ENGLISH REVISION

Questions for exam:

Give two features of informal language used in the text. Give a quotation from the text to support your
answer.

The writer uses personal pronouns in the third paragraph. What effect does it
have on the reader?
Why all the subheadings in the article are written as questions?

To engage the audience and make it easy to navigate around the article.

The writer uses statistics in this article, why is this technique used?

The writer wanted to back up their point and convince the reader.

Why does the writer use a semicolon in the sentence or paragraph?

The writer uses semicolons to join sentences that are equally important/ the
writer uses semicolon to suggest the relationship between the two sentences.

Why do u think the writer of this article has placed each section in the order
shown?

It starts with an introduction, it goes through the positives and negatives

separately and it ends with the negatives to give more emphasis.

Why does the writer uses dashes?

To show that this is said in a different tone/to show that this is additional
information not needed to make the sentence make sense.

Why do u think the writer uses simile?

It shows the feeling of the writer.

Grammar:
1. Simple Sentence

 A sentence with one independent clause that expresses a complete thought.

Example: I love reading books.

2. Compound Sentence

 A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating

conjunction (e.g., and, but, or).
Example: I love reading books, and I enjoy writing stories.

3. Complex Sentence

 A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Example: I love reading books because they inspire me.

Imagery

 Definition: Imagery refers to descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight,
sound, touch, taste, smell) to create vivid mental pictures or experiences for the reader.
 Example: The golden rays of the setting sun reflected off the tranquil lake, casting a
warm glow across the horizon.

Foreshadowing

 Definition: Foreshadowing is a literary device where hints or clues are given about events that
will occur later in the story, building anticipation or suspense.
 Example: As she left the house, she noticed dark clouds gathering in the sky, a sign that a storm
was on its way.

Flashback

 Definition: Flashback is a narrative technique where the writer takes the reader back to past
events to provide background or context to the current storyline.
 Example: Sitting by the fireplace, she remembered her childhood summers spent at her
grandmother’s cottage, running through the sunflower fields.

Suspense

 Definition: Suspense is a literary element used to create tension or excitement in a story, keeping
the reader eager to know what happens next.
 Example: The footsteps grew louder as she hid behind the door, holding her breath and clutching
the letter tightly.
 Dialogue:

 Definition: Dialogue is a conversation between two or more characters in a story, used to reveal
information, develop characters, or advance the plot.
 Example:
"Are you coming to the party?" Sarah asked.
"I’m not sure," replied James. "I have a lot of work to finish."

Connotations

 Definition: Connotations are the emotional or cultural associations and implied meanings of a
word beyond its literal definition. They can be positive, negative, or neutral.
 Example:
o Positive connotation: "She has a youthful glow." (Youthful implies positivity and energy.)
o Negative connotation: "He is childish." (Childish implies immaturity.)

Analysis

 Definition: Breaking something into parts to understand it better or explain it in detail.

 Example: Analyzing a poem involves studying its themes, imagery, and language.

Onomatopoeia

 Definition: Words that imitate natural sounds.

 Example: The bees buzzed, and the leaves rustled in the wind.

Alliteration

 Definition: The repetition of the same initial consonant sound in closely placed words.
 Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Assonance

 Definition: The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.

 Example: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.

Sensory Detail

 Definition: Words or phrases that appeal to the five senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) to
create vivid descriptions.
 Example: "The warm, buttery aroma of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen.

Emotive Vocabulary

 Definition: Words used to evoke strong emotions or feelings in the reader.

 Example: "The heartbreaking news left everyone devastated."
Modal Verbs

 Definition: Verbs that show ability, possibility, permission, or obligation.

 Example: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
o Example sentence: "You should finish your homework."

Contrast

 Definition: Highlighting differences between two or more things to emphasize distinctions.

 Example: "She is calm and composed, while he is restless and impulsive."

Descriptive Verbs

 Definition: Action verbs that provide vivid and specific details to create a clearer image.
 Example: Instead of walked, use strolled, sprinted, or trudged.
o Sentence: "She strolled through the park, admiring the flowers."

Repetition

 Definition: The deliberate use of the same word or phrase multiple times to emphasize an idea or
create a rhythmic effect.
 Effect: It reinforces meaning, builds emphasis, and makes the text more memorable.
 Example: "Never give up. Never give in. Never stop trying."
 Writing

Structure of Descriptive Writing

1. Introduction:
o Set the scene or topic to be described.
o Briefly hint at the mood or tone.
o Example: "At dawn, the village woke to the scent of fresh bread and the soft hum of roosters."

2-Body Paragraphs:

o Focus on different aspects (e.g., setting, people, objects, atmosphere).

o Use vivid details and sensory language.
o Example: "The ocean sparkled like a field of diamonds, while the salty breeze tickled my face."

3.Conclusion:

o Wrap up by tying details together or leaving a lasting impression.

o Example: "As the sun dipped below the horizon, the sky turned into a masterpiece of fiery hues, leaving me
awestruck."

EXAMPLE:

The sun was setting, painting the sky in soft shades of orange and pink. The lake stretched out like a
mirror, reflecting the colorful sky and the dark outlines of the trees. A soft breeze rustled the grass,
carrying the cool smell of water and earth.

A few ducks glided across the surface, leaving ripples that spread lazily. Crickets chirped in the
background, joined by the occasional splash of a jumping fish. The world seemed calm, as if pausing
to admire the beauty of the evening.

Near the edge of the lake, a wooden bench stood quietly. An elderly man sat there, gazing at the
horizon, his hands resting on his walking stick. As the sunlight faded and stars began to twinkle, the
peaceful scene wrapped him in a sense of calm.

The lake at dusk was truly a moment of serenity.

Article Writing Techniques and Structure

Techniques for Article Writing

1. Catchy Headline: Use an engaging title to grab attention.

o Example: "Why Digital Detox Is the Key to Happiness."

2. Hook in the Introduction: Start with a question, statistic, or anecdote to intrigue readers.
o Example: "Did you know that over 50% of teenagers spend more than 5 hours daily on their
phones?"

3. Use Facts and Statistics: Support your arguments with evidence.

o Example: "A recent study by WHO reveals that lack of sleep due to screen time impacts 70% of
teens."

4. Logical Flow: Organize ideas systematically for clarity.

o Example: Start with the problem, explore causes, and suggest solutions.

5. Call to Action: End with a thought-provoking conclusion or inspire readers to act.

o Example: "It's time to put our phones down and reconnect with the real world."

EXAMPLE:
A World Without Plastic: Can We Imagine It?

Plastic is everywhere in our lives. From packaging to furniture, it is a material we use daily. But while
plastic makes life convenient, it is also causing massive damage to the environment. Can we imagine a
world without it?

Plastic pollution has become a global crisis. Millions of tons of plastic end up in oceans, harming marine
life. Turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, and birds die from ingesting tiny plastic pieces. On land,
plastic clogs drains, pollutes soil, and takes hundreds of years to decompose.

Yet, alternatives are available. Biodegradable materials like bamboo, glass, or cloth can replace plastic in
many uses. Governments and individuals can also take small steps: ban single-use plastics, encourage
recycling, and choose reusable items.

A world without plastic may seem impossible, but it is a step toward saving our planet. It’s time to act
before it’s too late.
Argument Writing Structure and Techniques

Techniques for Argument Writing

1. Clear Claim: State your position clearly and firmly.

o Example: "Social media does more harm than good."

2. Evidence-Based Arguments: Support your claim with facts, statistics, or examples.

o Example: "Studies show that excessive social media use increases anxiety and depression among
teens."

3. Counterarguments: Address opposing views and refute them effectively.

o Example: "While some argue that social media connects people, it often leads to shallow
relationships and cyberbullying."

4. Persuasive Language: Use strong, convincing words to influence the reader.

o Example: "It’s undeniable that our mental health is at risk due to social media addiction."

5. Call to Action: End with a solution or a call for change.

o Example: "It’s time to limit screen time and prioritize real-life connections."

EXAMPLE:
Should Homework Be Banned?

Homework has been a part of education for decades, but is it truly beneficial? Many argue that homework
enhances learning, while others believe it creates unnecessary stress for students. Should it be banned?

On one hand, homework helps students practice and revise what they learn in school. It reinforces
concepts and teaches responsibility and time management. For instance, solving math problems at home
gives students the extra practice needed to master skills. Supporters also say homework helps teachers
assess a student’s understanding of a topic.

However, opponents argue that homework causes stress and leaves little time for relaxation, hobbies, or
family. Research shows that excessive homework can lead to burnout, anxiety, and even poor academic
performance. Additionally, not all students have a supportive home environment, making it harder for
them to complete assignments.

In conclusion, while homework has its benefits, the amount and type of homework given should be
carefully balanced. Completely banning it may not be the answer, but reducing its load and focusing on
meaningful tasks could be a better solution.
Techniques for Narrative Writing

1. Show, Don’t Tell: Use actions and descriptions to convey emotions and events.
o Example: Instead of "She was scared," write, "Her hands trembled, and her breath
quickened as she opened the creaking door."
2. Dialogue: Add conversations between characters to make the story engaging.
o Example:
"‘Who’s there?’ Anna called out, her voice shaking.
3. Vivid Descriptions: Use sensory details to immerse the reader.
o Example:
"The air smelled of damp wood, and every step echoed like a drumbeat in the silent
corridor."
4. Pacing: Control the speed of the story by varying sentence length. Slow down for suspense, speed
up for action.

The Lost Key

The sun dipped below the horizon as Mia rushed down the empty street. The day had been long, and all
she wanted was to get home. Reaching her front door, she reached into her bag—only to realize the key
was missing.

Her heart sank. She remembered seeing it that morning, jingling on her desk. Had she dropped it?
Retracing her steps seemed impossible in the growing darkness. Panic bubbled up as she glanced around,
hoping for a clue.

Then she remembered: the park. She had stopped there after work to read her favorite book. Grabbing her
phone as a flashlight, Mia sprinted toward the park, the night air cool against her skin.

The park was eerily silent. Shadows stretched across the ground, and the distant hum of traffic was her
only company. She reached the bench where she had been sitting and scanned the area, her pulse racing.
Nothing.

Just as she was about to give up, a glimmer caught her eye near the grass. Her key lay there, half-hidden
under a fallen leaf. Relief washed over her as she picked it up, clutching it tightly.

Walking home, she smiled to herself. What had been a moment of fear became a reminder to stay calm
and think clearly.
The Whispering House

The old house at the end of Pine Street had always been a mystery. Its windows were cracked, and the
wooden door hung loosely on its hinges. They said it was cursed, a place where no one stayed for long.
Mia didn’t believe in ghosts or curses, but her curiosity always got the better of her. On a dare from her
friends, she decided to step inside.

The air inside was damp and heavy, carrying the musty smell of decay. Dust coated every surface, and
cobwebs draped from the ceiling like ghostly curtains. Mia’s footsteps echoed as she moved through the
dimly lit rooms, her flashlight flickering. The silence was broken only by the creak of the wooden
floorboards beneath her feet. Just as she was about to laugh at how foolish the stories were, a sound froze
her in place—a whisper.

“Leave... now...”

Her heart raced. She swung the flashlight around, illuminating empty corners and shadowy furniture. No
one was there. The whisper came again, louder this time, chilling her to the bone. It seemed to come from
the staircase leading to the attic. Against her better judgment, she climbed, her legs trembling with every
step, the old stairs groaning under her weight.

The attic was freezing, and her flashlight barely pierced the darkness. In the corner, an old rocking chair
creaked, moving on its own. Mia’s breath hitched as a faint figure began to materialize—a woman with
pale, lifeless eyes staring directly at her.

Before Mia could scream, the flashlight flickered off, plunging her into total darkness. The last thing she
heard was the whisper again, right in her ear: “You shouldn’t have come.”

The Shadow in the Forest

The rumors about Blackwood Forest were endless. They said no one who entered after dark ever returned.
Riya scoffed at the stories, convinced they were just tales to scare kids. One evening, as the sun dipped
below the horizon, she decided to prove everyone wrong and ventured into the forest alone.

The air grew colder as she walked deeper, the towering trees blocking out the moonlight. Dry leaves
crunched under her feet, the sound unnaturally loud in the eerie silence. A sudden rustling in the bushes
made her pause. “Probably a rabbit,” she whispered to herself, though her hands tightened around her
flashlight.

As she moved further, a low hum began, faint but steady, as if the forest itself was breathing. Then she
saw it—a shadow darting between the trees. It was too large to be an animal. Her heart pounded as she
called out, “Who’s there?” Silence replied.

The shadow appeared again, closer this time. It didn’t move like a person; it glided, its shape twisting
unnaturally. Fear gripped her as she realized the shadow wasn’t cast by anything. It was the thing.
Riya turned and ran, branches clawing at her arms and face. The hum grew louder, almost deafening. She
stumbled, her flashlight falling and flickering out. In the pitch-black forest, she felt a cold hand brush her
shoulder.

The last thing she heard before everything went silent was a voice, low and chilling: “You belong to the
forest now.”

The Woman in the Window

It was late at night when Aarna returned home from a long day at work. Her apartment was on the seventh
floor, and as she unlocked her door, she couldn’t shake the feeling that someone was watching her.
Shaking her head, she dismissed it as exhaustion and stepped inside.

As she prepared a cup of tea, she glanced out of the kitchen window. Across the street, in the abandoned
building, a figure stood in one of the windows. It was a woman, tall and still, staring directly at her. Aarna
froze, her cup trembling in her hand.

She turned away, trying to laugh it off. “Just my imagination,” she muttered. But when she looked back,
the woman was still there—closer this time, now in the window directly across from hers. Her face was
obscured by shadows, but Aarna could feel the weight of her gaze.

Aarna closed the curtains, her heart racing. Minutes passed in tense silence. Suddenly, there was a knock
on her door. Her stomach dropped. No one ever visited her this late.

Gathering her courage, she peered through the peephole. No one was there. She let out a shaky breath and
turned back toward the living room—only to see the curtains fluttering.

The woman from the window was now inside, standing silently in the corner. Her face was still hidden,
but Aarna could see her hand reaching toward her.

The room went dark, and a cold whisper filled the air: “I’ve been waiting for you.”

The Whisper Beneath the Bed

Sahasrra had always hated staying home alone, but her parents were out of town, and she told herself she
wasn’t a child anymore. The house was quiet, too quiet, as she lay in bed scrolling through her phone.
The ticking of the clock on her wall seemed louder than usual, each second dragging on.

Just as she was about to drift off to sleep, she heard it—a faint rustling sound, like fabric being dragged
across the floor. She froze, her heart racing. It sounded like it was coming from under her bed.

Sahasrra held her breath, convincing herself it was just her imagination. But then, a whisper broke the
silence. It was faint, barely audible, but she could make out the words: “I know you’re awake.”

Her blood ran cold. Clutching her blanket, she slowly leaned over the edge of the bed and shone her
phone’s flashlight underneath. The beam of light revealed nothing but an empty, dusty floor. She let out a
shaky laugh.
But as she sat back up, something icy brushed against her ankle. She whipped her head down to see a pale
hand retreating beneath the bed.

Before she could scream, the whisper came again, louder and closer this time: “You can’t hide from me.”
The mattress jolted as if something was crawling up from underneath.

The last thing she felt was the cold grip of fingers on her shoulder, pulling her down into the darkness.