The document discusses human reproduction, highlighting differences between male and female reproductive systems, including the production of eggs and sperm. It covers various reproductive health issues, including cancers, sexually transmitted diseases, and functional problems such as infertility and impotence. Additionally, it outlines causes of low sperm count and methods to increase fertility, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
The document discusses human reproduction, highlighting differences between male and female reproductive systems, including the production of eggs and sperm. It covers various reproductive health issues, including cancers, sexually transmitted diseases, and functional problems such as infertility and impotence. Additionally, it outlines causes of low sperm count and methods to increase fertility, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
The document discusses human reproduction, highlighting differences between male and female reproductive systems, including the production of eggs and sperm. It covers various reproductive health issues, including cancers, sexually transmitted diseases, and functional problems such as infertility and impotence. Additionally, it outlines causes of low sperm count and methods to increase fertility, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
The document discusses human reproduction, highlighting differences between male and female reproductive systems, including the production of eggs and sperm. It covers various reproductive health issues, including cancers, sexually transmitted diseases, and functional problems such as infertility and impotence. Additionally, it outlines causes of low sperm count and methods to increase fertility, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.
Email: [email protected] Reproduction in Women vs Men • Women are born with all their eggs, but men make sperm throughout their lives
• Women sudden stop in reproduction: menopause.
• Men generally don’t experience a significant change in fertility as
they age. Recent studies
• As men age their reproductive abilities do decline.
• A decrease in the concentration, count and motility in the
sperm produced after men reach the age of 25. Health of Sperm • Normal = 20 million sperm per ml of semen. • ~ 2 mL of semen is needed to ferilize the egg
• ~ 75% of the sperm should be alive.
• ~ 30% should be normal shape and size.
• ~ 25% should be swimming rapidly forward.
Diseases and disorders in the human reproductive system
Females Males •Breast Cancer •Penile •Cervical Cancer •Prostate •Ovarian Cancer •Testicular •Uterine Cancer
•Breast cancer and cervical cancer are
easy to detect 1) Breast cancer- Cancer of the mammary gland
Signs of breast cancer: a lump in the breast, a
change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. 2) Ovarian cancer - Cancer of the ovary
• Known as “silent killer” • Often has no symptoms in
often goes undetected the early stages. until it has spread inside. • Surgery and chemotherapy are used to treat ovarian cancer.
• Difficult to treat and can be
fatal. 3) Uterine (endometrial)cancer - Cancer of the uterus
• Risk factors: overweight and
starting periods at an early age.
• Symptoms: vaginal bleeding after
menopause and bleeding between periods.
• Surgery to remove the uterus,
chemotherapy or radiation. 4) Cervical Cancer- Cancer of the cervix
• Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a
sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. How to detect • Breast cancer and cervical cancer can be easily detected • Self examination of breast
Mammogram
• Pap smear for cervical cancer
5) Penile cancer - Cancer of penis
A rare cancer that mostly affects
the skin of the penis and the foreskin (the skin covering the head of the penis).
Treatment creams and laser
therapy or surgery. 6) Prostate cancer - Cancer of the prostate gland
• Symptoms: difficulty with urination,
or no symptoms at all.
• Digital rectal exam (DRE) A simple
test to check the prostate. 7) Testicular cancer - Cancer of the testis
Symptoms include a lump in either testicle and a
feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.
Treatments include surgery, radiation and
chemotherapy.
Do a self examination. Once a month every month
INFECTIONS Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Will be covered in another lecture FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS Functional problems • Ectopic pregnancy • Impotence • Hypoactive sexual desire disorder • Female sexual arousal disorder • Premature ejaculation • Sterility • Infertility Ectopic pregnancy
When a fertilized egg is
implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall. Impotence
• A man can't get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual
intercourse
• Also known as erectile dysfunction
• Can be due to a physical or psychological condition
• Treatment and medication available
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) • A low level of sexual desire and interest.
• The most common form of sexual dysfunction in women
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) • The woman has never experienced sufficient arousal, even when she has had sufficient desire and sexual stimulation.
• A condition of decreased, insufficient,
or absent lubrication in females during sexual activity Premature ejaculation
• A lack of voluntary control
over ejaculation. Sterility and Infertility • Sterility - cannot reproduce. Have birth defects
• Infertility - – cannot reproduce under normal conditions – produce good sex cells (eggs and sperm) – or not producing enough sperm to fertilize the egg (Low sperm counts). Causes of low sperm count
• EMF’s – Electromagnetic frequencies
– Due to the heating of the testicles from the EMF’s. – Do not keep your cell phone in your pocket – Do not place your laptop computer on your lap
https://www.ruanliving.com/blog/effect-of-radiation-on-sperm Causes of low sperm count
• Cigarette smoking – – Smoking damages the sperm.
– The good news is the damage
done from smoking can be reversed as long as you quit smoking. Causes of low sperm count
• Pesticides and hormones in foods
– have a huge effect on men’s hormonal balance. – Pesticides mimic estrogens in the body.
• Soy foods – mimic estrogens in the body also.
• Alcohol- poor sperm quality due to excessive alcohol consumption
Causes of low sperm count
• Briefs or boxers
A study revealed that men who wore
loose-fitting underwear had 25% higher sperm concentration, 17% higher total sperm count, and 33% higher total motile count compared with men who regularly wore tight-fitting briefs. Causes of low sperm count • Hot tubs/ bike riding – regulate the temperature
• Stress – Stress can have a big impact on hormonal balance.
• Plastics – When plastics are heated they release chemicals which mimic estrogen in the body. How to increase fertility
a) Artificial insemination b) In vitro fertilization c) Uterus donation: Surrogacy Artificial Insemination (AI)
• Introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity In vitro fertilization (IVF) Egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro
Stimulate ovulatory process, removing an ovum
or ova from their ovaries
Then let sperm fertilise them in a culture medium
in a laboratory. In vitro fertilisation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXsCngh89fI&ab_cha nnel=NucleusMedicalMedia Uterus donation: Surrogacy
• Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement,
whereby a woman agrees to bear a child for another person or persons, who will become the child's parent after birth.
