6. DevOps The DevOps methodology is a relative newcomer to the SDLC scene. It emerged from two trends: the application of Agile and Lean practices to operations work. and the general shift in business toward seeing the value of collaboration between development and operations staff at all stages of the SDLC process. In_a DevOps model, Developers and Operations teams work together closely — and sometimes as one team — to acs te innovation and the deployment of higher-qualit' software products and functionalities. Updates to products are small but frequent. Discipline, ——eeEEEeEE——E—E—E—E—E—eEe—E—EEror oe DevOps continuous_feedback_and_process_improvement, and automation of manual development processes are all hallmarks of the DevOps model. eee Amazon Web Services describes DevOps as the combination of cultural philosophies, practices, and tools that increases an_organization’s ability to deliver applications and services at high velocity, evolving and improving products at_a faster pace than organizations using traditional software development and infrastructure management processes. So like many SDLC models, DevQps.is not only an approach to planning and executing work, but also a philosophy that demands a nontraditional mindset in an organization. Choosing the right SDLC methodology for your software development project requires careful thought. But keep in mind that a model for planning and guiding your project is only one ingredient for success. Even more important is assembling a solid team of skilled talent committed to moving the project forward through every unexpected challenge or setback.In a DevOps model, Developers and Operations teams work together closely — and sometimes as one team — to aol erate Innovation aT the deployment of higher-quality and more reliable Software Products and functionalities. Updates to products are small but frequent. Discipline, DevOps continuous feedback and_ process improvement, and_automation_ of manual development processes are all hallmarks of the DevOps model. eeeDevOps Lifecycle between ions and Development. It is a process that jj ae by the coeeeen team and operational, engineers together from beginning to the final stage of the product.1) Continuous Development This phase involves the planning and coding of the software. The vision of the project is decided during the planning phase. And the developers begin developing the code for the application. There are Ro DevOps tools that are required for planning, but there are several tools for maintaining the code. 2) Continuous Integration This stage is the heart of the entire DevOps lifecycle. It is a software development practice in which the developers require to commit changes to the source code more frequently. This may be on a daily ‘or weekly basis. Then every commit is built, and this allows early detection of problems if they are present. Building code is not only involved compilation, but it also includes unit testing, Integration testing, code review, and packaging. 3) Continuous Testing This phase, where the developed software is continuously testing for bbugs For constant testing, automation testing tools such as TestNG, ‘Whit, Selenium, etc are used. These tools allow QAs to test multiple code-bases thoroughly in parallel to ensure that there is no flaw in the functionality. In this phase, Docker Containers can be used for sirzuieting tie sest eewkerenacl, 4) Continuous Monitoring Monitoring is @ phase that involves all the operational factors of the entire DevOps process, where important information about the use of the software is recorded and carefully processed to find out trends and identi Jem areas. Usually, the monitoring is integrated within the operational capabilities of the software application. 5) Continuous Feedback The application development is consistently improved by analyzing the results from the operations of the software. This is carried out by placing the critical_phase_of ant_feed! n_the ‘operations and the development of the next version of Software application. The continuity is the essential factor in the DevOps as it removes the unnecessary steps which are requi re from devel using it to find out its issues and then producin, ‘a beter version. It kills the efficiency that may be possible with the ‘app and reduce the number of interested customers.6) Continuous Deployment In this phase, the code is deployed to the production servers. Also, it_ —————— is essential to ensure that the code is correctly used on all the The mew code is deployed continuously, and configuration management tools play an essential role in executing tasks frequently and quickly. Here are some popular tools which are used in this phase, such as Chef, Puppet, Ansible, and SaltStack. 7) Continuous Operations All DevOps operations are based on the continuity with complete automation of the release process and allow the organization to eee accelerate the overall time to market continuingly. poh taint baht ill lah lbaseltaeahs 2 It is clear from the discussion that continuity is the critical factor in the DevOps in removing steps that often distract the development, take it longer to detect issues and produce a better version of the Product after_several_months. With DevOps, we can make any software product more efficient and increase the overall count of interested customers in your product.6. DevOps The DevOps methodology is a relative newcomer to the SDLC scene. It emerged from two trends: the application of Agile and Lean practices to operations work. and the general shift in business toward seeing the value of collaboration between development and operations staff at all stages of the SDLC process. In_a DevOps model, Developers and Operations teams work together closely — and sometimes as one team — to acs te innovation and the deployment of higher-qualit' software products and functionalities. Updates to products are small but frequent. Discipline, ——eeEEEeEE——E—E—E—E—E—eEe—E—EEror oe DevOps continuous_feedback_and_process_improvement, and automation of manual development processes are all hallmarks of the DevOps model. eee Amazon Web Services describes DevOps as the combination of cultural philosophies, practices, and tools that increases an_organization’s ability to deliver applications and services at high velocity, evolving and improving products at_a faster pace than organizations using traditional software development and infrastructure management processes. So like many SDLC models, DevQps.is not only an approach to planning and executing work, but also a philosophy that demands a nontraditional mindset in an organization. Choosing the right SDLC methodology for your software development project requires careful thought. But keep in mind that a model for planning and guiding your project is only one ingredient for success. Even more important is assembling a solid team of skilled talent committed to moving the project forward through every unexpected challenge or setback.Devops influence on Architecture Introducing software architecture ———— DevOps Model —— The DevOps model goes through several phases governed by cross-discipline teams. Those phases are as follows: Planning,Identify.andTrack Using _the lates! in project management tools and agile practices, track ideas and workflows visually. This gives all important stakeholders a clear pathway to Prioritization and better results, With better oversight, project managers can ensure teams are on the right track and aware of potential obstacles and pitfalls. All applicable teams can better work together to solve any problems in the development process. Development Phase Version control systems help developers conti le, ensuring one patch connects seamlessly with the master branch, Each complete feature triggers the developer to submit a request that, if approved, allows the changes to replace existing code. Development is ongoing. [= Testing Phase After a build is completed in development, it is sent to QA testing. Catching bugs iS important to the user experience, in DevOps bug testing happens early and often. Practices like continuous integration allow developers to use automation to build and test as a cornerstone of continuous development. Deployment Phase In the deployment phase, most businesses strive to achieve continuous delivery. This means enterprises have mastered the art of manual deployment. After bugs have jeen_detected_and resolved, and_the_user experience has been perfected, a final team is responsible for the manual deployment. By contrast, continuous deployment is a DevOps approach that automates deployment after QA testing has been completed.Management Phs Phase During the post-deployment management phase, organizations monitor and maintain the DevOps architecture in place. This is achieved by reading and interpreting data from users, ensuring security, availability and more. Benefits of s Architecture A properly implemented DevOps approach comes with a number of benefits, These include the following that we selected to highlight: Decrease Cost Of primary concern for businesses is operational cost, DevOps_helps organizations keep their costs low. Because efficiency gets a boost with DevOps practices, software a RS increases and businesses see decreases in overall cost for production. luctivi i! development cycles and streamlined processes, teams are more productive and software is deployed more quickly. ‘ustomers are Served User experi and by design, user feedback is important to the DevOps process. By gathering information from clients and acting on it, those who practice DevOps ensure that clients wants and needs get honored, and customer satisfaction reaches new highs It_Gets More Efficient with TimeDevé simplifies the development ycle, which in previous Tterations had been increasingly complex. This ensures greater efficiency throughout a -vOps organization, as does the fact that gathering requirements also gets easier. In DevOps, requirements gathering is a streamlined process, a culture of accountability, collaboration ahd transparency makes requirements gathering a smooth going team effort where no stone is left unturned, The monolithic scenario Monolithic software is designed to be self-contained, whereip the program's components or f yoo Ts ti er than Toosely coupled, like in modular software programs, Ina Monolithic applications are single-tiered, which means multiple components are combined jpto one_Jarge application. Consequently, they tend to have large codebases, which can be cumbersome to manage over time.DevOps Furthermore, if_one_program component_must_be updated, other elements_may_also_require [ The process can betime-_ gonsuming and may limit the agility and speed of software development teams. Despite these issues, th ach is still in use because it does offer some advantages. Also, many early aoplications Se SNSSGSI- a OST SONS a veloped as Monolithic software, so eee ‘cannot be completely disregarded when those applications are still in use and require updates. What is monolithic architecture? A monolithic architecture is the traditional unified model for the design of a software prograt in this context, means "Ggmposed. a Se Acc ‘ambridge dictionary, the adjective monolithic also means both “too large” and “unable to be changed.” Benefits of monolithic architecture _ There are benefits to monolithic architectures. which is why many applications are still created using this development paradigm. For one, monolithic programs may haye better throughoutthan. modular applications. They may also be easier to test and debug because, with fewer elements, there are fewer testing Variables and scenartos that come into play. AL the beginning of the software development lifecycle, it is wswaly asian eit oe aT ic_archivecture canbe simpler during the early stages. A single codebase also simplifies logging, configuration management, application performance monitoring and other development concerns. Deployment can_also_be easier by copying the packaged application to a server. Finally, multiple copies of the application can be placed behi a Toad balancer to scale it Torizontally. That said, the monolithic approach is_usuall: more_comnlesapplications with frequent requirements, this approach is not suitable. ple, lightweight applications, For Shanges or evolving scalability better for simy Drawbacks of monolithic architecture —_— Generally, monolithic architectures suffer from drawbacks that can delay application development and deployment. These drawbacks become especially significant when the product's complexity increases or when the development team grows in size. The code base of monolithic applications can be difficult to understand because they may be extensive, which can make it difficult for new developers to modify the ¢ ing business or technical requirements. A-requlsemenisevolve or Become more complex. itficult to correctly implement changes without hampering the quality of the code and “ae the overall operation of the application. Following each update to a monolithic application, developers must compile the entire codebase Br foy_the full application rather than just ate et Th at was iS iakss continuous or regular deployments difficult, which then affects the application's and tea agility. makes it harder to find the resources required to scale the app! Architecture Rules.of ThumbPea R MERU Z_V ARN Ore E x04 * In any system, there will always be a _——_—___—— part that limits performance, even in serverless or auto-scalin 5 * Example: If your API scales, your database or email system may not. * Solution: Use throttling systems to control pressure and manage load effectively. Sl 2. Your data model affects scalability * Poor table design leads to slow data lee ea * Design your database (SQL or NoSQL) based on how data will be accessed. * Example: In DynamoDB, choose the correct primary key for fast queries Bad keys force slow scans instead of efficient queries.3. Scalability is linked to cost —— ae Scaling systems increases costs. pee Example: Using RDS RDS or ECS can scale well, but ach Bee) 000/ month at large scale. Solution: Use serverless systems (like es Lambda) to reduce costs as you scale. et eee eee OSS Een Cen Ee] Modern cloud providers (AWS, GCP, Azure) offer tools that perform well without deep tuning or manual configurations. Example: You don't.need to manage servers anymore; cloud tools handle optimization.5. Use Infrastructure as Code * Tools like Terraform help define infrastructure in code. eae Omelet olin © Reduces errors. postage aha ° Allows collaboration. ° Makes infrastructure repeatable and version-controlled. ple el toate 6. Use PaaS for smaller applications * If you have less than 100k Monthly Active Users (MAUs), use Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) like Heroku, Fly, or Render. * Why? Paas helps deploy apps quickly without spending time on configuration. —_——7. Outsource systems outside your focus er * Don't build systems like CMS or Authentication yourself. a, * Example: Third-party tools may seem expensive, but they save time and maintenance effort. * Focus on your core product instead of rebuilding features that already exist. 8. Balance quality, cost, and time * You have 3 main levers to adjust: ° PSA Cost, and Time. * You only have 100 points to distribute, so improvin rea will affect the others. * Example: If you need high quality, you may need to spend more time or money.9. Design APIs as contracts « Use tools like OpenAPI or Swagger to define clear “contracts” for APIs. Cision ° Teams (frontend and backend) agree on API request/response formats. © Reduces bugs and miscommunication. RS clase e0) ek eE LAe, * Gall’s Law: “Complex systems evolve from simpler systems that work.” —_—_[_——_ « Start with simple, proven tools and improve over time. « Example: Use S3 for static websites, CSIC) Wala ROSS MIO meee) I Bee nen a needed.The Separation of Concerns | Separation of concerns is_a_software_architecture_ design _pattertvprinciple_for_separating un ication into _distinct sections, so each selon separate concer AL its essence, Separation of concerns is about order. The overall goal of separation of concerns is to establish a well-organized system where each part fulfills a meaningful and intuitive role while maximizing itg ability So —————— pi to chang How is separation of concerns achieved Separation of concerns in software architecture is aghjeved by the establishment of boundaries. A boundary is any logical or physical constraint which delineates a given set of responsiomities. Some examples of boundaries would™inelade the use of methods, objects; components; an services to define core behavior within an application; projects, solutions, and folder hierarchies for source organization; application layers and tiers for processing organization. DevOps Separation of concerns - advanta; pa ges ‘Separation of Concems implemented in software architecture would have several advantages: 1. Lack of duplication and singularity of purpose of the individual components render the overall system easier to maintain. 2. The system becomes mgre stable as a byproduct of the increased maintainabilit 3, The strategies required to ensure that each component"only concerns 1 Concems itselt with a single set of cohesive.respansibilities often result in natural extensibility points. 4, The decoupling which results from requiring components to focus on a single purpose leads to components which are more easily reused in other systems, or different contexts within the same system. 5. The increase in maintainability and extensibility can have a major impact on the marketability and adoption rate of the system, ‘There are several flavors of Separation of Concerns. Horizontal Separation, Vertical Separation, Data Separation and Aspect Separation. In this article, we will restrict ourselves to Horizontal eal Sear Separation of concern.Clee application, ~ Bge spp lication T wll divide Ls inte Pou modeles, the Dk medals Gortains Code > hed to Geknk don pg | the ——— che Carboni Colt valated to the Shed voll whe Aigd aE tes ole nbd ote the, Sad Tondane wk Re cele ase gst fue yelated to Pas Foe comple, T om Greats (dons fou posed, Se TE os =n io deh yl pot eff er =r Tce: boy gh ave meee] qf ‘4 ns lectures youtube channel C allege | ppl scakon ~~ T \ L yd enodale uth produle ad cae Cordis Contos ta Contens fo" Lied to le | wehledte Yet abedare ) Partly dda Chadd voor ge Pye Pye \ ait ov Srpoyated % dhege “ped hone cratule Gath at affhct other nodeslias, 1 | ! . n7) « fs = ata ba Se Miagdakions - in DevOps Q => Databate onigrattion, means di rabeaste Ages Dx me Tibabu fo ancthey: “THs press Groot ooby ible cat : = sol teddde just crovin athe dab ska? > bak alse’ spolong it ato BE othe oe oe Sheachore vpdatiog Sisk Gece Ty angering clk totegrtly zt (onsisicosy Ponughoot the cogrction =>) Th DOs, handing cletabote enigqrations eneans rmeeging, he pros Be reoying dete Droon one selebebatd” fo vensther Ly done: Senoaihl and stthet Dishrbanct chtle ensuring dabate Ghruchere his is hecause _chaness Be Thon ope anal Om pe dake need cto be coclbed wih opel Tay Ute the cape * Dele 0) Vesion Gael: (@ FFF cots Jalapst fo abbas cipetin Be _ A the Oo Iie en Code on iso use Nessinn 3 cletabote * Scheme ( Groctre}. tual, tke igbate on Con be inte vated , dotabare Scherr coanges when (onpendig chooges ee eoade_cto the (ode.® Schema oni ahon—twols + Ste ide aches _erekiny oo natg cau Sets that chong oe Tlubsbawe Shructere (sehernn) « hey Drow _cnlsteles wd” ta luce devetine « « Brompls oe SAC Qever Dade toolls ond SQL odoenchy «(put worke Soy Sexigh Fo Spealtc ch @) Dee ra eo tok el indaad sb wsbry Cie Teds ) Ce, je ook eon ae beitven ddabeses > Dabs enigeahon “peels | noke ahs ony = Gh: they Ga handle big data, lol Foonsl vend Hep oveghig io “Spe: Ganges ove AOS Debsbare” gration Gate C prs) and awe par cory. () Tit Qrechegict :— Lastly you aud te bak the oxgelel atebee te coke Suze ih works well. apis Andudes estou Lets «Uke Shading _pucbercertt ard Gel ying ensues be : clababos _roals ast vepereroenls end fixes ont Yssuet Grange ere SQL Tek and SMe.Database server (source) Database server (target) Database Database a server (source) migration service ~~ Database Database -~ server (target) server (source) What are the advantages of migration tools? Migrations are helpful because they allow database schemas to evolve as requirements change. They help developers plan, validate, and safely apply schema changes to their ents. These compartmentanzed changes are delined on a granular level and describe the transformations that must take place to move between various “versions” of the database. Ii gevieeal, iigratiog sreale artif can be shared, applied to multiple database sys .. and stored in version control. This hel, DS cOpSinisLa. history, fications to thg-database that can be closely tied To-accon i cli ications. The datal tandem. Se schema and the application's assumptions about that structure can evolve in Some other benefits include being allowed (and sometimes required) to manually tweak the process by separating the generation of the list of operations from the execution of them. Each change can-beaudied esi, and modified to ensure hal the correct results are obtained While still relying on automation for the majority of the process.Microservices Micro services, often referred to as Micro services architecture, is an architectural approach that involves dividing large applications into smaller, functional units capable of functioning and communicating independently. DevOps This approach arose in response to the limitations of monolithic architecture. Because monoliths are large containers holding all software components of an application, they are severely limited: inflexible, unreliable, and offen develop slowly. With micro services, however, each unit is independently deployable but can communicate with each_other_when_necessary. Developers can now achieve the. {Isxibility needed to create highly sophisticated software. How does microservices architecture work? —_—_——______ “668 8 &- ‘The key benefits of microservices architecture Microservices architecture presents developers and engineers with a number of benefits that ‘monoliths cannot provide. Here are a few of the most notable.DevOps‘What is the microservices architecture used for? Put simply: microseryi deployment Tapa ion of different technologies drastically reduce the duration of the development cycle. The-fallowing are some of the most vital applications of microservices architecture. a RSI Data processing Since applications running on micro: microservices can Se This allows for ster and more efficient application performance. Media content Companies like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video handle billions of API requests daily. Services such _as OTT platforms offering users massive media content_will benefit_fro microservices architecture. Microservices will ensure that the plethora of requests for different subdomains worldwide is processed without delays or errors. Website migration Website migration involves a substantial change and redevelopment of a website's major areas, such as its domain, structure, user interface, etc. Using microservices Will help you avoidbusiness-damaging downtime and ensure your migration plans execute smoothly without any hassles. Transactions and invoices —— Microservices are perfect for applications handling hi -nts and transaction volumes and generating invoices for the same. The failure of an application to process payments can cause huge, losses for companies. With the help of microservices, the transaction functionality can be made morg gobust-without changing the rest of the application. Microservices tools Building a microservices architecture requi rall framewor! a mix of tools and processes to perform the core . Some of these tools are listed below.1. Operating system The most basic tool required to an application is an operating system (OS). One such operating system allows great flexibility in development and uses in Linux. It offers a largely self-contained environment for executing program codes and_a series of options for large and small applications in terms of security, storage, and networking. 2. Programming languages ‘One of the benefits of using a microservices architecture is that you can use a variety of Programming languages across applications for_different services. Different programming languages have different utilities deployed based on the nature of the microservice. 3. API management and testing tools The various seryi icate when building an application using a microservices architecture. This is agcomplished using application programming interfaces (APIs). For APIs to work optimally and desirably. they need to be consiantly monitored, managed-and tested, and API management and testing tools are essential for this. 4. Messaging tools Messaging tools enable microservices to communicate both intemally and.extemally. Rabbit MQ and Apache Kafka are examples of messaging tools deployed as part of a microservice system. 5. Toolkits Toolkits in a microservices architecture are tools used to build and develop applications. Different toolkits are available to developers, an its fulfill different_ purposes. Fabric8 and Seneca are some examples of microservices toolkits. 6. Architectural frameworks Microservices architectural frameworks offer convenient solutions for application development and usually contain a library of code and tools to help configure and deploy an application.7, Orchestration tools A container is a set of executables, codes, libraries, and files_n¢ Container orchestration tools provide a framework to manage and optimize containeys within microservices architecture systems. 8. Monitoring tools Once a microservices application is up and running, you must constantly monitor it to ensure everything is working smoothly and.as intended. Monitoring tools help developers stay on top of, the application's work and avoid potential bugs or glitches. rationalization and division of application tasks.Differences between Monolithic and Microservices Architecture Below are the differences the Monolithic and Microservice architecture: PL Tag Tey cca Smt eae ean eee peal a ry Large, all components tightly eater a Dre u Cd PO ECR en Ons ray ucla challenging SC orc acest a al BC yy acre Recenur ee acne eA eT Rete To TR asco oe DO UL a een ere eet eaUci fat tia Less flexible as all components Soon PRTC) TUT Loc tun Ay ela ae oa eR Ets =e Tae eal lacy Der a eta e ————__— STs ec cekesu sea ed UM ee aoe Un CRON) tate eI=Uale Lous Easier to scale horizontally po lice Complex due to managing multiple services eee Rese ee ees cen aCe pa ——_— eae Individual services can fail without affectin pS SERRE PS Sh Crus Requires more effort to manage multiple Saad More flexible as components can be developed, eae A Cer eure CRS cand eT eu Cr Um MT CoM Std callsbarat g) Baa TTC) Coupling Deployment eye yi tiot Complexity er Cy Tull Speed Boras lilel Cole Diversity CT eal Pre crag Single codebase ee Mielec) tte Single deployment — Limited scalability el pT SCM ALLOY} grow complex So A oli Se) evolve — ature Ul c ld Tet Tada td Pre rate) feels independent services De Highly decoupled Independent CT ley eS Fine-grained scalability eee ee med Higher complexity in management pe development — Polyglot technology stackunstructured dala. DevOps In DevOps, the data tier is considered an important aspect of the overall application architecture and is typically managed as part of the DevOps process. This includes: |. Data management and migration: Ensuring that data is properly managed and migrated as Sato Tae TTS livery pipeline paral livery pi 2. Data backup and recovery: Implementing data backup and recovery strategies to ensure ‘hat data can be recovered in case of failures or disruptions. — a =e Security: Implementing data security measures to protect sensitive information and ‘with regulations. 4. Data performance ontimization: Optimizing data performance to ensure that applications ‘nd services perform well, even with large amounts of data Data integration: Inte ta from multiple sources to provide a unified view of data an support business decisions. By integrating data management into the DevOps process, teams can ensure that data is properly ‘managed and protected, and that data-driven applications and services perform well and deliver value to customers. Devops architecture and resilience Devops architecture and resilience DevOps Architecture Devel lay essential roles in order to_delivs jons. The deployment comprises Sara the requirement, designing, developing. and testing of the software components or frameworks.The operation consists of the administrative processes, services, and support for the software. When both the development and operations are combined with collaborating, then the DevOps architecture is the solution to fix the gap between deployment and operation terms; therefore, delivery can be faster. DevOy i is applications hosted on. ‘loud _platfor e distibuted_applications. Agile Development is_used in the DevOps architecture so_that integration and delivery can be contiguous. When the development and operations team works separately from each other, then it is time-consuming to design, test,_and deploy. And if the terms are ngt in syne with each other, then it may cause a delay in the delivery. So DevOps enables the teams to change their shortcomings and increases productivity. Below are the various components that are used in the DevOps architecture DevOps Components Tog Ceci CoronoF ela ce ea Ly Pret Els io © With DevOps: Cloud-based Ey ae needs, optimizing usage and reducing costs. 2. Code Se ee eds Ru oe take Ne tum _— pa lille © Code Organization: Code can be well-organized in files and folders, making it reusable and a Co ORR 3. Test “ * beeen Ld Cee aca Efficiency: Automated scripts remove many manual steps, streamlining the deployment one Sa) * Agile Methodology: DevOps uses Agile practices, enabling better collaboration between San aie ‘¢ Productivity: Synchronization between teams improves planning, organization, and Productivity.Rag ileal ea ee * Third-party Tools: Tools like Splunk simply monitoring by analyzing log data for better Dd 6 ae eee a Roe oe sap OnII a SS oy Bere ee ee ete) Be ae strategies for IT and business developers CL 8. Release . Sa ia alaernalitia eee Leeda 7 Rl o nial elie tat et ee odDevOps resilience eee DevOps resilience refers to the ability of a DevOps system to withstand and recover from failures and disruptions. This means ensuring that the systems a esses used in DevOps are robust, scalable, and able to adapt to changing conditions. Some of the key components of DevOps resilience include: 1, Infrastructure automation: Automating infrastructure deployment, scaling. and ———_— Management helps to ensure that systems are deployed consistently and are easier to manage in SSeS TS of failures oF disruptions. 2. Monitoring and logging: Monitoring systems, applications, and infrastructure in real-time and collecting Togs can help detect and diagnose issues quickly, reducing downtime. 3. Disaster recovery: Having a well-designed disaster recovery plan and regularly testing it can help ensure that systems can quickly recover from disruptions. 4. Continuous testing: Continuously testing systems and applications can help identify and, fix issues before they become critical a 5. High availability: Designing systems for high availability helps to ensure that systems remain up and running even in the event of failures or disruptions —— By focusing on these components, DevOps teams can create a resilient and adaptive DevOps system that is able to deliver high-quality applications and services, even in the face of failures and disruptions.