OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR

PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

TEST &
w = the weight for each data point.
x = the value of each data point.

EXAMPLE:
MEASUREMENT
Xyrus Anthony B. Cendaña, RPm | Week 5-9

Topic Outline:
● Measure of Central Tendency
● Measures of position, skewness, and kurtosis
● Development of Assessment Tools
● Item Analysis

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

○ sometimes measures of location, refers to the set of
measures that reflect where on the scale the distribution is THE GRAND MEAN
centered.
THE MEAN ○ Combined mean of sample means taken from same, or
○ or average, (x̄) is the sum of the scores divided by the different population.
number of scores and is usually designated.
○ Used when data are in interval or ratio EXAMPLE: Sample means: 85, 81 79, 76, 74,
○ Affected easily by EXTREME scores Sample Sizes, 20, 30, 40, 30, 30
○ Not necessarily an actual score
○ Important when finding SD, Variance, Skewness Step 1:
○ Ideal for small set of scores

Step 2:

ΣX = sum of all values of X

N = the number of X values

THE MEDIAN
EXAMPLE: The mean of the numbers 3, 5, 12, and 5 is?
○ The score that corresponds to the point at or below which
50% of the scores fall when the data are arranged in
Step 1: Add up all the numbers in the data set.
numerical order.
Step 2: Divide by the number of numbers in the data set, n.
○ also called the 50th percentile
○ Used when data is in ordinal level of measurement
○ When the middlemost score is desired
○ There are EXTREME scores
THE WEIGHTED MEAN ○ A Positional Measure
○ Value or score multiplied assigned to it in order to indicate ○ Not necessarily an actual score in the distribution
its relative importance
EXAMPLE: Take the data set 4, 2, 3, 1.

Step 1: Order the numbers from smallest to largest.

1, 2, 3, 4

Step 2: If the data set contains an odd number of numbers,

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

the one exactly in the middle is the median. Take note that 3. Determine the size of the intervals.
this data has an even number of numbers.
Step 3: If the data set contains an even number of numbers,
take the two numbers that appear exactly in the middle and
average them to find the median.

2+3=5
5 ÷ 2 = 2.5
THE MODE = 20 / 6 = 3.333 or 4
○ defined simply as the most common score, that is, the
score obtained from the largest number of subjects. 4. Starting from the larger integer less than or
○ Used when quick answer is needed equal to the minimum score, construct class
○ Data is in nominal level intervals of size ( i ) until the maximum score is
○ Unimodal, Bimodal, Trimodal reached.
5. Tally the scores in appropriate classes and then
EXAMPLE: 3, 3, 6, 9, 16, 16, 16, 27, 27, 37, 48 add tallies for each class in order to obtain the
frequency.
➢ 16 is the mode since it appears more times in the
set than any other number.
Score Tally Frequency
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
○ a way of organizing them in some sort of logical order. 7-10 IIII 4

EXAMPLE: Construct frequency distribution table using the 11-14 IIIIII 6

score of Grade 7 students in 30 item summative assessment
in mathematics. 15-18 IIIIIII 7

19-22 IIIIIIIIIII 11
10 15 8 21 20 11
12 13 9 22 21 16 23-26 I 1
17 11 8 17 28 21
21 17 16 18 25 20 27-30 I 1
12 20 18 21 22 12

1. Determine the range. PERCENTILES, DECILES, QUARTILES

PERCENTILES. Specific points or scores within a
distribution/a point that divides a distribution.

10 15 8 21 20 11
12 13 9 22 21 16
17 11 8 17 28 21
21 17 16 18 25 20 EXAMPLE: In a college, a list of scores of 10 students is
12 20 18 21 22 12 announced. The scores are 56, 45, 69, 78, 72, 94, 82, 80,
63, 59. Using the percentile formula, find the 70th percentile.
Range = 28 - 8
= 20 Step 1: Collect the data set
Step 2: Arrange the data set in ascending order
2. Determine the class interval. This is usually
given. 45, 56, 59, 63, 69, 72, 78, 80, 82, 94
Class interval = 6
Step 3: Find the rank.

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

Rank = Percentile ÷ 100 Step 4: based on the decile value, figure out the
= 70 ÷ 100 corresponding variable from among the data in the
= 0.7 population.
Step 4: Use the given formula.
0 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 16 19 19

Step 5: Now, counting 7 values from left to right we

reach 80, and we can say that all the values below 80 will
come under the 70th percentile. In other words, 70% of
the values are below 80. QUARTILES. Divides data into 4 equal parts.

Therefore, the 70th percentile is 80. EXAMPLE: What is the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd quartile in this list
of numbers?
DECILES. Divides data into 10 equal parts.
2 3 5 7 8 10 11 13 15 16 19

Step 1: Order your data set from lowest to highest

values.
Step 2: Find the median. This is the second quartile Q2.

2 3 5 7 8 10 11 13 15 16 19
n = Number of data in the population or sample
Step 3: At Q2 split the ordered data set into two halves.
i = the ith decile rank
2 3 5 7 8 | 10 | 11 13 15 16 19
EXAMPLE: Find the D3 of the following set of data.
Step 4: The lower quartile Q1 is the median of the lower
19 12 16 0 14 half of the data.
9 6 1 12 13
10 19 7 5 8 2 3 5 7 8 | 10 | 11 13 15 16 19

Step 1: Determine the number of data or variables in the Step 5: The upper quartile Q3 is the median of the upper
population or sample, denoted by n. half of the data.

n = 15 2 3 5 7 8 | 10 | 11 13 15 16 19

Step 2: Sort all the data or variables in the population in ANSWER:

ascending order.
Q1: 5 Q2: 10 Q3: 15
0 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 16 19 19

Step 3: based on the required decile, determine the THE STANDARD NORMAL (Z) DISTRIBUTION
value by adding one to the number of data in the ○ used to help find probabilities and solve other types of
population, divide the sum by ten and then multiply the problems when working with any normal distribution.
result by the rank of the decile.

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

x = test value
μ = mean
σ = standard deviation

Z TABLE FOR STANDARD NORMAL

PROBABILITIES

EXAMPLES:

1. The test scores of students in a class test has a

mean of 70 and with a standard deviation of 12.
What is the probable percentage of ○students who
scored more than 85?

SOLUTION:

x = 85 μ = 70 σ = 12

Next step: From the z score table, the fraction of the data
within this score is 0.8944.

This means 89.44 % of the students are within the test

scores of 85 and hence the percentage of students who are
above the test scores of 85 = (100-89.44)% = 10.56 %.

2. Given X ˜ N (50, 10), what are the values of the

mean and standard deviation? b.) What value of x
has a z-score of 1.4?

Note: X ˜ N ( μ, σ ) Given: x = ? μ = 50 σ = 10 z = 1.4

SOLUTION:

x = μ + zσ
x = 50 + 1.4 ( 10 )
x = 50 + 14
x = 64

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

MEASURES OF POSITION, SKEWNESS, AND KARL PEARSON’S COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS

KURTOSIS

ZERO SKEWNESS
○ also known as a “symmetric distribution”
○ signifies that distribution of data is evenly distributed
around the mean, with no long tails on either end of the
distribution
○ Mean = Mode = Median
x̄ = mean
md = median
sd = standard deviation

EXAMPLE:

1. Calculate the skewness of the data given below.

Mean = 80 Median = 75 SD = 12

Answer: The skewness of the data is positive.

2. Find the skewness for the given data ( 2,4,6,6 )

POSITIVE SKEWNESS
○ also known as a “symmetric distribution” Step 1: Find the mean of the data:
○ the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer
○ Mean > Median > Mode

Step 2: Find median. If the data set contains an even

number of numbers, take the two numbers that appear
exactly in the middle and average them to find the
median.

2 4 6 6

4 + 6 = 10
10 ÷ 2 = 5

Step 3: Find the standard deviation.

NEGATIVE SKEWNESS
○ the tail of the left side of the distribution is longer than the
tail on the right side.
○ Mode > Median > Mean

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

x x - x̄ (x - x̄) ^2
MESOKURTIC
2 -2.5 6.25 ○ perfectly normal
○k=3
4 -0.5 0.25

6 1.5 2.25

6 1.5 2.25

n=4 Σ(x - x̄) ^2 = 11

PLATYKURTIC
○ flat- topped curve
○k<3

Step 4: Compute for the skewness.

KURTOSIS FORMULA

Answer: The skewness of the data is negative.

EXAMPLE: Find the kurtosis for the given data ( 2,4,6,6 )

KURTOSIS x x - x̄ (x - x̄) ^4
○ Level of peakedness of the distribution
○ How tall (height) is the data in the distribution 2 -2.5 1525.88

4 -0.5 0.0625

6 1.5 45.63

6 1.5 45.63

n=4 Σ(x - x̄) ^4 = 1617.20

Note: Refer to the example number two of skewness to

get the standard deviation. (page 5)

LEPTOKURTIC
○ More scores are in the middle
○ Data is more peaked
○k>3
Answer: The data is leptokurtic because k > 3.

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

ITEM ANALYSIS Step 2: Interpret the Index of difficulty.

○To select the BEST available items for the final form of the
test DISCRIMINATION INDEX
○ To detect learning difficulties of the class as a whole ○ How well the item discriminate high from low scores
○ To identify structural or content defects of items ○If the upper 25% of the class found an item easy and the
○ To identify the areas of weakness of students in need of lower 25% of the class found it difficult then it discriminates
remediation. properly.

INDEX OF DIFFICULTY

Step 1: Arrange the score from highest to lowest.

Step 2: Determine the upper 25% and the lower 25%.

Step 3: Compute for the Index of Difficulty.

EXAMPLE: Step 4: Compute for the Discrimination Index.
n = 50
EXAMPLE:
Number of students per group = 100
Item # of IOD Interpretation Action
# correct
answers Item Number of Correct Item
Number Answers in Group Discrimination
1 15 0.3 Right Difficulty Retain Index
Upper Lower
2 25 0.5 Right Difficulty Retain
1 90 20 0.7
3 35 0.7 Right Difficulty Retain
2 80 70 0.1
4 45 0.9 Too Easy Revise /
Discard 3 100 0 1

4 100 100 0
Step 1: Compute for the index difficulty
5 50 50 0

6 20 60 -0.4

DEVELOPMENT OF ASSESSMENT TOOLS :

KNOWLEDGE AND REASONING

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

IMPORTANT STEPS IN PLANNING FOR A TEST:

Analysis Breaking down 12, 14, 16, 5 16.6
★ Identify Test Objectives sentences to 18, 20 7%
★ What type of Objective test to be prepared subject /
★ Preparing the TOS predicate
★ Constructing the draft test items
★ Try out, Item analysis, validation Synthesis Formulate new PART 2 10 33.3
rules on S-V pts. 2%
agreement
IDENTIFYING TEST OBJECTIVES
EXAMPLE: You are preparing to construct a test in an Total: 30 100
English subject. %

★ The Students must be able to identify the subject

NOTE: TEST DIRECTION VERY IMPORTANT !!!
and verb regarding S- V agreement in a sentence
➢ Assume that your students know nothing about the
★ The students must be able to determine the
test objective
appropriate form of a verb to be used given the
➢ Emphasize the important directions /activities
subject of a sentence
➢ Keep directions as uniform as possible
★ The students must be able to write sentences
observing rules on subject verb-agreement
★ The students must be able to break down a given RULE OF THE THUMB WHEN MAKING T-F TESTS
sentence into its subject and predicate RULE 1: Do not give a hint in the question.
★ The students must be able to formulate rules to be EXAMPLE: The Philippines gained its independence in 1898
followed regarding subject and predicate and therefore celebrated its centennial year in 2000?

DECIDING WHAT TYPE OF OBJECTIVE TEST RULE 2: Avoid using words like “always”, “never” other
adverbs that tend to be either always true or false.
ESSAY. used for assessing higher order thinking skills.
EXAMPLE: The Holy Roman Empire was never ruled by
any member of the French nobility.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Recall, Analysis, Problem Solving Etc.

RULE 3: Avoid long sentences.

IDENTIFICATION. For recall.
EXAMPLE: The Roman Republic ceased to function as a
republic when Augustus was crowned as emperor, this is a
TRUE OR FALSE.
direct result of the murder of Julius Caesar at the floors of
the Senate hall.
ANALOGY. Ideal for Analysis.
CONSTRUCTION OF TOS
RULE 4: Avoid trick statements, misleading words or
1. List down topics covered by the test.
spelling mistakes.
2. Remember the number of days/hours used for
EXAMPLE: The Principle of OLFU senior High School is Dr.
teaching a particular topic.
Lucila Bon Diesta
3. Determine the percentage allocation of test items.
4. Determine the number of items to construct for each
RULE 5: Avoid quoting verbatim from reference
topic.
materials or textbooks.
5. Distribute the number of items to the objectives.
RULE 6: Avoid Specific determiners ( strongly worded
Level Objective Item # # % statements are more likely false than true)

Knowledge Identify S-V 1, 3, 5, 7, 5 16.6 RULE 7: Avoid Grossly disproportionate number of true
9 7% or false statements/ patterns.
GUIDELINES FOR MAKING MULTIPLE CHOICE
Comprehen Forming 2, 4, 6, 8, 5 16.6
sion appropriate verb 10 7% TESTS
form RULE 1: Do not use vague/unfamiliar words, terms,
phrases.
Application Writing 11, 13, 15, 5 16.6 EXAMPLE: What culture in the world is best characterized
sentences ff. 17, 19 7% by a huge number of individuals considered to be
Rules on S-V

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

acersecomic? NOTE: Remember to use None of the above only when

there is a totally correct answer.
BETTER: A native tribe in South America known for its MATCHING TYPE
women who has never cut off their hair is? ○ Can be considered as modified multiple choice test

RULE 2: Do not use modifiers that are vague.

EXAMPLE: The most serious disease in the world is?
A. Mental illness B. Heart Disease
C. AIDS D. Cancer

BETTER: The Leading cause of death in the world today is?

A. Mental illness B. Heart Disease
C. AIDS D. Cancer

RULE 3: Avoid complex / awkward word arrangements.

EXAMPLE: The country who stood up alone against Nazi
Germany following the defeat of its closest ally is? HOW TO MAKE A GOOD MATCHING TYPE TEST:
★ Be sure that the whole matching type test is found
RULE 4: Do not use double negative. on a single page
EXAMPLE: Which substance won't do no good to elicit a ★ Make sure that the premise and the response
change in chemical composition when mixed with Sodium? belong to same category
★ Other Common practices in making tests should
BETTER: Which substance will not result in a chemical apply
change when mixed with sodium? FILL IN THE BLANKS ( COMPLETION TEST )
○ Can be considered as modified multiple choice test
RULE 5: Make your question as short as possible.

RULE 6: Distractors should be equally attractive and

plausible.
EXAMPLE: “Ang Huling Paalam” is a widely acclaimed piece
of work written by which author?
A. Nick Joaquin IDENTIFICATION TEST
B. William Yeats ○ an unknown specimen is to be identified by name or other
C. Jose Rizal criterion
D. Edgar Allan Poe
RULE 7: The longest option is the best answer?

RULE 8: Rule 8 : All choices should be grammatically

consistent with the stem.
ANALOGY ITEMS
RULE 9: Avoid Stems that reveal answers to another
○ an unknown specimen is to be identified by name or other
item.
criterion.
○ The pattern of relationship in the first pair of words must be
RULE 10: Avoid alternatives that are synonymous with
the same for the second one
others.
○ All items should be grammatically consistent
EXAMPLE: What causes ice to transform from solid to liquid
○ Options must be related to correct answer
state?
A. Change in Temperature
B. Changes in Pressure
C. Changes in chemical composition
D. Changes in heat levels

RULE 11: None / All of the Above.

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 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY — QC
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE — BS PSYCHOLOGY 3RD YEAR
PSYCHSOC EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE (‘24-’25)

ESSAY
WHY USE ESSAY? RULE 7: If possible, have somebody to counter check
➢ Allows you to assess HOTS the essay.
➢ Measures the Following abilities:
★ Comparisons between 2 more things PREPARED AND ARRANGE BY:
★ Dev’t of a defense of an opinion/thought
★ Questions of cause and effect
★ Explanation of meanings
★ Summarizing of info ANGEL VITERBO
★ Analysis
★ Knowledge of Relationships PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC,
★ Illustration/Application of rules, laws, principles EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE
★ Criticisms of the adequacy,relevance,correctness of
an info
★ Reorganization of facts CHECKED BY:

WHAT MAKES IT DIFFICULT?

➢ Question Construction
➢ Reader Reliability Nicole P. Hernandez
SCORING ESSAY TESTS
○ Prepare in advance a detailed ideal answer PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC,
○ Holistic Scoring - Total score is assigned to a question ASSISTANT HEAD OF EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE
( Outstanding, Very Satisfactory, Fair, Poor )
➢ Relies on teachers impression / over all
assessment
○ Analytic Scoring - scored in terms of components
RULES OF THE THUMB WHEN MAKING AN ESSAY Lian Jill Magallanes
TEST
RULE 1: Phrase the directions in such a way that PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC,
students are guided on the Key concepts that need to be OFFICER-IN-CHARGE OF EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE
included.
EXAMPLE: Write an Essay on the topic “Plant
Photosynthesis” NOTE: This reviewer is exclusively for the students of
the Psychology Department at OLFU-QC. Kindly refrain
BETTER: Write an Essay on the topic “Plant Photosynthesis” from sharing this material outside the program or the
using the keywords: chlorophyll, sunlight, water, carbon university, as it constitutes our intellectual property.
dioxide. Thank you.

RULE 2: The students need to be informed on how you DISCLAIMER: We disclaim any responsibility if the
will score their essay. content of this reviewer does not appear in the actual
➢ Coherence, accuracy of statements, clarity of exam. Please refer to your professor's materials, such
ideas, presentation techniques, grammar as textbooks or presentation slides, for further
information.
RULE 3: Put a time limit.

RULE 4: Decide on your essay grading system prior to

getting the essay of your class.

RULE 5: Evaluate all of the students answers to one

question before proceeding to the next.

RULE 6: Try not to look who owns the paper when

checking.

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