distance (height in this case) to which the crane rises the boat at constant speed
d = (3.70 - 0.20) m = 3.5m also the weight in this case is the Force.

(Given 𝐹 = 5000N , 𝑑 = 3.50m, 𝑊 =? J}

Work done by the crane on the boat = Force x distance moved upwards

𝑊 = 𝐹 x 𝑑 = (5000N x 3.50m) = 17 500J

𝑊 = 17 500J or 𝑊 = 1.57 x 104 J

ENERGY
Question: What is energy?

 Energy is the stored ability/ capacity of an object to do work. It is measured in Joules.

3. Things have energy if they can be used to do work. A compressed spring has energy; so does a
tank full of petrol. Like work, energy is measured in joules (J).

Teachers tip: Although people talk about energy being stored or given out, energy isn’t a ‘thing’. If,
say, a compressed spring stores 100 joules of energy, this is just a measurement of how much work
can be done by the spring.

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 4
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
ENERGY STORES
 Energy can take (exist in) different forms. To understand these forms you need to know the
following;
1. Moving objects have energy. For example, a moving ball can do work by knocking something over.
2. Materials are made up of atoms (or group of atoms). These atoms are constantly in motion. For
example in a solid such as iron, the atoms are vibrating. If the solid is heated and its temperature
rises, the atoms move faster, so a material has more energy when hot than when cold.
 Energy may be stored as
1. kinetic energy 3. chemical energy 6. electrostatic energy and
2. gravitational potential 4. elastic (strain) energy 7. internal (thermal) energy
energy 5. nuclear energy
The above can be understood as the different forms of existence of energy and are described below

1. Kinetic energy: Energy due to movement of an object.

2. Gravitational potential energy: Energy gained as a result of moving upwards in a gravitational
field
3. Chemical energy: Energy associated with the arrangement of atoms in molecule
4. Elastic (strain) energy: Energy possessed by a stretched elastic material / deformed material.
5. Nuclear energy: Energy produced as a result of nuclear structure of atoms in nuclear reactions.
6. Electrostatic (electrical potential) energy: Energy gained as a result of a charge moving
against the force provided by an electric field. (Energy transferred by an electric current)
7. Thermal (heat) energy: Energy gained as a result of an increase in temperature
8. Internal energy: Is the sum of the random distribution of the kinetic and potential energies of the
molecules in a system.
Other forms of energy
9. Sound energy: Energy transmitted as a result of organized movement (vibration) of atoms /
molecules in a sound wave.
10. Radiation energy e.g. light, infrared, radio waves etc.: Transmitted energy as a result of
electromagnetic waves. In this case, no movement of atoms/molecules is needed.
KINETIC ENERGY (𝑬𝑲 )

 Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue (because) of its motion.
 For an object of mass m travelling with velocity 𝑣, its kinetic energy is given by the equation;

1
Kinetic energy = (mass x velocity 2 )
2

1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Where; 𝐸𝐾 − is the kinetic energy in joules (J),

𝑚 − is the mass in kg and

𝑣 − is the velocity of the object in m/s.

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 5
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
 From the above equation, it therefore follows that, kinetic energy is directly proportional to the
square of the objects velocity. i.e.
𝐸𝐾 ∝ 𝑣 2 (When 𝑚 is constant)
 This means that any moving object has kinetic energy and the faster it moves, the more kinetic
energy it has.
DERIVING THE EXPRESSION FOR KINETIC ENERGY (𝑬𝑲 )
1
Question: Show that for a ball of mass m moving with a speed 𝑣, its kinetic energy 𝐸𝐾 = 2
𝑚𝑣 2.

Answer

 The kinetic energy of the ball is equal to the work which the ball could do by losing all of its speed.
Assuming no air resistance, it is also equal to the work done on the ball in increasing its speed
from zero to in the first place

Work done = Force x distance moved in the direction of force (displacement)

Work done = mass x acceleration x distance moved in the direction of force

change in velocity
Work done = mass x ( ) x average velocity x time taken
time taken
Work done = mass x gain in speed x average speed
1
Work done = 𝑚 x 𝑣 x 𝑣
2
1 1
Work done = ∆𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚 x 𝑣 . 𝑣 → 𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2

1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

USEFUL EQUATIONS
distance moved
 Average speed = ( time taken
)
change in velocity
 Acceleration = ( time taken
)

 Force = mass x acceleration

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 6
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 Weight = mass x 𝑔 (𝑔 = 10N/kg)
 Work done = Force x distance moved (displacement)
 distance moved (displacement) = average velocity x time
 Work done = Energy transformed

POTENTIAL ENERGY (𝑬𝑷 )

Question: What is potential energy?

 Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position. If the object is in a
gravitational field the energy is called gravitational potential energy (g.p.e).

Consider a ball at height h from the ground and is left to fall.

 The gravitational potential energy of the ball is equal to the work which
would be done if the ball were to fall to the ground. Assuming no air
resistance, it is also equal to the work done in lifting the ball a distance h
up from the ground.

AN EXPRESSION FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY

Question: Show that the potential energy 𝐸𝑃 is given by 𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

 Downward force on the ball = weight = mg

 Upward force 𝐹 needed to lift the ball = mg
 Work done in lifting the ball = upward force x distance moved

𝑊 = 𝐹 x 𝑑 = 𝐹 x ℎ (since 𝑑 = ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔)

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝐸𝑃

𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ or 𝑔. 𝑝. 𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
In words; Gravitational potential energy = mass (m) x gravitational field strength (g) x height (h)

WORKED EXAMPLE

1. If a 2kg mass is 3m above the ground, and g = 10N/kg, what is the gravitational potential energy of
the mass.

Answer

{Given 𝑚 = 2kg, 𝑔 = 10N/kg , ℎ = 3m, g. p. e =? J}

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 7
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Gravitational potential energy = mass (m) x gravitational field strength (g) x height (h)

g. p. e = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

g.p.e = 2kg x 3m x 10N/kg = 60J

g. p. e = 60J
2. If the stone in the diagram is dropped, what is its kinetic energy when it has fallen half-way to the
ground? (g =10N/kg)

Answer

1
Hint: In problems like this, you don’t necessarily use 𝐸𝐾 = 2
𝑚𝑣 2. When

the stone falls, its gain in kinetic energy is equal to its loss in potential
energy so you can calculate that instead.

Gain in kinetic energy = loss in potential energy

Height lost by the stone = 2m

 So gravitational PE lost by the stone = mgh = (4kg x 10N/kg x 2m)

= 80J
 So KE gained by the stone = 80J

𝐸𝐾 = 80J

Expert tip: Note that the stone started with no kinetic energy so this 80J is its kinetic energy half-
way down
WORKED EXAMPLE

1. The stone on the right slides down a smooth slope. What is its speed
when it reaches the bottom (g = 10N/kg)

Answer

{𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛; 𝑚 = 4kg , ℎ = 5𝑚 , g = 10N/kg 𝑣 =?}

Hint: This problem can also be solved by considering energy changes.

At the top of the slope, the stone has extra gravitational potential energy.
When it reaches the bottom, all this PE has been transformed into kinetic
energy.

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
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 G.p.e at the top of the slope = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (4kg x 10N/kg x 5m) = 200J

The g.p.e at the top = kinetic energy at the bottom

g.p.e = Kinetic energy (𝐸𝐾 )

1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

1
200J = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

2 x 200J 2 x 200J
𝑣= √ = √
m 4kg

𝑣 = 10m/s
 Note that if the stone fell vertically, it would start with the same g.p.e and end up with the same
kinetic energy, so its final speed would still be 10m/s.

SCALAR ENERGY

 Energy is a scalar quantity (it has magnitude and size) but no direction.
So you do not have to allow for direction when doing energy calculations.
 Consider the diagram on the right.
 Objects A and B have the same mass and are at the same height above
the ground. B was lifted vertically but A was moved up a smooth slope.
Although A had to be moved further, less force was needed to move it,
and the work done was the same as for B. As a result, both objects have the same potential
energy. The P.E (mgh) depends on the vertical gain in height h and not on the particular path taken
to gain that height.

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 9
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SAMPLE PAST PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Two blocks, A and B, are joined by a thin thread that passes over a frictionless pulley.
Block A is at rest on a rough horizontal surface and block B is held at rest, just below the
pulley. (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/41 Qn.1 Oct/Nov 2022)

Fig. 1.1 shows the thread hanging loose.

Block B is released and it falls vertically. The thread remains loose until block B has fallen a
distance of 0.45m.

The mass of block B is 0.50kg.

(a) Calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of block B as it falls
through 0.45m. [2]

Answer

{Given, 𝑚 = 0.50kg, g = 10N/kg, ∆ℎ = 0.45m, ∆g. p. e =? J}

∆g. p. e = 𝑚g∆ℎ

∆g. p. e = 0.50kg x 10N/kg x 0.45m = 2.25J

∆g. p. e = 2.3J
(b) The mass of block A is 2.0kg.

When the thread tightens, it pulls on block A which moves to the right at a speed of 0.60 m/ s.

(i) Calculate the impulse exerted on block A as it accelerates from rest to 0.60m/s. [3]

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 10
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
Answer

{Given; 𝑚 = 2kg , 𝑢 = 0m/s, 𝑣 = 0.6m/s, Impulse =? Ns}

Impulse = Change in momentum

Impulse (𝐹𝑡) = (𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢) = 𝑚 (𝑣 − 𝑢)

Impulse (𝐹𝑡) = 2kg x (0.60 − 0)m/s = 1.2kgm/s

Impulse = 1.2Ns
(ii) Both of the blocks now move at a constant speed of 0.60m/ s until block B hits the ground
and the thread becomes loose.

Explain the energy change that takes place in block A after block B stops moving. [3]

Answer

 The kinetic energy of block A decreases

 Thermal (internal) energy is produced and it increases due to friction
 Friction slows down the block (the block decelerates)

[Total: 8]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows sea water flowing down a channel into a tank without splashing. The water
is flowing at a rate of 800kg/min. The length and width of the tank are 3.10m and 1.20m.
The density of the sea water is 1020kg/m3.
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/42 Qn.1 Oct/Nov 2022)

Fig.2.1 (not to scale)

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 11
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
(a) Initially, the tank is empty.

Calculate the depth of water in the tank after 1.00 minute. Give your answer to three significant
figures. [3]

Answer

 Hint: First calculate the volume of water in the tank and use the calculated volume, length
and width to find the depth of the water.

{Given: 𝑚 = 800kg, 𝜌 = 1020kg/m3 , 𝑙 = 3.1m , 𝑤 = 1.20m, 𝑉 =? m3 depth (h) =? 𝑚}

𝑚 𝑚
𝜌= → 𝑉=
𝑉 𝜌

𝑚 800kg
𝑉= = = 0.784m3
𝜌 1020kg/m3

𝑉 = 0.784m3

 Since the tank looks like a cubic object its volume is given by

𝑉 = 𝑙 x 𝑤 x ℎ (depth)

𝑉 0.784m3
Depth (ℎ) = =
(𝑙 x 𝑤) (3.1 x 1.20)m2

Depth (ℎ) = 0.210m

(b) The height of the water decreases by 0.420m as it flows down the channel. Calculate the
decrease in gravitational potential energy of the water each second. [3]

Answer

800
{Given; mass per second, 𝑚 = ( ) kg, g = 10N/kg, ℎ = 0.420m, g. p. e =? J}
60

g. p. e = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ

800
g. p. e = ( ) kg x 10N/kg x 0.420m
60

g. p. e = 56.0J

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 12
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
(c) The water stops flowing. The depth of water in the tank is 0.800m. Calculate the pressure
at the bottom of the tank due to the water [3]

Answer

{Given: 𝑚 = 800kg, 𝜌 = 1020kg/m3 , 𝑙 = 3.1m , 𝑤 = 1.20m, 𝑉 =? m3 depth (h) = 0.800m}

𝑃 =? 𝑃𝑎

 Method 1:

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑃 = (1020kg/m3 x 1010m/s 2 x 0.800m)

𝑃 = 8200Pa
 Method 2:

𝐹
𝑃= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐴
𝑚
𝜌= → 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ (since 𝐴ℎ = Volume)
𝑣

𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 → 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔

𝐹 = (1020kg/m3 x 3.72m2 x 0.800m x 10m/s2 )

𝐹 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔 1020kg/m3 x 3.72m2 x 0.800m x 10m/s 2

𝑃= = = ( )
𝐴 (𝑙 x 𝑤) 3.72m2

𝑃 = 8200𝑃𝑎

[Total: 9]

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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3. Fig. 3.1 shows water flowing at very slow speed over a cliff edge
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/42 Qn.3 May/June 2021)

Fig. 3.1

The water falls 15m onto the rocks below

(a) Show that the velocity of the water when it strikes the rocks is 17m/ s. [4]

Answer

The decrease in the g.p.e as the water falls = gain in kinetic energy

1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

1
𝑔ℎ = 𝑣 2 → 𝑣 2 = 2𝑔ℎ
2

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ

𝑣 = √ (2 x 10 x 15) = √300

𝑣 = 17.3m/s
(b) 30kg of water flows over the cliff edge every second. Calculate the force exerted by the
rocks on the falling water. Ignore any splashing. [3]

Answer

{Given, 𝑚 = 30kg , F =? N g = 10N/kg}

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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 SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION 14
(Cambridge Assessment International Education, CAIE)
 By Newton’s third law; Upward force exerted on water by the rock = Downward force due to
the weight of water.

𝐹 = Weight (𝑊) = 𝑚𝑔

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 = 30kg x 10N/kg

𝐹 = 300N
[Total: 7]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows the descent of a sky-diver from a stationary balloon.

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The sky-diver steps from the balloon at a height of 2000 m and accelerates downwards.

His speed is 52 m / s at a height of 500 m.

He then opens his parachute. From 400 m to ground level, he falls at constant speed.

(a) The total mass of the sky-diver and his equipment is 92 kg.

(i) Calculate, for the sky-diver,

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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1. the loss of gravitational potential energy in the fall from 2000 m to 500 m, [2]

Answer

{Given; 𝑚 = 92kg , ∆ℎ = (2000 − 500)m, g = 10N/kg , loss of g. p. e =? J}

loss of g. p. e = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ

loss of g. p. e = 92kg x 10N/kg x (2000 − 500)m

loss of g. p. e = 1.38 x106 J

2. the kinetic energy at the height of 500 m. [3]

Answer

{Given; 𝑚 = 92kg , 𝑣 = 52m/s , 𝐸𝐾 =? J}

1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

1
𝐸𝐾 = x 92 x 522
2

𝐸𝐾 = 1.244 x105 J
(ii) The kinetic energy at 500 m is not equal to the loss of gravitational potential energy.
Explain why there is a difference in the values. [1]

Answer

 The difference is due to the work done in overcoming air resistance/drag OR

 Energy converted to/lost as heat (by air resistance/drag).

(b) State;

(i) what happens to the air resistance acting on the sky-diver during the fall from 2000 m to 500
m, [1]

Answer

 It increases

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(ii) the value of the air resistance during the fall from 400 m to ground. [1]

Answer

 Air resistance = 920N

[Total: 8]

5. A child’s toy launches a model parachutist of mass 0.40 kg vertically upwards. The model
parachutist reaches a maximum height of 8.5 m.

(a) Calculate

(i) the gravitational potential energy gained by the model parachutist, [2]

Answer

{Given; 𝑚 = 0.40kg , ℎ = 8.5𝑚, g = 10N/kg , gain in g. p. e =? J}

gain in g. p. e = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

gain in g. p. e = 0.40kg x 10N/kg x 8.5m

gain in g. p. e = 34J
(ii) the minimum possible speed with which the model parachutist was launched. [3]

Answer

{Given; ℎ = 8.5𝑚, g = 10N/kg , v =? m/s}

gain in g. p. e = loss in kinetic energ

1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

1
𝑔ℎ = 𝑣 2 → 𝑣 2 = 2𝑔ℎ
2

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ

𝑣 = √ (2 x 10 x 8.5) = √170

𝑣 = 13.0m/s

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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Alternative method: (Given; g.p.e = 34J, m = 0.40kg)

1
g. p. e = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

2 x g. p. e 2 x 34
𝑣= √ → 𝑣= √
𝑚 0.40

𝑣 = √170

𝑣 = 13.0m/s
(b) In practice, the launch speed must be greater than the value calculated in (a)(ii). Explain
why [2]

Answer

 This is because of drag or air resistance (friction with air)

 Work is done and energy is lost as heat and so more kinetic energy is needed to
overcome the drag etc.

(c) As the model parachutist returns to the ground, it loses gravitational potential energy.

Explain what happens to this energy as the model parachutist falls through the air at constant
speed [1]

Answer

 It is transformed to thermal (heat) energy/heat and thus the friction due to air (air
resistance) slows down the parachutist.

[Total: 8]

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OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Elastic potential energy (strain energy): Elastic potential energy is the energy possessed by
a stretched elastic object.

A stretched rubber band can do work when stretched and so can a compressed spring.
Both have elastic potential energy.

2. Chemical energy: Energy stored in cells or batteries. When a fuel burns, its energy is
released by chemical reactions. The energy stored in a fuel is called chemical potential
energy or just chemical energy. Batteries also store it and so does foods. Without chemical
energy, your muscle cannot move
3. Electrical potential energy: In circuits the current is a flow of tiny charged particles called
electrons. These come from atoms and electrons can transfer energy e.g. a battery to a
light bulb, they have electrical energy.
4. Nuclear energy: The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear energy. It
can be transferred to other energy stores in nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion
5. Internal energy: Is the sum of the random distribution of the kinetic and the potential
energy of a system. This is also called thermal energy and is the final fate of other energy
stores. It is transferred by conduction, convection or radiation.

Expert Tip: Take care not to confuse internal energy with thermal energy.
 Internal energy is the energy of a hot object and is defined as the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies of a substance / an object due to random motion).
 Thermal (heat) energy is the energy spreading out from a hot object. Heat is a form of
energy that can be transferred from a hotter body to a cold one. It flows due to
temperature difference.
 Heating a substance increases its internal energy.

TYPICAL ENERGY VALUES

1. Kinetic energy of a football when kicked 50J

2. Gravitational potential energy of skier at the top of a ski jump 15 000J

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3. Chemical energy in a chocolate biscuit 300000J
4. Kinetic energy of a car travelling at 70mph (30m/s) 500000J
5. Thermal energy needed to boil a kettle full of water 700000J
6. Electrical energy supplied by a fully charged car battery 2000000J
7. Chemical energy in the food you eat one day 11000000J
8. Chemical energy in one litre of petrol 35 000000J
CONVERTING FROM JOULES TO OTHER UNITS

 1kilojoule (kJ) = 1000J or (1 x 103J)

 1 mega joule (MJ) = 1000 000J or (1x 106J)

ENERGY STORES & ENERGY TRANSFERS

 Energy can be stored in an object, or it can be transferred from one object to another.
Different forms of energy can be classified as stores or transfers as shown in the table
below.

Energy stores Energy transfers

Kinetic energy Electrical energy
Gravitational potential energy Thermal (heat) energy
Chemical energy Light energy
Nuclear energy Sound energy
Elastic potential (strain) energy
Internal energy
 Note that an energy transfer is ‘energy on the move’, from one place to another.
 Energy can be transferred from one object to another or from place to place (Remember
that a ferry transfers people from place to place)

WAYS IN WHICH ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED

1. By a force (mechanical work done): If you lift something, you increase its gravitational
potential energy (g.p.e = mgh) –That is, you provide a force that lifts it. Alternatively, you
can provide the force needed to start something moving hence you give it kinetic energy.

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When energy is transferred from one object to another by means of a force, we say that the
force is doing work.
2. By heating: Heating a substance increases its internal energy. The thermal energy
spreads out from hot objects and no matter how good the insulation, energy is transferred
from a hot object to its cooler surroundings.
3. By radiation: Light from the sun reaches the Earth by radiation. Electromagnetic radiation
is a form of energy carried inform of waves. Some of the energy is also transferred as
Infrared and ultraviolet radiation. These are all forms of electromagnetic radiation.
4. By Electrical currents (electrical work done): Current is the rate of electric charge
carriers. An electric current is a convenient way of transferring energy from place to place.
The electricity may be generated in a power station many kilometres away from the energy
is required. Alternatively, a torch provides the energy needed to light a bulb. Electricity
transfers energy from the battery to the bulb.

ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS

 When energy changes from one form to another, we say it has been transformed or
converted. In an energy transformation, energy is converted from one form (energy store)
to another.
 Some energy conversions / transformations include;

S/N EXAMPLE ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

1. A cyclist peddling downhill. Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy

2. A cyclist peddling uphill at constant Chemical energy → gravitational potential

speed. energy

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3. Light bulb Electrical energy → (heat energy + light energy)

4. Waterfall Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy

5. Bow and arrow Elastic potential (Strain) energy → kinetic

energy

6. A cell Chemical energy → electrical energy

7. A dynamo Kinetic energy → electrical energy

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THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Question: State the principle of conservation of energy.

Answer
 It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed
(converted) from one form to another.
In any energy transfer, the total amount of energy before and after the transfer is constant.

Example: Electrical energy of 100J may be transformed into 2J of light energy (useful energy)
and wasted as 98J of heat (thermal) energy to the surrounding air. It follows that, the total
electrical energy = (light energy + heat energy)

Illustration

A ROCKET BEING LAUNCEHD TO SPACE

 The rocket is lifting off from the ground

as it carries a new spacecraft up to
space. Its energy comes from its store
of fuel and oxygen. It carries tanks of
liquid hydrogen which are its stores of
chemical energy.
 When the fuel burns, its store of
energy is released. The rocket is
accelerating, so we can say its kinetic energy is increasing and as it raises up the sky, its
gravitational potential energy (mgh) is also increasing. Light is also coming from the
burning of the fuel also a great amount of heat (thermal) energy and sound energy is
released as well.

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 We can represent the converson as an equation as shown below.

Chemical energy → kinetic energy + g.p.e + thermal energy + light energy + sound energy
SUNKEY DIAGRAMS

 Sankey diagrams are a specific type of flow diagram used for visualization of material, cost or
energy flows. They show energy or mass flows with arrows proportional to the flow quantity and
they have directed arrows (between at least two nodes) featuring flows in a process, production
system or supply chain. The width of the arrow is proportional to the energy.
 An effective way to represent the principle of conservation of energy is by using a sunkey diagram.
The sunkey diagram below shows how the rocket motor in the diagram does mechanical work to
transfer chemical energy into kinetic energy and g.p.e (energy store that we do want) , while heat ,
light and sound transfer energy to the inetnal energy store of the surroundings (an energy store that
we do not want to increase).

 Sankey diagram for a thermal power station, where the thickness of the bars represents the
size of energy transfer at each stage

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EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS
1. A piece of fruit is falling from a tree
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/2 Qn.2 May/June 2006)

The list below contains the names of some different forms of energy.

 chemical  kinetic
 electrical  light
 gravitational potential  sound
 internal (thermal)  strain
(a) Which four forms of energy are possessed by the falling fruit?
(b) Which form of energy increases as the fruit falls?
(c) Which form of energy decreases as the fruit falls?
(d) Which form of energy is stored in the body of a person as a result of eating the fruit?
2. A child is sitting on an oscillating swing, as shown is Fig 2.1 below. At the top of the
oscillation, the child and the swing are momentarily at rest.
(Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/2 Qn.4 (b) & (c) Oct/Nov 2006)

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i) Use the names of appropriate types of energy to complete the following word
equation

ii) The child continues to sit still on the swing. The amplitude of the oscillations slowly
decreases. Explain why this happens.

Expert tip:
 Transfers between different stores of energy can occur because of an event or process
 A collision is an event that will change the kinetic energy of the body.
 Heating a body will increase its internal energy.
 Change g the shape of a body will change its elastic potential energy.
 Lifting a body will increase its gravitational potential energy (g.p.e).

An energy flow diagram

1. The flow diagram of energy transfers for a hydroelectric scheme

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ENERGY RESOURCES

Question: What is an energy resource?

 The term energy resource refers to any material that can be used as a basis or source of
useful energy. They are used to produce electrical energy from other forms of energy.

Exam tip: Radiation from the sun is the main source of energy for all our energy sources
except geothermal, nuclear and tidal.
TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES

There are two types of energy resources.

1. Renewable energy resources

2. Non – renewable energy resources.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

 Are energy resources than can be replenished (replaced) naturally when used.

NB: Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher
rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind

NON - RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

 These are energy resources that cannot be replenished / renewed / replaced once they are
used up. Once used, they are gone forever.

Examples of Renewable and non-renewable energy resources

Renewable energy resources Non-renewable energy resources

Wind power Coal
Solar power Natural gas
Biomass / Biofuel (organic matter Oil (petroleum products)
burned as a fuel)
Hydroelectric Nuclear fuel e.g. uranium
Tidal energy

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FOSSIL FUELS
 Fossil fuels are remains of dead organisms (plants and animals that lived in the past).Oil,
coal and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
 They are usually hydrocarbons (compounds of hydrogen and carbon). When burned, they
combine with atmospheric oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and the hydrogen becomes
dihydrogen monoxide which we usually call water.

COAL, OIL AND NATURAL GAS FIRED POWER STATIONS

 These fossil fuels store chemical energy which can be used to generate electricity.
Schematic diagram of a Coal fired power plant

How useful energy is produced from coal

1. The chemical energy in the fuel is released by burning.

2. This chemical energy is transformed to heat energy which is used to heat water and
increase its internal energy, turning it into steam.
3. The steam turns the turbines transferring its kinetic energy to them.
4. The kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy in the generator.

Advantages of energy from fossil fuels

1. They generate a huge amount of electricity.

2. Easier to store and transport.
3. It is really cheap.
4. It is more reliable than renewable energy.

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Disadvantages of energy from fossil fuels

1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources.

2. Produces carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming and greenhouse effect.
3. In the case of irresponsible use, they can be dangerous.
4. Atmospheric pollution from transportation of call and exhaust gases.
5. Mining fossil fuels damages landscape
PAST PAPER QUESTION
1. (a) The main stages in the operation of a coal-fired power station are listed below.
They are not in the correct order. (Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625/31 Qn5 Oct/Nov 2020)
A. The boiler produces steam.
B. The turbine turns a generator.
C. Thermal energy transfers to water in a boiler.
D. Chemical energy in coal transfers to thermal energy.
E. The generator produces electrical energy.
F. Steam turns a turbine.
G. Coal burns in a furnace
Complete the flow chart to describe how a coal-fired power station works.
Insert the missing letters in the empty boxes.
Answer

 Coal burns in a furnace

 Chemical energy in coal transfers to thermal energy.
 Thermal energy transfers to water in a boiler.
 The boiler produces steam
 Steam turns a turbine.
 The turbine turns a generator.
 The generator produces electrical energy

(b) Some people are against the use of coal-fired power stations. Give two
environmental problems caused by coal-fired power stations [2]

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Answer
 produces CO2 (contributes to global warming / greenhouse effect)
 Mining damages landscape
 produces atmospheric pollution
 produces SO2 / NOx / acid rain
 soot / particulates / smoke (produced)
 pollution caused by transporting coal (from mine)
(c) In the power station, a conveyor belt lifts coal from a coal supply to a furnace. An electric
motor moves the conveyor belt. Fig. 1.1 shows this arrangement.

Fig. 1.1
The speed of the electric motor increases and the coal supply rate is increased. The conveyor
belt lifts more coal each second. State the effect, if any, of increasing the motor speed on
(i) the work done on each kilogram of coal [1]
Answer

 There is no change in work done (work done is same)

(ii) the output power of the motor. [1]
Answer

 The output power increases.

[Total: 7]

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Geothermal energy is energy stored in hot rocks underground.
 The Earth’s interior is hot because the rocks inside contain radioactive substances.

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 Geothermal power plants draw fluids from underground reservoirs to the surface to produce
steam. High pressure steam returns to the surface where it can be used to generate
electricity.
Schematic diagram of a geothermal power plant

How a geothermal power plant works

 Water is pumped underground and gains heat (thermal) energy from the hot rocks deep
underground.
 The heat energy is then converted to kinetic energy in the turbines, which turns the
generator to produce electrical energy.

Advantages of geothermal power plant

1. Environmentally friendly than other conventional fuel sources.
2. It is a renewable source of energy (Allows double recycling).
3. It has a huge potential and always available.
4. Doesn't require large spaces to setup.
5. Silent energy so no noise pollution
6. It creates record numbers of jobs.
7. Provides more energy for the same nominal power.
8. The plants are long-lasting, safe and reliable.
9. It is sustainable and stable (Requires very little maintenance / little maintenance costs).
Disadvantages of geothermal energy

1. It can only be set in restricted locations.

2. Geothermal energy also runs the risk of triggering earthquakes.

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3. Initial costs of installation are high (It is expensive)
4. Environmental Side Effects: Although geothermal energy does not typically release
greenhouse gases, there are many of these gases stored under the Earth’s surface which
are released into the atmosphere during digging. While these gases are also released into
the atmosphere naturally, the rate increases near geothermal plants. However, these gas
emissions are still far lower than those associated with fossil fuels.
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

 Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a form of energy

that harnesses the power of water in motion such as water flowing over a waterfall to
generate electricity.

Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric power station

How a hydroelectric power plant works

1. Water from a reservoir is allowed to fall by opening the sluice gate.

2. As the water falls, its gravitational potential energy is transformed / converted to kinetic
energy as its speed increases.
3. The water passes through the turbines transferring kinetic energy to them.
4. The turbines turn the generator which then produces electrical energy to the transmission
line.

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Advantages of hydroelectricity

1. It is a renewable source of energy.

2. It’s reliable and highly efficient.
3. Emission free (does not produce pollutant gases).
4. Hydroelectric energy is environmentally friendly.
5. It is a reliable source of energy.
6. Hydroelectricity is considered to be clean and an efficient source of energy for long term
use.

Disadvantages of hydro electric energy

1. It Has an environmental impact: Dams can damage or otherwise impact the environment
both upstream and downstream through their construction process during the formation of
the dam
2. It displaces people living near the power plant.
3. It's expensive (costs of installation and maintenance).
4. There are limited reservoirs so they are only found in limited locations.
5. There are droughts.
6. It's not always safe for example there are Construction accidents, as well as dam failure,
can result in injury or loss of life.

SOLAR ENERGY

 This is energy from the sun. Solar panels are used to collect energy transferred by light
from the sun. A large array of cells is known as solar cells, photo cells or photovoltaic cells.

Solar cells

 Light energy from the sun is transformed to electrical energy in the solar cells.

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Schematic diagram of a solar power system

How a solar power station works

 The heat from the sun is concentrated by a series of curved mirrors, which focuses the
energy into one place.
 This heat energy converts water into steam, which turns the turbines, giving them kinetic
energy.
 The kinetic energy is transformed to electrical energy in the generator.

Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

NUCLEAR FUELS (ENERGY)

 This is energy from radioactive substances via nuclear reactions. The fuel for a nuclear
power station is always uranium and sometimes plutonium which are radioactive materials.
 Inside a nuclear reactor, the radioactive decay of these materials is speeded up so that the
energy they store is released much more quickly. This process is called nuclear fission.

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Expert tip: Nuclear fission is a process by which energy is released from nuclear fuels by
spitting of a large heavy unstable nucleus into two of smaller nuclei.
A nuclear power plant

How a nuclear power plant works

 The nuclear energy stored in Uranium -235 is released when the uranium nuclei split in a
process called nuclear fission.
 The nuclear energy is transformed into heat energy which is used to turn water to steam.
 The steam turns the turbines giving it kinetic energy.
 This kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy by the generator.

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power

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WAVE ENERGY

 Wave energy is a form of renewable energy that can be harnessed from the motion of the
waves. Illustration

How useful energy is produced from water waves

 As the turbines bob on the surface of the sea, gravitational potential energy is transformed
to kinetic energy.
 The kinetic energy is then transformed into electrical energy in the generator.
Advantages and disadvantages of wave energy

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TIDAL POWER
 It is a renewable form of energy that converts the natural rise and fall of the tides into electricity.
 Tides are caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, the Sun, and
the rotation of the Earth

Tidal power plant

How a tidal power plant works

 As the tide comes in, the water builds up behind the dam and gains gravitational potential
energy.
 When the water is released the gravitational potential energy is transformed to kinetic
energy.
 The kinetic energy is transformed to electrical energy in the generator.
North Western Australian tidal power project

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Advantages of tidal power
 Environment-friendly  Operational and maintenance costs are
 A highly predictable energy source. low.
 High energy density.  An inexhaustible source of energy.
Disadvantages of tidal power
 High tidal power plant construction costs  Relatively high costs of generation.
 Negative influence on marine life forms  Limited availability (location limits)
 The variable intensity of sea waves
Teachers’ tip: Boiler: A device where the thermal energy is transferred to water to turn it
into steam. Turbine: A device that is made to turn by moving air, steam or water often used
to generate electricity. Generator: A device which generates electricity using
electromagnetic induction.

ENERGY FROM THE SUN

Expert tip: Radiation from the Sun is the main source of energy for all our energy resources except
geothermal, nuclear and tidal energy.

 Water cycle: Water evaporates from the surface of the Earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools,
condenses, and falls as rain.
 Nuclear fusion: Is the process by which energy is released when two small light nuclei join
together to form a new heavier nuclei.
Most of the energy we use can be traced back to radiation from the sun. In simple terms

1. Fossil fuels are stores of energy that come from the sun millions of years ago.
2. Radiation (light and heat) from the sun can be absorbed by solar panels to provide for
hot water. Sunlight can also be absorbed by arrays of Solar cells (photo cells) to
generate electricity.
3. The wind is caused when air is heated by the Sun. Warm air rises, cool air flows into
replace it. This moving air can be used to generate electricity using wind turbines.
4. Most hydroelectric power comes ultimately from the Sun. The Sun’s rays cause water to
evaporate from the oceans and land surface. This water vapour in the atmosphere
eventually forms clouds at high altitudes. Rains falls on high grounds, and can be
trapped behind a dam. (This is part of the water cycle). Without energy from the sun,
there would be no water cycle and no hydroelectric power.

However we make use of small amount of energy that does not come from the Sun as
radiation. Here are three examples

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1. Tidal energy: The Moon and the Sun both contribute to ocean tides. Their gravitational pull
causes the level of the ocean’s surface to rise and fall every twelve –and –a-bit hours. At
high tide, water can be trapped behind a dam. Later, at lower tide, it can be released to
drive turbines and generators. Because this depends on gravity and not on the Sun’s heat
and light, we can rely on tidal power even at night and when the Sun is hidden by the
clouds.
2. Nuclear power makes use of nuclear fuels –mostly uranium mined from underground.
Uranium is a radioactive element, which has been in the ground ever since the Earth was
formed, together with the rest of the Solar System, 4.5 billion years ago.
3. Geothermal energy also depends on the presence of radioactive substances inside the
Earth. These have been there since the Earth formed; they have been continuously
releasing their store of energy ever since.
THE SOURCE OF THE SUNS ENERGY

The releases vast amounts of energy, but it is not burning fuel in the same way we have seen
for fossil fuels. (It is not a chemical reaction). The sun consists largely of hydrogen, but there is
no oxygen to burn this gas.

Exam tip: Energy is released from the sun by the process called nuclear fusion. Note that,
heat from the sun reaches the Earth by radiation.
NUCLEAR FUSION

Question: State what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

Answer
 Nuclear fusion is when two nuclei combine to form a single nucleus initiated by (very) high
temperatures with release of energy.
 Nuclear fission is when a (single) large nucleus divides to form (smaller) nuclei. It is
initiated by neutron bombardment. The resulting nuclei is small in size with increase in
binding energy.
 In nuclear fusion, four energetic hydrogen atoms collide and fuse (join together) to form an
atom of helium. This is shown in the reaction below.

2
1H + 21H → 4
2He + energy

 Nuclear fusion is initiated by very high temperatures and pressures. The temperatures
inside the sun is close to 15million degrees. The pressure is also very high, so that
hydrogen atoms are forced very close together, allowing them to fuse.

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 At this temperature all the atoms are ionised. All the electrons have been removed from all
the atoms, creating plasma of positive nuclei and negative electrons.

Exam tip: Plasma is an ionised gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in
proportions resulting in or less overall electric charge typically at low pressures (as in the
upper atmosphere and fluorescent lumps) or at very high temperatures (as in stars and
nuclear fusion reactors)
 Atomic nuclei all have a positive charge and like charges repel so a temperature of about
100million degrees and high pressure is required to overcome this electrostatic repulsion
and get the nuclei close enough to fuse (join together).
 The mass of the final (resultant) nucleus is slightly less than the combined mass of the
separate initial nuclei and this difference in mass (mass defect) is turned into energy
according to the Einstein’s mass energy equation; E = mc2. The energy E released is big
because the mass m is multiplied by the speed of light c squared (which is a big number)

PROGRESS CHECK QUIZ

1. What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?
2. What is plasma?
3. Compare how plasma is confined in a star with how we will achieve the same effect here
on Earth.
4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion
Note: Research is being carried out to investigate how energy released by nuclear fusion can
be used to produce electrical energy on a large scale.

POWER (P)

In physics the word power is used with a special meaning. It means the rate at which you
do work (that is, how fast you work). The more work you do in a short time the greater is
your power, also when work is being done energy is transferred too as well.

Question: What is power?

 Power is defined as the work done per unit time (it is the rate of doing work / work done).
 It can also be defined as the energy transferred per unit time. (rate of energy transfer)

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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UNITS OF POWER

 Power is measured in Watts (W).

Question: What is a watt?

 A watt is defined as the unit of power when one joule (1J) of work is done (1J of energy is
transferred) per unit time (in one second).
 One watt (1W) is the power when 1joule of work is done per unit time.
 1W = 1J/s
 1 x 103W or (1000W) = 1kW (kilowatt)
 1x 106W or (1000 000W) = 1MW (Megawatt)

Tr. Joshua’s Tip: Take care not to confuse the symbol 𝑊 for work done (or energy
transferred) with W for watts (SI unit of power). Note that SI unit symbols are written in
roman (upright) while symbols of physical quantities in italic type e.g. the symbol for work
done is written in italic (𝑊). Also it is important to remember some of the connections such
as 1J = 1Nm and 1W =1J/s.
EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING POWER

a) In terms of work done.

Work done 𝑊
Power = → 𝑃=
time 𝑡
b) In terms of energy transfer.
Energy transferred ∆𝐸
Power = → 𝑃=
time 𝑡
Worked example

1. A car of mass 800kg accelerates from rest to a speed of 25m/s in 10s. What is its
power?

Answer

{𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 800kg , 𝑡 = 10𝑠, 𝑣 = 25m/s 𝑊 =? J 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 =? W}

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)
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Step1: First calculate the work done by the car which in this case is equal to the increase in
the cars kinetic energy.

Work done = increase in the cars kinetic energy

1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

1
𝐸𝐾 = x 800 x 252
2

𝐸𝐾 = 250 000J

Work done = 250 000J

Step 2: Use the work done to calculate the power

Work done 𝑊
Power = → 𝑃=
time 𝑡

250 000J
P=( ) = 25000J/s
10s

P = 25000W = 25kW
This means that the energy is being transferred to the car (from its engine) at the rate of
25kW or 25kJ per second. Car engines are not very efficient.
In this example, the car’s engine may transfer energy at the rate of 100kW or so, although
most of this is wasted as thermal (heat) energy.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A light bulb transfers 100J of energy in 10s. What is its power? [2]
2. An electric bulb transfers 100J in 8.0s. It then transfers the same amount of energy in
6.0s. Has its power increased or decreased? Show your working. [2]
3. It is estimated that the human brain has a power requirement of 40W. How much
energy does it use in an hour? [3]
4. A car engine produces a force of 200N while accelerating the car through a distance
of 200m in 10s.
a. What is the work done on the car by the engine force (Ans: W = 400 00J / 40kJ)
b. What is the power developed by the engine (Ans: P = 4000W or P = 4kW)

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY TRANSFER
 Engines and motors do work by making things to move. Petrol and diesel engines spend
the energy stored in their fuel while electric motors spend energy supplied by a battery or a
generator.
 The human body is also a form of an engine because it spends the energy stored in food.

Question: What is efficiency?

Answer

 Efficiency is the ratio of the useful energy output to the total energy input. It is expressed as
a percentage. When expressed this way, it is called percentage efficiency.
 Efficiency can also be defined as the ratio of the useful power output to the total power
input.
If an engine does useful work with some of the energy supplied to it, but the rest is wasted
as thermal (heat) energy, the efficiency of an engine is calculated as follows;
useful energy output
% Efficiency = x 100%
total energy input
Expert tip: Note that useful energy output is used in place of the useful work done.

 In terms of power ; the efficiency of say a heating element / electrical device is given by;

useful power output

% Efficiency = x 100%
total power input
 If a petrol engine does 25J of useful work for every 100J of energy supplied to it, then its
efficiency is ¼ , or 25%. In other words, its useful energy output is ¼ of its total energy
input.

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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WORKED EXAMPLE
1. The crane on the right lifts a 100kg block of concrete through a vertical height of 16m in
20s. If the power input to the motor is 1000W. What is the efficiency of the motor?
Answer

 On the Earth, g = 10N/kg so a 100kg block has a weight of

1000N. This means that a force of 1000N is needed to lift the
block .i.e,

𝐹 = 𝑊 = mg = 100kg x 10N/kg

𝐹 = 1000N

 Calculate the work done by this force in lifting the block

through 16m

𝑊 =𝐹x𝑑

𝑊 = 1000kg x 16m = 16000J

 Use the work done and time to calculate the useful power output.

useful work done 16 000J

useful power out put = =( ) = 800W
time taken 20s

 Calculate the efficientcy.

useful power output

Efficiency = x 100%
total power input

800W
Efficiency = x 100%
1000W

Efficiency = 80%

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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2. The car on the right has a steady speed of 30m/s. If the total frictional force on the car is
700N. What useful power output does the engine deliver to the driving wheels?
Answer
 As the speed is steady, the engine must provide a forward force
of 700N to balance the total frictional force. In 1 second, the
700N force moves 30m so;

Work done = Force x distance

Work done = 700N x 30N = 21 000J

Work done 21 000J

useful power out put = =( ) = 21 000W
time taken 1s

𝑃 = 21 000 W or 𝑃 = 21kW
 As the engine doews 21000J of useful work in 1second, its useful power out put must be 21
000W OR 21kW.

Alternative method: Problems of this type can aslo be solved using this equation 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣

{Given; 𝐹 = 700N 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 30𝑚/𝑠}

Useful power output = Force x speed

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣

𝑃 = 700N x 30m/s

𝑃 = 21 000 W or 𝑃 = 21kW
3. The energy input to an electric motor is 400J when raising a load of 200N through a vertical
distance of 1.5m. Calculate the efficiency of the motor.

Answer

{Given: Total energy input = 400J, F = 200N, d = 1.5m, W =? J , Efficiency =? %}

Hint: First calculate the work done which in this case is equal to the useful energy output.
Work done = Force x distance
𝑊 = 200N x 1.5m = 300Nm

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
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𝑊 = 300J
 Useful energy output = 300J
 Total energy input = 400J
 Calculate the efficientcy.

useful energy output

Efficiency = x 100%
total energy input

300J
Efficiency = x 100%
400J

Efficiency = 70%
4. If the energy input to an electric drill is 300J/s and it transfers 100J/s of energy to thermal
energy when in use, calculate its efficiency.
Answer

 power supplied to the drill = 300J/s

 useful power output = (300 − 100)J/s = 200J/s
 Calculate the efficientcy.

useful power output

Efficiency = x 100%
total power input

200W
Efficiency = x 100%
300W

Efficiency = 67%

THE END
2023 - EDITION BY

SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON

Email: [email protected]

SIMPLIFIED CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS 0625 NOTES 2023 - EDITION BY SAKAJJA JOSHUA SOKUTON
(DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS NU – VISION HIGH SCHOOL)