Atoms and Nuclei

1. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, the radius is 5.3 X10-11m. Find the principal quantum number of
the orbit with radius 21.1 X10-11m.
2. Write the basic process involved in nuclei responsible for (i) β– and (ii) β+ decay. Why is it found
experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos?
3. Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number. What are the
main inferences from the graph? Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes
of nuclear fission and fusion.
4. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. a) Which of them will result in the transition of a photon
of wavelength 275 nm? b) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation maximum
wavelength?

5. (i)Find the ionization energy of the atom.

n=3 – 3.08 eV

n=2 – 5.30 eV

10.3 eV

n=1 – 15.6 eV

6. Find the velocity of electron in the third orbit of hydrogen atom. Also find its kinetic and potential energy.

7. The half-life of 40K is T = 1.30 × 10 9 y. A sample of m = 1.00 g of pure KCl gives c = 480 counts/s.
Calculate the relative percentage abundance of 40K (fraction of 40K present in term of number of atoms)
in natural potassium. Molecular weight of KCl is M = 74.5, Avogadro number NA = 6.02 × 1023, 1y =
3.15 × 107 s.
8. 10 grams of 57Co kept in an open container beta-decays with a half-life of 270 days. What will be the
weight of the material inside the container after 540 days? Find the energy required for separation of a
20 12
10Ne nucleus into two alpha particles and a 6C nucleus if it is known that the binding energies per
20 4 12
nucleon in 10Ne , 2He and 6C nuclei are equal to 8.03, 7.07 and 7.68 MeV respectively
9. A radioactive sample has 6.0 × 1018 active nuclei at a certain instant. How many of these nuclei will still
be in the same active state after two half-lives?
10. The three stable isotopes of neon: 10Ne20, 10Ne21 and 10Ne22 have respective abundances of 90.51% 0.27%
and 9.22%. The atomic masses of three isotopes are 19.99 u. 20.99 u, 22 u respectively. Obtain the average
atomic mass of neon.
11. Calculate the binding energy of an alpha particle from the following data:
mass of 1H1atom = 1.007826 u
mass of neutron = 1.008665 u
mass of 2He4 atom = 4.00260 u
Take 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2
12. a) Define Half-life of a radio-active sample.
b) Obtain the amount of Co60 necessary to provide a radioactive source of 8mCi strength. The half-life of
Co60 is 5.3 years.
13. Draw graphs showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential of a photocell for (i) the
same frequency but different intensities I1> I2> I3 of incident radiation, & (ii) the same intensity but
different frequencies v1> v2> v3 of incident radiation. Explain why the saturation current is independent
of the anode potential.
14. Write Einstein's equation of photoelectric effect. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron gets
doubled when the wavelength of light incident on the surface changes from λ1 to λ2. Derive a relation for
the threshold wavelength λ0 and work function for the metal.
15. Q.12. The second member of Lyman series in hydrogen spectrum has wavelength 5400 Å. find the
wavelength of the member.
16. For what energy a proton, will the associated de-Broglie wavelength be 16.5 nm?
17. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger - Marsden experiment. How did the scattering of a - particles
by a thin foil of gold provide an important way to determine an upper limit on the size of size of the
nucleus? Explain briefly.
18. Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy par nucleon versus the mass number A. explain with
the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
19. Using de Broglie's hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohr's second postulate of
quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
20. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is - 13·6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of the
electron in this state?
21. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition form an energy
level -0.85 eV to -3.4eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To which series of
hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?
22. An electron microscope uses electron accelerated by a voltage of 50 k.V. Determine the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with the electrons. Taking other factors, such as numerical aperture etc. to be same,
how does the resolving power of an electron microscope compare with that of an optical microscope
which used yellow light?
23. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength is incident a photosensitive surface
24. of negligible work function. If the photo-electrons emitted from this surface have the de Broglie
wavelength λ1, prove that λ = (2 m ch) λ21
25. The level diagram of an element is given below. Identify by doing
necessary calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a
spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm.
26. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength 1.00 nm. Find
(i) their momenta,
 (ii) the energy of the photon and
(iii) the kinetic energy of electron.
27. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown below. Which of the
shown transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength
275 nm? Which of these transitions correspond to emission of radiation
of (i) maximum and (ii) minimum wavelength?
28. (a) The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total
mass of its constituents- neutrons and protons. Explain.
(b) Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy a pair of nucleons as function of their separation.
29. Draw a plot of the binding per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of nuclei, 2 < A
< 240. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the? range 30 < A < 170 using
the property that nuclear is short-ranged?
30. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A, state clearly how the
release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion can be explained.