Hand Notes

Global College of Science & Technology Rahat Kot Swat

SAFETY SUPERVISOR
General Safety Rules

A. Introduction:
1. The following general safety rules are to be
followed by all applicable departments.
B. Responsibilities:
1. Environmental Health and Safety Department:
a) Develop and implement all general safety rules to be
followed by employees.
b) Update the general safety rules annually or as needed to
ensure they are up to date.
c) Be a resource for any employee with questions on general
safety rules.
d) Create and implement training programs for general safety
rules.
2. Manager’s, Supervisor’s, and Department Heads:
a) Abide by all general safety rules set forth in the Safety
Manual.
b) Ensure all employees are attending training sessions as
required.
c) Guarantee that employees are following all general safety
rules.
3. Employees:
a) Abide by all general safety rules set forth in the Safety
Manual.
b) Attend any training sessions online or in the classroom as
required by your supervisor or the EHS department.
c) Provide any additional items that may need to be
addressed under general safety rules
C. Policies, Practices, and Procedures: \
1. General Safety Rules:
a) Observe and abide all warning signs and safety notices.
b) Smoking is prohibited everywhere.
c) Guard all floor openings and edge of working platforms greater than 3 feet.
d) Do not take unsafe short cuts or by-pass any safety devices.
e) Never throw debris, tools or other objects from any height.
f) Report all unsafe acts, unsafe conditions or incidents/accidents to your supervisors
and
safety personnel.
g) Label all chemical containers and store them in designated chemical storage area.
h) Do not deface or change any manufacturer’s labels on incoming chemicals or
industrial
products.
i) Know the location of the nearest emergency equipment including fire
extinguishers, fire
alarms, fire blankets, eye wash stations.
j) Familiarize yourself with the emergency evacuation procedure and the location of
the
nearest exits and muster points.
k) Do not obstruct or block any exits, escape passage way or any emergency response
equipment.
l) Follow the manufacturer’s operating instructions when working with machinery.
m) Report all work related illness and injuries right away and submit an accident report
2. General Tool and Device Safety:
The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools
and equipment used by employees but the employees
have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining
tools.
a) All electrical tools will be in good repair.
b) Saw blades, knives, or other tools should be directed away
from aisle areas and other
employees working in close. Knives and scissors must be
sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones.
c) Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety
goggles, gloves, etc., should be worn.
d) Floors should be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent
accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools.
e) Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.
f) Use the right tool for the job.
g) Examine each tool for damage before use.
h) Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
3. Defective or Broken Equipment:
Any equipment that is found to be broken or
defective will be removed from use. To ensure that
no one is injured by defective or broken equipment
the following actions should be taken:
a) Identify equipment with a sign that states:
i. DANGER - In need of repair, do not use
ii. The name of the person who found the
equipment broken.
iii. The nature of the defect.
iv. The date that the equipment was removed from
service.
b) Notify your supervisor that the equipment is defective and
place a work order with the online Facilities work order
system for the item(s) to be repaired or replaced
D. Training:
a)
All new hires will receive training that is
commensurate with their jobs and will receive annual
re-fresher training.
Emergency

 An emergency is a situation that poses an

immediate risk to health, life, property,
or environment.
 Most emergencies require urgent
intervention to prevent a worsening
of the situation, although in some situations,
mitigation may not be possible and requires
palliative care for the aftermath.
Types of Emergency

1. Danger to Life
2. Danger to Heath
3. Danger to Environment
1. Danger to Life:
 Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to
the life of people involved.
 This can range from emergencies affecting a
single person, including heart
attacks, strokes, cardiac arrest and trauma to
incidents that affect large numbers of people such
as natural
disasters including tornadoes, hurricanes, floods,
earthquakes, mudslides and outbreaks of
diseases such as corona virus, cholera, Ebola,
and malaria.
 These are consider as the highest priority
emergencies.
2. Dangers to health
 Some emergencies are not necessarily
immediately threatening to life, but might have
serious implications for the continued health and
well-being of a person.
 The causes of a health emergency are often very
similar to the causes of an emergency threatening
to life, which includes medical emergencies and
natural disasters.
3. Dangers to the environment
 Some emergencies do not immediately endanger
life, health or property, but do affect the natural
environment and creatures living within it.
 It can have far-reaching effects on animals and
the long term condition of the land.
 Examples would include forest fires and marine oil
spills.
Agencies involved in dealing with
emergencies

 Most developed countries have a number of emergency

services operating within them, whose purpose is to
provide assistance in dealing with any emergency. They are
often government operated, paid for from tax revenue, but
in some cases, they may be private companies, responding
to emergencies in return for payment, or they may be
voluntary organizations, providing the assistance from
funds raised from donations.
 Most developed countries operate three core emergency
services.
 Police – handle mainly crime-related emergencies.
 Fire – handle fire-related emergencies and usually possess
secondary rescue duties.
 Medical – handle medical-related emergencies.
What is Fire?

 Fire is a chemical reaction that gives light

and heat. It is an example of the chemical
process. Fire is useful, but also very
dangerous because it can cause houses, trees
and many other things to burn into
ashes. Forest fires are very harmful. They can
destroy a huge area in a matter of minutes.
Every year people die by accident from fire.
Types of Fire

1. Class A (Solids):
Class A fires are fires involving solids. This type of fuel could be paper
and cardboard, common in offices and manufacturing. It could be
furniture. It could even be the structure of the building.
This is one of the most common types of fire because solids are the
most common type of fuel and one that is hard to eliminate.
The only type of fire extinguisher you should use on a class A fire is
the water extinguisher. This is the most popular type of extinguisher
because it can handle most fires involving solids. But, as a conductor,
it should never be used near electrical equipment.
2. Class B (Liquids):
Class B fires are fires involving liquids. Many
of the fluids, liquids and chemicals used in
workplaces can be flammable or explosive.
Like cleaning fluids, solvents, fuels, inks and
paints.
Foam or powder extinguishers are the
best types of extinguishers to attack this
type of fire.
3. Class C Fire (Gases):
Class C fires are fires involving gases. This could be natural
gas, LPG or other types of gases forming a flammable or
explosive atmosphere.
Work with gas is dangerous, and increases fire risk. Keep
stored gases in sealed containers in a safe storage area, and
ensure that gas work is carried out by competent persons.
While extinguishers can be used on class C gas fires, the only
safe method to attack this type of fire is to shut off the gas
supply. The best type of extinguisher to put out the fire only
the supply of gas is cut off, is a dry powder extinguisher.
4. Class D (Metals):
Metals are not often thought of as a combustible material,
some types of metal can be, like sodium. Metals are also
good conductors, helping a fire spread. All metals will soften
and melt at high temperature.
Water can actually act as an accelerant on metal fires, so
how would you tackle a class D fire? There are dry powder
extinguishers developed to tackle metal fires. The powder
inside the extinguisher may vary depending on the type of
metal risk it is designed for. Small metal fires can sometimes
be smothered with dry earth or sand.
5. Electrical Fires:
This is not strictly a class (class E) of fire, because electricity
is more or a source of ignition than a fuel. However, fires in
live electrical equipment are an additional hazard. You don't
want to be using water, or any other conductor as that could
be fatal.
 Making sure electrical equipment and installations are
installed correctly, and inspected and maintained, will help
to reduce the risk of this type of fire.
 While you shouldn't use water to attack an electrical fire,
you can use other types of fire extinguishers. Like carbon
dioxide, and dry powder. Always turn off the power supply if
you can.
6. Class F (Cooking Fats & Oils):
Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat
sources in kitchens can result in a class F fire.
Never leave food or frying equipment unattended during
use. The only type of fire extinguisher approved for use on
cooking oils and fats is the wet chemical extinguisher. For
small class F fires, you could also use a fire blanket.
The Rules for Fighting Fires:
 Just remember the three A's:
ACTIVATE the building alarm system or notify
the fire department.
ASSIST any persons in immediate danger, or
those incapable on their own, to exit the
building..
 Only after these two are completed should
you
ATTEMPT to extinguish the fire.
Fire Extinguisher:
A fire extinguisher is a fire protection tool used to
extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situation.
It is not used on an out-of-control fire.
Fire extinguishers are divided into handheld (0.5- 14
Kg) and car-mounted (Wheeled extinguisher
more than 23 Kg).
Fire Extinguisher
Types of Fire Extinguishers:
1. Water and foam extinguishers
 Water and Foam fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire by taking away the
heat element of the fire triangle. Foam
agents also separate the oxygen
element from the other elements.
 Water extinguishers are for Class A fires
only - they should not be used on Class B
or C fires.
2. Carbon Dioxide extinguishers:
 Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers
extinguish fire by taking away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle and
also be removing the heat with a very
cold discharge.
 Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B &
C fires. They are usually ineffective on
Class A fires.
3. Dry Chemical extinguishers
 Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
extinguish the fire primarily by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the
fire triangle.
 Today's most widely used type of fire
extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B,
and C fires.
4. Wet Chemical extinguishers
 Wet Chemical is a new agent that
extinguishes the fire by removing the
heat of the fire triangle and prevents re-
ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.
 Used on Class A and Class F Fires.
5. Dry Powder extinguishers:
 Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry
chemical except that they extinguish the fire
by separating the fuel from the oxygen
element or by removing the heat element of
the fire triangle.
 However, dry powder extinguishers are for
Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They
are ineffective on all other classes of fires.
Fire Extinguisher Use

 It is important to know the locations and the types of

extinguishers in your workplace prior to actually
using one.
 Fire extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to
practice picking up and holding an extinguisher to
get an idea of the weight and feel.
 Take time to read the operating instructions and
warnings found on the fire extinguisher label. Not all
fire extinguishers look alike.
 Do not pull the pin or squeeze the lever. This will
break the extinguisher seal and cause it to lose
pressure.
When it is time to use the extinguisher on a fire,
just remember PASS!
 Pull the pin.
 Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire
from the safe distance.
 Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the
fire extinguishing agent.
Personal Protective Equipment
PPE
 Personal protective equipment, commonly
referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to
minimize hazards that cause serious workplace
injuries and illnesses.
 These injuries and illnesses may result from
contact with chemical, radiological, physical,
electrical, mechanical, or other workplace
hazards.
 Personal protective equipment may include
items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes,
earplugs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls,
vests and full body suits.
The Requirement for PPE

 To ensure the greatest possible protection for

employees in the workplace, the cooperative
efforts of both employers and employees will
help in establishing and maintaining a safe
and healthful work environment.
In general, employers are responsible for:
 Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for
employees.
 Training employees in the use and care of the
PPE.
 Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or
damaged PPE.
In general, employees should:
 Properly wear PPE,
 Attend training sessions on PPE, Care for, clean
and maintain PPE.
 Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or
replace PPE.
Personal Protective Equipments PPE:
Eye and Face Protection:
Some of the most common types of eye and face
protection equipments include the following:
Safety spectacles: These protective eyeglasses have
safety frames constructed of metal or plastic. Side
shields are available on some models.
Goggles: These are tight-fitting eye protection that
completely covert the eyes, eye sockets and the
facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and
provide protection from impact, dust and
splashes. Some goggles will fit over corrective
lenses.
Face shields: These transparent sheets of plastic
extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and
across the entire width of the employee’s head.
Head Protection:
Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the
easiest ways to protect an employee’s head from
injury.
Types of Hard Hats:
Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes:
Class C hard hats provide impact and penetration
resistance along with limited voltage protection (up
to 2,200 volts).
Class E hard hats provide the highest level of
protection against electrical hazards, with high-
voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000
volts). They also provide protection from impact and
penetration hazards by flying/falling objects.
Class G hard hats provide lightweight comfort and
impact protection but offer no protection from
electrical hazards.
Foot and Leg Protection:
Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries
from falling or rolling objects, should wear
protective footwear.
Leggings: protect the lower legs and feet from heat
hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks.
Safety snaps allow leggings to be removed quickly.
Metatarsal guards: protect the instep area from impact
and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or
plastic, these guards may be strapped to the outside
of shoes.
Toe guards: fit over the toes of regular shoes to
protect the toes from impact and compression
hazards. They may be made of steel, aluminum or
plastic.
Safety shoes: have impact-resistant toes and heat-
resistant soles that protect the feet against hot
work surfaces common in roofing and hot metal
industries. Safety shoes may also be designed to
be electrically conductive to prevent the static
electricity.
Hand and Arm Protection:
Leather, Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves:
Gloves made from metal mesh, leather or canvas
provide protection against cuts and burns. Leather
or canvass gloves also protect against heat.
Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves:
Fabric and coated fabric gloves are made of cotton
or other fabric to provide varying degrees of
protection.
Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves:
Chemical-resistant gloves are made with different
kinds of rubber: natural, butyl, neoprene, nitrile and
fluorocarbon (viton); or various kinds of plastic:
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol and
polyethylene.
Body Protection:
Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials,
each effective against particular hazards, such as:
Paper-like fiber: used for disposable suits provide
protection against dust and splashes.
Treated wool and cotton: adapts well to changing
temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and
protects against dust, abrasions and rough and
irritating surfaces.
Duck: is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects
against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp
or rough materials.
Leather: is often used to protect against dry heat and
flames.
Lockout tagout (LOTO):
Lockout tagout (LOTO) is a safety procedure that
ensures that dangerous machinery and energy
sources are properly shut off and are not started up
unexpectedly while maintenance or service work is
being completed. Activating the equipment or
power source before these tasks are complete puts
the person maintaining or servicing it at risk.
 Energy sources that should be locked out during
maintenance could be:
 Electrical
 Mechanical
 Hydraulic
 Chemical
 Radiation
 Thermal
 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCEDURE:
 Follow these building evacuation procedures in
the event of an emergency:
1. Safely stop your work.
 Shut down equipment that could become unstable
or present a hazard.
 Gather your personal belongings such as glasses,
prescription medication, keys, purse.
2. Leave the building through the nearest
door with an EXIT sign.

 Do not use elevators.

 Go to the nearest safe stairway.
 Help those who need special assistance, such
as disabled persons and small children.
 Touch closed doors before opening. If the
surface is hot, do not open — use another exit
route.
 Close, but do not lock, all doors as you leave.
3. Report to your designated assembly
area.

 Stay in your designated outdoor assembly

area for a head count.
 Report any missing individuals and last
known locations to emergency responders.
 Notify emergency responders about sensitive
research, operating equipment, animals left
in buildings, etc
4. Wait for instructions from emergency
responders.

 Remain outside at your designated assembly

area.
Do not reenter the building until authorized
to do so by an appropriate authority (police,
fire department, etc.).
Scaffolding

A scaffold is a temporary working structure, set with

poles, wood or iron to hold workers, materials or
both. It is an elevated working platform. It provides a
better and spacious working platform when the use
of ladder is not feasible.
Some jobs that requires a scaffold are:
 Repairs
 Erection
 Decoration
 Painting
 Electrical installations, etc.
OSHA categorizes scaffold into three (3) basic types:
 Supported Scaffold: This consist of one or more platforms,
supported by rigid, load-bearing members, such as poles, legs,
frames and outriggers.
 Suspended Scaffold: This is one which has one or more
platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead
support.
 Other Scaffold: Principally, this consist of personnel hoist,
man-lifts, etc.
Types of scaffolding
 Single scaffolding
 Double scaffolding
 Cantilever scaffolding
 Suspended scaffolding
 Trestle scaffolding
 Steel scaffolding
 Patented scaffolding
Major Risk associated with scaffolding
 Fall from height
 Falling object
 Musculoskeletal disorders, etc
Safe working practice for scaffolding
 Scaffolding should be carried out by competent
personnel only.
 All scaffold must be assessed and certified before
use.
 Safe access and egress but be provided.
 Adequate fall protection should be provided when
working from a scaffold.
 In cases of falling objects and tools, debris net may
be installed in the scaffold to checkmate falling
objects, tools and materials.
Don’ts when working from a scaffold
 Don’t over reach, work to the limit of the scaffold.
 Don’t stand on the scaffold edge protection rail to
work.
 Don’t try to move the scaffold while still on it.
(Applicable to mobile scaffold)
 Don’t use the scaffold rail to access the scaffold,
use the ladder.
 Don’t set the scaffold on an uneven ground.
 Don’t climb any scaffold when it has not been
certified safe for use and when there is no safe scaf
tag on it.
 Don’t carry materials when climbing unto a
scaffold; always maintain 3-point contact. Use tag
line to convey your materials.
Risk:
 In simple terms, risk is the possibility of
something bad happening. Risk
involves uncertainty about the effects of an
activity with respect to something that humans
value (such as health, well-being, wealth,
property or the environment).
Risk Management

 Risk management encompasses the

identification, analysis, and response to risk
factors that form part of the life of a business.
Effective risk management means
attempting to control, as much as possible,
future outcomes by acting proactively rather
than reactively. Therefore, effective risk
management offers the potential to reduce
both the possibility of a risk occurring and its
potential impact.
Risk Management Structures

 A good risk management structure should calculate

the uncertainties and predict their influence on a
business.
 Consequently, the result is a choice between
accepting risks or rejecting them.
 Acceptance or rejection of risks is dependent on
the tolerance levels that a business has already
defined for itself.
 If a business sets up risk management as a
disciplined and continuous process for the purpose
of identifying and resolving risks, then the risk
management structures can be used to support
other risk mitigation systems.
Response to Risk

 Response to risks usually takes one of the

following forms:
 Avoidance: A business strives to eliminate a
particular risk by getting rid of its cause.
 Mitigation: Decreasing the projected financial
value associated with a risk by lowering the
possibility of the occurrence of the risk.
 Acceptance: In some cases, a business may be
forced to accept a risk. This option is possible if a
business entity develops contingencies to
mitigate the impact of the risk.
Risk Analysis Process

 Risk analysis is a qualitative problem-solving

approach that uses various tools of assessment to
work out and rank risks for the purpose of assessing
and resolving them. Here is the risk analysis process:
1. Identify existing risks
 Risk identification mainly involves brainstorming. A
business gathers its employees together so that they
can review all the various sources of risk. The next
step is to arrange all the identified risks in order of
priority. Because it is not possible to mitigate all
existing risks, prioritization ensures that those risks
that can affect a business significantly are dealt with
more urgently.
2. Assess the risks
 In many cases, problem resolution involves
identifying the problem and then finding an
appropriate solution. However, prior to figuring out
how best to handle risks, a business should locate
the cause of the risks by asking the question,
“What caused such a risk and how could it
influence the business?”
3. Develop an appropriate response
 Once a business entity is set on assessing likely
remedies to mitigate identified risks and prevent
their recurrence, it needs to ask the following
questions: What measures can be taken to prevent
the identified risk from recurring? In addition, what
is the best thing to do if it does recur?
4. Develop preventive mechanisms for
identified risks
 Here, the ideas that were found to be useful in
mitigating risks are developed into a number of
tasks and then into contingency plans that can
be deployed in the future. If risks occur, the
plans can be put to action.