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ACS Unit-1, Part 2

The document discusses advanced concepts in wireless communication, focusing on shadowing, path loss, and fading. It explains the log-normal shadowing model, outage probability, and the effects of multipath propagation and the Doppler effect on signal quality. Additionally, it covers large-scale and small-scale fading, including factors influencing these phenomena.

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7 views13 pages

ACS Unit-1, Part 2

The document discusses advanced concepts in wireless communication, focusing on shadowing, path loss, and fading. It explains the log-normal shadowing model, outage probability, and the effects of multipath propagation and the Doppler effect on signal quality. Additionally, it covers large-scale and small-scale fading, including factors influencing these phenomena.

Uploaded by

supradeepthikokkonda
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Title: Advanced Communication System

(Course Code: 20EC142)

Electronics and Communication Engineering (7th Semester)

Instructor: Dr. Partha Pratim Shome


Assistant Professor
Department of ECE, SR University, Warangal
Email: [email protected]
Shadowing
• Shadowing is a phenomenon in wireless communication that occurs when obstacles
between the transmitter and receiver cause the received signal power to fluctuate. When
the attenuation is strong enough, the signal can be blocked.
• The analytical path loss models studied so far did not consider the effects of environment
clutter which is different for different locations even for the same distance.

• The most common model for characterizing this


attenuation is called log normal shadowing model.
• The shadowing effect, Xσ​, represents the random
variability in path loss due to large objects blocking
the signal, and it follows a log-normal distribution in
normal scale (hence the name "log-normal
shadowing").
• The shadowing component Xσ ​(in dB) has a mean of
zero and a standard deviation σ (in logarithmic
scale), which depends on the specific environment.
Combined Path Loss and Shadowing
• The combined model is a sum of the deterministic path
loss (based on distance) and the random shadowing
component (which is log-normally distributed). This is
often referred to as log-normal shadowing with path loss.
• The received signal power with the combined effect of
path loss and shadowing is, in dB, given by

• Ψ (dB), representing shadowing component, is a zero-


mean Gaussian random variable with standard deviation
𝜎 (in dB),
• The term 10γlog10​(d/dr) represents the deterministic part of
path loss based on distance.
• In linear scale,
Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing
• With path loss and shadowing, the received power at any given distance between
transmitter and receiver is random.
• Probability of outage (or outage probability) in wireless communication refers to the
likelihood that the received signal power falls below a certain minimum threshold
required for reliable communication. When this happens, the signal quality is insufficient
to maintain a proper connection, leading to communication failure, or an outage.
Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing
• Q-Function:
The Q-function gives the probability that a standard normal random variable X exceeds
a certain value x. In wireless communication, it's commonly used to express bit error
rates (BER) in systems affected by noise.

Mathematically,

• Error Function:
Error Function is a mathematical function used to compute probabilities and is closely
related to the Q-function. It is used to describe the cumulative distribution of a normal
(Gaussian) distribution.

Mathematically,
Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing
Fading
• In wireless
communication, fading
is a process in which the
strength and quality of a
radio signal fluctuate
over time and distance.
• Fading is caused by a
variety of factors,
including multipath
propagation,
atmospheric conditions,
and the movement of
objects in the
transmission path.
Fading
• Large-scale fading refers to the long-term variation in the average signal strength over large
distances or time periods. It is primarily caused by the overall path loss and shadowing due to
obstacles like buildings, trees, or hills that obstruct the line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter
and receiver.
• Small-scale fading refers to the rapid fluctuations in signal strength that occur over short distances
or brief time periods. It is caused by multipath propagation, where multiple copies of the signal
(reflected, scattered, or diffracted by objects) reach the receiver with different time delays, phases,
and amplitudes. These signals interfere with each other, leading to constructive or destructive
interference.
• Factors influencing small-scale fading
• Multipath Propagation: Multipath propagation occurs when the transmitted signal reaches the
receiver via multiple paths due to reflection, diffraction, or scattering from objects such as
buildings, trees, or vehicles. These multiple signal paths interfere with each other, causing
small-scale fading.
• Doppler Effect: The Doppler shift is caused by the relative motion between the transmitter and
receiver, or due to movement of objects in the environment. This results in a change in the
frequency of the received signal.
Fading
• Delay Spread: Delay spread refers to
the time difference between the arrival of
the first and last multipath components of
the signal at the receiver. It is caused by
the variation in path lengths of the
reflected, diffracted, and scattered
signals.
• Coherence Time: Coherence time refers
to the time duration over which the
channel's characteristics remain
relatively constant. It is inversely related
to the Doppler spread.
• Channel Bandwidth: The bandwidth of
the transmitted signal relative to the
channel’s coherence bandwidth (the
range of frequencies over which the
channel's response is approximately flat)
affects small-scale fading behavior.
Doppler Effect
• The Doppler Effect refers to the change in frequency
or wavelength of a wave (such as sound, light, or radio
waves) observed by a receiver due to the relative
motion between the source of the wave and the
observer.

• In the context of wireless communication, the Doppler


Effect is particularly important as it describes how the
frequency of a transmitted signal is affected when either
the transmitter, receiver, or objects in the environment
are moving.

• When a wave source and an observer are moving


toward each other, the observed frequency of the wave
increases (i.e., the wavelength shortens).
• When the source and the observer are moving apart,
the observed frequency decreases (i.e., the wavelength
lengthens).
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect

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