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Psychology Class 11 CHAPTER-6 Memory Notes

Human memory consists of three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval, which are essential for processing information. The Information Processing Approach outlines three memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, with long-term memory further divided into declarative and procedural types. Forgetting can occur due to various factors including improper encoding and interference, while techniques such as mnemonics and organization can enhance memory retention.

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33 views5 pages

Psychology Class 11 CHAPTER-6 Memory Notes

Human memory consists of three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval, which are essential for processing information. The Information Processing Approach outlines three memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, with long-term memory further divided into declarative and procedural types. Forgetting can occur due to various factors including improper encoding and interference, while techniques such as mnemonics and organization can enhance memory retention.

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CHAPTER-6

HUMAN MEMORY NOTES

The Concept of Human Memory


Human memory can be clearly defined as a process comprising of three independent yet interrelated stages which are
explained as follows:
1. Encoding – It is the first stage of human memory in which information is recorded and registered for the first time so
that it becomes usable by our memory system and substantial meaning is derived from the incoming information
2. Storage -It is the second stage of human memory in which the encoded information is retained and held over a period
of time so that it can be utilized later
3. Retrieval – It is the third stage of memory in which the stored information can be recovered from our memory as and
when the situation demands
Information Processing Approach (Stage Model)
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory is also known as the stage model of memory. This proposes the existence of three
separate but sequentially linked memory systems:
1. Sensory memory- It Contains a fleeting impression of a sensory stimulus(sight, sound).it has a large capacity. It is of a
very short duration that is less than a second
2. Short-term memory – A limited recollection of recently perceived stimulus(telephone number, order of food). It holds
a small amount of information for a brief period of time which is less than 30 seconds
3. Long-term memory- It is defined as a permanent store of memories for later retrieval. here, information is encoded
semantically and the storage capacity is unlimited

Maintenance Rehearsal vs Elaborative Rehearsal

Types of Long-Term Memory


1. Declarative Memory- All information pertaining to facts, names, dates like a car has four wheels,14th February is
Valentine’s day is part of the declarative memory. Facts retained in the declarative memory are amenable to verbal
descriptions
2. Procedural Memory – It refers to the memories relating to procedures of accomplishing various tasks like how to
drive a car, bake cakes, etc. Contents of procedural memory cannot be described easily as they are more practical and
application-based
Declarative Memory
Declarative memory is further classified into two categories Episodic and semantic memory. Let’ ‘s explore in-depth:
Episodic Memory
It comprises biographical details of our life. Its memories relate to our personal life experiences and its contents are emotional
in nature. Example- First marriage anniversary celebration, birthday party with friends.
Semantic Memory
Semantic memory is defined as the memory of general awareness and knowledge. All concepts, ideas, and rules of logic are
stored in semantic memory. Example- 7*8 is 56, STD code of New Delhi is 011, etc.

Nature and Causes of Forgetting


Moving on to the next topic in CBSE Class 11 Psychology chapter 7 human memory is nature and causes of forgetting.
Forgetting occurs when information is not retrieved from our long-term memory, and the reasons behind forgetting are as
follows:
1. The information we commit to our long-term memory is somehow lost
2. The information to be learned was not memorized well enough
3. Improper encoding of the information
4. The information to be learned is not stored properly.
 Hermann Ebbinghaus came up with his theory of forgetting as per which rate of forgetting is maximum in the first 9
hours, particularly during the first hour. After that, the forgetting rate slows down and not much is forgotten even after
many days
 Trace theory of forgetting is also termed as the disuse theory which states that memory leads to modification in the
central nervous system which is akin to physical changes in the brain called memory traces. If the memory traces are
not used for a long time, they simply fade away and become unavailable. The trace theory has been called baseless and
inadequate by many psychologists as it is impractical
Interference

Forgetting also happens because of the interference between various pieces of information that the memory store contains.
Interferences come about at a time of retrieval when these sets of associations compete with each other for retrieval. Two types
of interference are explained below:

Proactive Interference

It means what one has learned earlier interferes with the recall of subsequent learning. Past learning interferes with the
recall of later learning. For example- a person well-versed in English may find difficulty in learning French.

Retroactive Interference
It refers to difficulty in recalling what one has learned earlier because of learning new material. Later learning
interferes with the recall of past learning. For example- if one cannot recall English equivalents of French words that
one is currently memorizing then it might be because of retroactive interference. Forgetting can also occur because at
the time of recall either the retrieval cues are absent or they are not appropriate as per the need. Retrieval Cues are aids
that help us in recovering information stored in the memory.

Enhancing Memory

There are various techniques to enhance your memory. Here are some of the ways to improve your memory:

Mnemonics Using Images-

It requires us to create vivid and interactive images of the material that we wish to remember. Under this type, there are two
techniques which are explained as follows:

Keyword Method- In this method, an English word that sounds similar word that sounds similar to a word of a foreign
language is identified. This English word will function as a keyword. It is considered as a simple method as compared to rote
learning

Method Of Loci– It helps in learning in a serial order. It first requires an individual to visualize places/objects that they know
well in a specific order. Imagine the objects to be memorized and then associate them one by one to the physical locations.
Mnemonics Using Organization

Mnemonics Using Organization- Organization refers to imposing certain orders on the material to be remembered.
Techniques under this category are explained as follows-

 Chunking- It helps in increasing short-term memory. To form larger chunks, we combine several smaller units, and it
is important to discover organizational principles that can link these smaller units together in order to create chunks
 First Letter Technique- In this method, we need to actively pick up the first letter of each word to be remembered and
then arrange them logically to form another word or sentence. For example, we learn colors of the rainbow as
VIBGYOR(Violet, Indigo, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red)
 Deep Level Processing- As per craik and Lockhart processing information in terms of meaning that they convey leads
to better memory as compared to attending to their surface features. It involves asking as many questions as possible
related to the information that is to be learned
 Give Oneself Retrieval Cues- Giving one self-sufficient retrieval cues will make it easier to remember the information
as it will help in linking it to the retrieval cues

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