Unit -3

Chapter no -11
Small Sampling Theory: t- distribution
Confidence interval for population mean in student t- distribution:

where the value of ±tc , called critical value depends on the level of confidence
desired and on the sample size. Can be read from student’s t- distribution table.

1. A sample of 10 measurements of the diameter of a sphere gave a mean X =4.38 cm and a

standard deviation s=0.06 cm. Find the
a) 95% and
b) 99% confidence limits for the actual diameter.
2. A random sample of size 7 from a normal population gave a mean of 977.51 and a
sample deviation of 4.42. Find 95% and 99 % confidence intervals for the population
mean.
3. A random sample of size 17 taken from a normally distributed
population revealed a sample mean of 75 and a sample
variance of 25. The upper limit of a 95% confidence interval
for the population mean would equal:
a. 77.769
b. 72.231
c. 72.727
d. 77.273

Sol- 75+(1.96)*(5/underroot-15)

4. Suppose that a one-tail t test is being applied to find out if the population mean is less
than 100. The level of significance is .05 and 25 observations were sampled. The
rejection region is:
Alpha 𝛂 𝛼

Test of Hypothesis and Significance

1. A soap manufacturer company was distributing a

particular brand of soap through a large number of
retail shops. Before a heavy advertisement campaign,
the mean sales per shop was 140 dozen. After the
campaign a sample of 26 shops was taken and the
mean sales figure was found to be 147 dozen with
standard deviation of 16. Can you consider the
advertisement effective?
Hint-
2. A machine is designed to produce insulating washers for electrical
devices of average thickness of 0.025 cm. A random sample of 10
washers was found to have an average thickness of 0.024 cm with a
standard deviation of 0.002 cm. Test the significance of the deviation.
Level of significance is 0.05.
3. The height of 10 children selected at random from a given locality had
a mean 63.5 cms and variance 6.25 cms. Test at 5% level of
significance the hypothesis that the children of the given locality are
on the average less than 65 cm in all.
4. A CEO of light bulb manufacturing comp claims that an average light
bulb lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing.
The sample bulbs last an average of 290 days with a S.D of 50 days. If
the CEO claim were true, what is the probability that 15 randomly
selected bulbs would have an average life of no more than 290 days.
SOLUTION:
X bar is sample mean. mue is pop mean.

t=(Xbar-mue)*underroot N/s

=(290-300)underroot 15/50
=-10/12.9099= -0.7745
degree of freedom 14
cumulative probability=1-0.7745
=.226
hence if the tube bulb life were 300 days there is a 22.6% chance that the
average bulb life for 15 randomly selected bulbs would be less than or equal to 290
days.
 5. A random sample of size 16 has a mean of 53 and a standard deviation of 3.16. Can this
sample be regarded as taken from the population having 56 as mean? Test the
hypothesis at 99 % confidence level.
6. In the past, a machine has produced washers having a thickness of 0.050 inch. To
determine whether the machine is in proper working order, a sample of 10 washers is
chosen, for which the mean thickness is 0.053 inch and the standard deviation is 0.003
inch. Test the hypothesis that the machine is in proper working order, using significance
level of 0.01. [Book q no- 11.6]
7. The intelligence quotients (IQs) of 16 students from one area of a city showed a mean of
107 and a standard deviation of 10, while the IQs of 14 students from another area of
the city showed a mean of 112 and a standard deviation of 8. Is there a significance
difference between the IQs of the two groups at significance level of 0.05?
[Question no - 11.8 from book page no - 284]
8. The mean lifetime of electric bulbs produced by a company has in the past been 1120 hrs with a
standard deviation of 125 hrs. A sample of eight electric bulbs recently chosen from a supply of
newly produced bulbs showed a man lifetime of 1070 hrs. Test the hypothesis that the mean time of
the bulb has not changed, using significance level of 0.05.

T- distribution table
https://statisticsbyjim.com/hypothesis-testing/t-distribution-table/
Chapter - 12
Chi Square Test-

Use of chi square test

1. Test of goodness of fit- one variable .
a. degree of freedom is N-1
2. Test of independence of attributes- two variable
a. degree of freedom= (R-1)(C-1), R is no of rows and C is no of
columns
Properties of Chi Square Distribution-
1. The mean of a Chi Square distribution is equal to the degrees of freedom.
2. Chi Square curve is always positively skewed
3. Standard deviation of Chi Square distribution is √ 2∗v , where v is degree of
freedom.
4. Chi Square values increase with the increase in degree of freedom.
5. With different degrees of freedom, the shape of the curve will be different.

Null hypothesis
H0: there is no association between the attributes
H1: there is an association between the attributes
 https://www.jmp.com/en_in/statistics-knowledge-portal/
chi-square-test/chi-square-goodness-of-fit-test.html

Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

What is the Chi-square goodness of fit test?
The Chi-square goodness of fit test is a statistical hypothesis test used to
determine whether a variable is likely to come from a specified distribution or
not. It is often used to evaluate whether sample data is representative of the full
population.

Example1

We collect a random sample of ten bags. Each bag has 100 pieces of candy and
five flavors. Our hypothesis is that the proportions of the five flavors in each
bag are the same. Let’s start by answering: Is the Chi-square goodness of fit test
an appropriate method to evaluate the distribution of flavors in bags of candy?

Let’s start by listing what we expect if each bag has the same number of pieces
for each flavor. Above, we calculated this as 200 for 10 bags of candy.

Table 1: Comparison of actual vs expected number of pieces of each

flavor of candy

Flavor Number of Pieces Expected Number

of Candy (10 bags) of Pieces of Candy
Apple 180 200

Lime 250 200

Cherry 120 200

Grapes 225 200

Grape 225 200

To draw a conclusion, we compare the test statistic to a critical value from the
Chi-Square distribution. This activity involves four steps:

1. We first decide on the risk we are willing to take of drawing an

incorrect conclusion based on our sample observations. For the candy
data, we decide prior to collecting data that we are willing to take a 5%
risk of concluding that the flavor counts in each bag across the full
population are not equal when they really are. In statistics-speak, we
set the significance level, α , to 0.05.
2. We calculate a test statistic. Our test statistic is 52.75.
3. We find the theoretical value from the Chi-square distribution based on
our significance level. The theoretical value is the value we would
expect if the bags contain the same number of pieces of candy for each
flavor.
 In addition to the significance level, we also need the degrees of
freedom to find this value. For the goodness of fit test, this is one fewer
than the number of categories. We have five flavors of candy, so we
have 5 – 1 = 4 degrees of freedom.

The Chi-square value with α = 0.05 and 4 degrees of freedom is 9.488.

4. We compare the value of our test statistic (52.75) to the Chi-square
value. Since 52.75 > 9.488, we reject the null hypothesis that the
proportions of flavors of candy are equal.
 1. In an experiment to study the independence of hypertension on smoking habits, the
following data are taken from 180 individuals:

Non- Moderate - Heavy – Total

smokers smokers smokers
Hypertension 21 36 30 87
No - Hypertension 48 26 19 93
Total 69 62 49 180

Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance that the presence or absence of
hypertension is independent of smoking habits.

2. In a sample survey of public opinion, answer to the questions

a. Do you exercise regularly?
b. Are you in favor of open gym in public parks?
Do you exercise regularly?
Are you in Yes No Total
favor of open Yes 56 31 87
gym in public No 18 6 24
parks? Total 74 37 111

Can you infer whether or not the open gym is dependent on individual exercise?
 3. In 60 throws of a dice, face one turned up 6 times, face two 10 times, face three 8
times, face four 14 times, face five 10 times and face six 12 times. Test at 10 %
significance level, if the dice is honest.
4. A dice is tossed 120 times with the following result

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 total
tuned
up

freque 30 25 18 10 22 15 120
ncy

expect 20 20 20 20 20 20
ed

chisqua (30- 12.9

re 20)2/20=

Test the hypothesis that the dice is unbiased

Sol- Degree of freedom = 6-1 = 5
Critical value at Df=5 at 0.05significance value = 11.1
Null hypothesis : dice is unbiased
Alternate hypo : dice is biased
Test statistics =12.9
If test statistics is > critical value, Null Hypothesis will be rejected.
12.9>11.1 —----------Null is rejected
Alternate is accepted -
Decision- dice is biased one.
5. Two sample polls of votes for two candidates, A and B for a public office are taken, one
from among the residents of rural areas other from urban areas. The results are given in
the adjoining table. Examine whether the nature of the area is related to voting
preference in this election

Area Vote for Total

A B
Rural 620 380 1000
Urban 550 450 1000
Total 1170 830 2000
6. From the table given below, whether the color of son’s eyes is associated with that
of father’s eyes
Eyes color in Sons

Not Light light

Eyes color in Not Light 230 148

fathers
Light 151 471

Solution:
Eyes color in Sons

Not Light light Total

Eyes color in Not Light 230 148 378

fathers
Light 151 471 622

Total 381 619 1000

Theoretical frequencies or expected frequencies are-

Not Light light

Eyes color in Not Light (381*378)/1000=144 (619*378)/1000=234

fathers
Light (381*622)/1000 (619*622)/1000
=237 =385

1. Null Hypothesis: The color of the son’s eyes is not associated with the
color of the father’s eyes
2. Calculate the test statistic: 133.39
3. Degree of freedom= (R-1)*(C-1)= (2-1)*(2-1)=1
4. See the Chi Square table for the degree of freedom and alpha value.
5. Decision: the tabulated value of ChiSquare for alpha=0.05 and for
degrees of freedom 1 is = 3.84
So, calculated ChiSquare > tabulated chi square at alpha 0.05, Null
hypothesis is rejected and we found that there is an association between
the color of eyes of son’s and color of eyes of fathers.