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Alternating Current - Handwritten Notes - 12th Hacker - CBSE 2025

The document explains the differences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), detailing how AC is characterized by continuously changing magnitude and periodic direction reversal. It discusses the generation of AC through the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field, the significance of RMS values, and the operation of transformers. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of AC, including its economic generation and ability to be easily transformed, as well as safety concerns and limitations in certain applications.

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55 views15 pages

Alternating Current - Handwritten Notes - 12th Hacker - CBSE 2025

The document explains the differences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), detailing how AC is characterized by continuously changing magnitude and periodic direction reversal. It discusses the generation of AC through the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field, the significance of RMS values, and the operation of transformers. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of AC, including its economic generation and ability to be easily transformed, as well as safety concerns and limitations in certain applications.

Uploaded by

yashbhandari7779
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An alternating current is that Current whose magnitude

changes continuously with time and direction reverses


periodically.

Direct current is that current, which flows with a constant


magnitude in the same direction

When a coil is rotated in a magnetic field an alternating EMF is


induced in it which is given by the relation:
then by ohms law the current in the circuit will be
Thus, the current in the circuit varies sinusoidally with time and
is called alternating current

Frequency: the number of cycles completed per second by an


alternating current is called its frequency and is denoted by F.
The frequency of an alternating current is same as the frequency
of rotation of the coil in the magnetic field –

So an alternating current can be represented as

It is defined as that value of direct current which sends the same


charge in a circuit in the same time as is sent by the given
alternating current in its half time period. It is denoted by
It is defined as that value of a direct current which produces the
same heating effect in a given registered as is produced by the given
alternating current and past for the same time. It is denoted by

The alternating current and voltage is a generally measured and


specified in terms of the RMS values. When we say that the
household supply is 220 V AC. We mean that its RMS value is
220 V the peak value would be
-AC ammeter and voltmeter always measure RMS value
-Values printed on a C circuits are RMS values
The reciprocal of the reactance of an AC circuit is
called its susceptance. Its SI unit is

The reciprocal of the impedance of an AC circuit


is called its admittance. Its SI unit is

A series LCR circuit is said to be in the resonance condition


when the current through it has its maximum value

The current amplitude I for a series, LCR circuit is given by


Consider the situation when no load is connected to the
secondary that is its terminals are open. Let N1 and N2 be the
number of turns in the primary and secondary respectively.

Then induced EMF in the primary coil


Induced EMF in the secondary coil

Where. is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the


primary or secondary at any instant thus

The ratio. of the number of turns in the secondary to that in


the primary is called the turns ratio of the transformer. It is also
called transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer that is the turns ratio is greater


than one and therefore the output voltage is greater than the
input voltage

In a step down transformer. that is the turns ratio is less


than one and therefore. the output voltage is less than the
input voltage.
1.The generation of AC is more economical than DC
2.The alternating voltage can be easily stepped up or step down by
using a transformer
3.The alternating currents can be reduced by using a choke coil
without any significant wastage of energy
4.The alternating currents can be transmitted to distant places
without any significant line loss
5.Also, AC can be easily converted into the DC by using rectifiers
6.AC machines are simple and robust and do not require much
attention during their use

1.Peak value of a AC is high. It is dangerous to work with aC


2.In phenomena like electroplating, electro refining, electro
typing, AC cannot be used
3.AC is transported more from the surface of a conductor than
from inside. This is called skin effect. Therefore several fine,
insulated wires, (and not a single thick wire) are required for the
transmission of AC

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