Data Presentation

and Interpretation in
Tabular & Graphical
Forms
Rellie D. Castro, RN, LPT
Introduction
 Data processing is a fundamental step done in
analyzing gathered data in study.

 In research, data is manipulated to produce

results that lead to answers to specific problems
for the improvement of an existing situation.

 The data may be presented through diagram,

graph (line, bar, pie, etc.), table or figure.
Data Processing
 It is important to process the data collected
carefully.

 The essence of data processing in research is data

reduction.

 Data reduction involves winnowing out the irrelevant

from the relevant data and establishing order from
chaos and giving shape to a mass of data.
Methods of Data Processing
 Data Processing is concerned with;
➢ editing,
➢ classifying,
➢ tabulating and charting,
➢ diagramming of research data.
Editing of Data
 Editing is the process of examining the data
collected to detect errors and omissions and
to see that they are corrected, and ready for
tabulation.

 The researcher must see to it that data are

accurate, relevant, consistent, complete,
and acceptable.
Classification of Data
 Data must be classified or categorized in the
statistical data under various understandable
homogeneous groups for the purpose of
convenient interpretation.

 A uniformity of attributes is the basic criterion

for classification; and the grouping of data is
made according to similarity.
Tabulation of Data
 Tabulation is the process of summarizing
raw data and displaying it in compact
form for further analysis.

 Therefore,
preparing tables is a very
important step.
Tabulation of Data
A. Title of Table. The table should be first given a brief,
simple, and clear title which may express the basis of
classification based on the purpose of the study.

B. Columns and Rows. Each table should be prepared

in just adequate number of columns and rows.

C. Captions. The columns and rows should be given

simple and clear captions so the ordinary reader can
understand the data.
Tabulation of Data
D. Unit of measurement. The unit should be
noted below the lines.

E. Footnotes. this may be given below the

table.

F. Total. totals of each column and grand total

should be in one line.
Data Interpretation
 After gathering the data, they must be
tabulated and computed so the researcher
can analyze and interpret the result.

 Research interpretation is defined as

adequate exposition of the true meaning of
the material presented in terms of the
purpose of the study
Data Interpretation
 Results in discussions should be systematic,
logical, and comprehensive.

 The decision should blend the findings in

relation to those identified in the literature
review and placed within the context of the
theoretical framework underpinning the
study.
Example:
Sample Interpretation:
The table presents Certain reasons why teacher want to change shift
career. As gleaned from the data, 20% of the teacher – respondents admits
that oftentimes teacher salaries are not released on time hence they are
prompted to borrow a certain amount of money from the loan sharks with
a sizable amount of interest rate. As revealed by the respondents, the
teacher’s salary is not so high. married ones expressed that sometimes they
experience sending promissory notes to the school of their children for the
permission to take major examination. Further during the interview, 19%
noted that they have little opportunity for promotion. 15% of the teacher
respondents are not motivated to teach because of the low salary and not
enough instructional materials in the classroom. trainings are available but
14% of the respondents assert that the training is not offered to all of them.
In addition, 13% revealed that the environment is not conductive for
learning.
Presentation of Data
 To be able to create and present an organized
picture of information from a research report, it is
important to use certain techniques to
communicate findings and interpretations of
research studies into visual forms.

 The common techniques being used to display

data results are tabular, textual, and graphical
methods.
A. Textual Presentation of Data
 Textual presentations use words, statements or
paragraphs with numerals, numbers, or measurements
to describe data.

 They can be used independently to describe the data

when there are very few quantities or numbers.

 They can also be used to compare data using

paragraphs for the discussion.
B. Tabular Presentation of Data
 Tables present clear and organized data. A table must
be clear and simple but complete. A good table
should include the following parts:
➢ Table Number and Title – These are placed above the
table. The title is usually written right after the table
number.
➢ Caption Subhead – This refers to columns and rows.
➢ Body – It contains all the data under each subhead.
➢ Source – It indicates if the data is secondary and it
should be acknowledged.
Tabular Presentation with
Textual Analysis
 Tabular Presentation with Textual Analysis
has similar parts to the Tabular
Presentation of Data, but it has a textual
analysis below the table.
C. Graphical Methods of
Presenting Data
A graph or chart portrays the visual
presentation of data using symbols such
as lines, dots, bars, or slices.

 Itdepicts a certain set of measurements or

shows comparison between two or more
sets of data or quantities.
C. Graphical Methods of
Presenting Data
 Charts and graphs are very useful in
simplifying the presentation of research
reports.

 It
helps researchers and readers
understand data quickly and interestingly.
C. Graphical Methods of
Presenting Data
 A good graph or chart shows that the X and
Y axis has a heading and units are included.

 The figure number and title are usually

placed below the figure.

 The known value is plotted on the X-axis and

the measured value is plotted on the Y-axis.
Line Graph
A line graph is a graphical presentation of
data that shows a continuous change or
trend it may show ascending or
descending trend.
Double Line Graph
A double line graph has two lines
connecting points to show continuous
change in the data overtime.

 Like
a single line graph, the lines can
ascend or descend in a double line
graph.
Bar Graph or Bar Chart
A bar graph uses bars to compare
categories of data. It may be drawn
vertically or horizontally.

A vertical bar graph is best to use when

comparing means or percentage
between distinct categories.
Pictographs
 A pictogram is a special type of bar graph.
Instead of using an axis with numbers, it uses
pictures / icons to represent a number of items.

 The use of icons can sometimes help overcome

differences in language, culture, and education.
Icons can also give a more representational view
of the data.
Pie Charts or Circle Graphs
A pie chart is usually used to show how
parts of a whole compared to each other
and to the whole.

 The entire circle represents the total, and

the parts are proportional to the amount
of the total they represent.
Pie Charts or Circle Graphs
 The amount going to each part is
expressed as a percentage; then, a circle
is divided into pieces proportional to the
percentage of each category.

 Itis done by multiplying the percentage

share by 360 degrees.
THANK YOU