FORCES AND MOTION

Chapter 2 (Kinetics) 1
 Kinetics

- is the branch of classical mechanics that is

concerned with the relationship between motion and
its causes, specifically, forces and torques

FORCES AND MOTION

 What is Force?

Force
 PUSH/ PULL
 unit:
Newton (N)
(kg.m/s2)
It is a VECTOR
QUANTITY

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Units of Force
Types of Force:

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(Weight)
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 How to deal with forces?
Free Body Diagram
To keep things simple  only draw forces that
acting on the object
Example:
N

Frictional force (Ff)

W
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Exercise:

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 How to calculate forces?
Force is Vector, so….
 Calculate forces : calculate vectors!
Example:
A body is pulled in two opposing
directions by two ropes as shown in
Figure beside. The resultant force acting
is the vector sum of the forces.

If a body is pulled by two perpendicular

ropes as in Figure 2.33, then the vector
addition is solved using vectors addition.

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 Resultant Force
A single force that represents all the
forces acted on the system
𝑭𝒚

𝑭𝒙

From two components to Resultant Force From Resultant Force to components

𝟐
Horizontal component (x-axis)
𝑭= 𝑭𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑭𝒚 𝐅𝐱 = 𝐅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝑭𝒚 Vertical Component (y-axis)
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 | |
𝑭𝒙 𝐅𝐲 = 𝐅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 13
Direction of a Vector
N

30 °

W E
B = 40 m 45°

S
Ways of naming a vector:
A= 30 m , 30 °
A = 30 m, - 330 o
A = 30 m , 30 ° north of east
A = 30 m, E 30o N
B = 40 m, 225o
B = 40 m, -135o
B = 40 m, 45° south of west or SW.
B = 40 m, W 45o S
 ______________________
Steps in solving resultant forces

1. Summation of forces along x-axis 𝐹𝑥 given that forces

going to the right (+) and forces going to the left (-).
2. Summation of forces along y-axis 𝐹𝑦 given that forces
going upward (+) and forces going downward (-).
3. Take the magnitude of the resultant by applying
Pythagorean Theorem.
𝟐
R2 = x2 + y2 -> R= 𝐹𝑥 𝟐 + 𝐹𝑦
4. Take inclined angle of the resultant from the x-axis
reference.
𝐹𝑦
𝜽= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 | |
𝐹𝑥 15
Exercise:

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Forces Balanced  Equilibrium

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Forces Balanced  Equilibrium

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 Forces Balanced  Equilibrium
Another example:

Separate the vectors into 2 components:

x&y
If the box is in equilibrium, then:
Total component in x = 0  forces left = forces right
Total component in y = 0  forces up = forces down
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 _______________________
Steps in solving equilibrium

1. Construct the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the system.

2. Summation of forces along x-axis 𝐹𝑥 equate to zero.
Forces going to the right equals to forces going to the left.
𝐹𝑥 = 0
=
3. Summation of forces along x-axis 𝐹𝑦 equate to zero.
Forces going to upward equals to forces going downward.
𝐹𝑦 = 0

=
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Example:
Consider the situation below. If the forces on this box are
balanced:
a) write an equation for the components of the forces
parallel to the ramp
b) write equation for the forces perpendicular to the ramp

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Example:
A ball of weight 10 N is suspended on a
string and pulled to one side by another
horizontal string as shown beside.
If the forces are balanced:
(a)write an equation for the horizontal
components of the forces acting on the
ball
(b)write an equation for the vertical
components of the forces acting on the
ball
(c)use the second equation to calculate
the tension in the upper string, T
(d)use your answer to (c) plus the first
equation to find the horizontal force F.

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Example:
A rock climber is hanging from a rope
attached to the cliff by two bolts as
shown in Figure beside. If the forces are
balanced
a) write an equation for the vertical
component of the forces on the knot
b) write an equation for the horizontal
forces exerted on the knot
c) calculate the tension T in the ropes
joined to the bolts. The result of this
calculation shows why ropes should
not be connected in this way.

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 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Forces balanced  object is at rest (?)
Forces not balanced  object moves (?)
How do we explain that with strong
argument?
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1st Law:
A body will remain at rest or moving with constant
velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Net force = 0  no acceleration
ΣF =0
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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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 Note:

If the forces are

balanced, will the
object always be at rest
or moving with
constant velocity?

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 2nd Law:
The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass.
Σ F = m. a

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Example:

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Example:

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 _______________________
Conventional steps in solving
2nd and 3rd Laws of motion

1. Construct the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the system.

2. Isolate bodies with known and unknown quantity(For
two-body diagram).
3. Compute unknown using the 2nd Law of Motion
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = ±𝑚𝑎
Fnet = Forces upward – Forces downward
Fnet = Forces going to the right – Forces going to the left
(+) for direction of acceleration upward and going right
(-) for direction of acceleration downward and going left
4. Equate systems using kinetics formula
5. Solve systems using kinematics formula
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Example
Example: 1 Example 2 Simple Pulley
system

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Example
Example: 3

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Example 4
Example 5
A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an
angle 30.0o, as in Figure 4.16a. Determine (a) the
acceleration of the car, assuming that the incline is
frictionless. (b) If the length of the driveway is 20.0 m
and the car starts from rest at the top, how long does it
take to travel to the bottom? (c) What is the car’s speed
at the bottom?

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1
Example 6
 3rd Law:
If body A exerts a force on body B then body B will
exert an equal and opposite force on body A.

Single isolated force

can’t exist

Pair of forces on
two different objects

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4
0
Frictional Force
A frictional force  vector
sum of many forces acting
between the surface atoms of
one body and those of
another body

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 Types of Frictional Force:
Static Friction (fs)

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Kinetic Friction (fk)

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 Note:
fs max > fk

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Static Frictional Force:
fs ≤ s.N
Maximum static frictional force:  in verge of
slipping
fs max = s.N
s= coefficient of static friction  depend on the
nature of surfaces
N = Normal force
Kinetic Frictional Force:
fk = k.N
k= coefficient of kinetic friction
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 _______________________
Conventional steps in solving
2nd and 3rd Laws of motion

1. Construct the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the system.

2. Isolate bodies with known and unknown quantity(For
two-body diagram).
3. Compute unknown using the 2nd Law of Motion
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = ±𝑚𝑎
Fnet = Forces upward – Forces downward
Fnet = Forces going to the right – Forces going to the left
(+) for direction of acceleration upward and going right
(-) for direction of acceleration downward and going left
4. Equate systems using kinetics formula
5. Solve systems using kinematics formula
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Example 1

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Example 2

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Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6

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Sample Problem 1:
1. The hockey puck in Figure 4.22, struck by a
hockey stick, is given an initial speed of 20.0 m/s on
a frozen pond. The puck remains on the ice and
slides 120 m, slowing down steadily until it comes
to rest. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the puck and the ice.

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 Sample Problem 2:
A loaded penguin sled weighing 40√2 N
rests on a plane inclined at angle  = 45° to
the horizontal (Figure beside). Between the
sled and the plane, the coefficient of static
friction is 0.25, and the coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.15. Determine:
a. Maximum static friction between sled and plane.
b. Magnitude of the force required in order to make the sled stay at
rest, not sliding down the plane. (remember, there are frictional
force and weight of object)
c. What is the minimum magnitude F that will start the sled moving
up the plane? (Hint: draw the force first)
d. What value of F is required to move the sled up the plane at 73
constant velocity?
The End