Q1 What do you understand by projection?

Describe various types of parallel and perspective

projections

with suitable diagrams and mathematical representations.

Ans Projection:

In the context of geometry and computer graphics, a projection refers to the transformation of a
three-dimensional (3D) object or scene onto a two-dimensional (2D) plane, such as a computer
screen or paper. Projections are used to represent 3D objects in 2D, preserving certain aspects of the
object like shape, size, or relative position.

Projections can be classified broadly into two categories:

1. Parallel Projection

2. Perspective Projection

1. Parallel Projection:

In a parallel projection, lines that are parallel in 3D space remain parallel when projected onto the
2D plane. This type of projection does not simulate the effect of distance, meaning objects further
away do not appear smaller.

Types of Parallel Projections:

 Orthographic Projection:

o The projection lines are perpendicular to the projection plane.

o There is no distortion due to perspective, making it ideal for engineering drawings

where accurate measurements are important.

o Example Views: Front, top, and side views.

Mathematical Representation:
The orthographic projection onto the xy-plane is represented by:
Diagram: A 3D object like a cube is projected onto a 2D plane without perspective effects.

 Axonometric Projection:

o A type of orthographic projection where the object is rotated along one or more
axes relative to the projection plane.

o There are three main types:

1. Isometric Projection (equal scaling along all axes)

2. Dimetric Projection (two axes have equal scaling, but not the third)

3. Trimetric Projection (different scaling along all three axes)

Mathematical Representation (Isometric Projection): In isometric projection, assuming no scaling,

the transformation matrix can be written as:

 Oblique Projection:

o The projection lines are not perpendicular to the projection plane.

o Used when both the front and side of an object need to be displayed.

Mathematical Representation: In cavalier projection (a type of oblique projection), the

transformation matrix can be written as:
where θ\thetaθ is the angle between the projection plane and the projection line.

2. Perspective Projection:

In perspective projection, lines that are parallel in 3D space converge at a vanishing point. This
projection simulates how the human eye perceives the world: objects that are farther away appear
smaller than those that are closer.

Types of Perspective Projections:

 One-Point Perspective:

o The projection has a single vanishing point on the horizon where lines parallel to one
axis converge.

o Often used to represent objects like roads or hallways receding into the distance.

Mathematical Representation:

The transformation for a point (x, y, z) to a projected point (x', y') in one-point perspective can be
written as:

This projection scales the x and y coordinates by the distance z.

 Two-Point Perspective:
 o This projection uses two vanishing points, typically for representing objects rotated
along one axis (like looking at the corner of a building).

Mathematical Representation:

The x- and y- coordinates are transformed similarly to the one-point perspective, but in this case,
both x and z are scaled to their respective vanishing points:

and offset depending on the vanishing point.

 Three-Point Perspective:

o A more complex projection that uses three vanishing points, one for each of the x, y,
and z axes.

o Often used to represent tall objects viewed from above or below.

Mathematical Representation: Similar to the one- and two-point projections, the transformation
involves scaling based on distances to all three vanishing points, and the transformation matrix
becomes more complex depending on the perspective setup.

Comparison of Parallel and Perspective Projections:

Feature Parallel Projection Perspective Projection

Lines in 3D Remain parallel Converge at vanishing point

No effect (size remains

Distance Effect Objects appear smaller with distance
same)

Type of Projection
Linear (easier to compute) Non-linear (more realistic)
Matrix

Architectural renderings, simulations, and

Usage Engineering drawings, CAD
games

Q2Write down the characteristics of tangents on Bezier Curves giving their expression.
Differentiate

between Bezier Curves and B-Spline Curves.

Ans
Characteristics of Tangents on Bezier Curves:
Comparison Between Bezier Curves and B-Spline Curves:

Characteristic Bezier Curves B-Spline Curves

Defined by n+1n+1n+1 control Defined by k+1k+1k+1 control points and degree

Degree of points, with degree nnn. ppp.
Control Degree and shape are determined The degree and control are more flexible
by all control points. because of the knot vector.

Lack of local control; moving any Provides local control: adjusting a control point
Local Control control point affects the entire only affects a portion of the curve due to the
curve. piecewise nature of B-Splines.

B-Splines can be CkC^{k}Ck continuous, where

Bezier curves are always Cn−1C^{n-
kkk depends on the knot multiplicity.
Continuity 1}Cn−1 continuous, where nnn is
They offer better control over continuity at join
the degree of the curve.
points.

Bezier curves do not generally pass

B-Splines can interpolate through specific
Interpolation through their control points
control points (e.g., in NURBS).
(except the first and last points).

B-Splines have a knot vector that influences

Bezier curves do not have a knot
how the curve spans across control points,
Knot Vector vector; they are defined solely by
allowing for greater flexibility and non-uniform
the control points.
control.
Q3. Four points P0(a,b), P1(20,50), P2(40,40) and P3(70,c) are available for drawing a B-Spline curve

segment. Compute the values of a,b,c such that the curve starts from the point (21,43) and
terminates

with slope (-1/2).

Q4Indicate a mechanism to map an elliptical window to circular view port.
Q5Obtain the perspective projection of a line segment AB = [(3,2,4), (3,2,8)] which is parallel to the
z-axis onto the z = 0 plane with the Center of Projection (COP) at (0, 0, -2). Find the vanishing point.