Unit-1

1. What is Data Mining?

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, relationships, and useful information from large
datasets. It involves techniques from statistics, machine learning, and database systems to extract
knowledge that is actionable or insightful.
2. What is the KDD Process?
The Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process is a series of steps to identify valid, novel,
and useful patterns in data. The steps include:
1. Data Selection: Identifying the relevant datasets.
2. Data Preprocessing: Cleaning and transforming data.
3. Data Transformation: Converting data into suitable formats.
4. Data Mining: Extracting patterns from data.
5. Interpretation/Evaluation: Analyzing the results to derive actionable insights.
3. Explain Data Cleaning Method.
Data cleaning involves correcting or removing inaccurate, incomplete, or irrelevant data to improve
quality. Methods include:
 Removing duplicates
 Handling missing data (e.g., replacing with mean/median)
 Correcting inconsistencies (e.g., standardizing formats)
 Filtering out noise or irrelevant data
 Detecting and fixing errors like typos or outliers.

4. What is Data Preprocessing?

Data preprocessing prepares raw data for analysis by cleaning, transforming, and organizing it. This
step ensures the data is accurate, consistent, and ready for data mining or machine learning tasks. It
includes:
 Data cleaning
 Data integration
 Data transformation
 Data reduction.

5. What is Data Reduction?

Data reduction simplifies datasets while retaining essential information. This is done to save storage,
improve processing efficiency, and focus on meaningful data. Techniques include:
 Dimensionality reduction (e.g., PCA)
 Aggregation
 Sampling
  Data compression.
6. Draw a Neat Diagram of Data Mining Architecture. diagram of data mining architecture.
7. List Different Types of Data Mining Tasks.
1. Classification: Predict categorical labels.
2. Regression: Predict numerical values.
3. Clustering: Group similar data points.
4. Association Rule Mining: Identify relationships between items (e.g., market basket analysis).
5. Anomaly Detection: Detect outliers or unusual patterns.
6. Summarization: Provide concise summaries of data.
7. Sequence Mining: Discover patterns in sequential data.
8. Difference Between Data Cleaning and Data Reduction

Data Cleaning Data Reduction

Improve data quality Reduce dataset size

Remove errors, inconsistencies, duplicates Simplify data while retaining meaning

Handling missing data, filtering noise Dimensionality reduction, sampling

Cleaner, accurate data Smaller, manageable datasets

9).Explain Data Transformation Method.

Data transformation converts raw data into suitable formats for analysis. Methods include:
 Normalization: Scale data to a uniform range (e.g., [0,1]).
 Aggregation: Summarize data (e.g., monthly instead of daily sales).
 Encoding: Convert categorical data to numerical formats (e.g., one-hot encoding).
 Feature extraction: Derive meaningful features from raw data.
10. What is Data Transformation? Explain.
Data transformation is the process of converting data from its original format into a format suitable
for analysis or model-building. This may involve:
 Scaling (e.g., normalizing data).

 Encoding (e.g., converting text to numbers).

 Smoothing (e.g., reducing noise).

 Attribute construction (e.g., creating new variables based on existing ones).

 Unit-2
1. How the Association Rule is Helpful to the Growth of Business?
Association rules help businesses by identifying relationships between products or services,
enabling:
 Cross-selling and up-selling opportunities.
 Product placement strategies (e.g., items often bought together).
 Customer behavior insights for personalized marketing.
2. What Are Disadvantages of the Apriori Algorithm?
 Requires multiple database scans, increasing processing time.
 Generates many candidate itemsets, leading to high memory usage.
 Inefficient for large datasets with high dimensionality.
3. What is Market Basket Analysis? Explain.
Market Basket Analysis identifies relationships between items purchased together in transactions.
It helps in understanding customer buying habits and designing strategies like product bundling or
targeted promotions.
4. Discuss the Applications of Association Analysis.
 Retail: Market basket analysis.
 Healthcare: Discover relationships between symptoms and diseases.
 Banking: Fraud detection based on transaction patterns.
 E-commerce: Recommender systems.
5. What Are the Advantages of the FP-Growth Algorithm?
 Faster than Apriori as it avoids candidate generation.
 Requires fewer scans of the database (only two).
 Efficient in memory usage through a compact FP-tree structure.
6. Step-by-Step Process of FP-Growth Algorithm
1. Scan the dataset to calculate the frequency of items.
2. Build an FP-tree based on frequent items in descending order.
3. Extract conditional patterns from the FP-tree.
4. Recursively mine frequent itemsets from conditional trees.
7. Basic Concepts in Association Rule Mining
 Support: Frequency of an itemset in the dataset.
 Confidence: Probability that a rule is correct.
 Frequent Itemsets: Groups of items appearing together often.
8. Process of Apriori Algorithm
1. Identify frequent 1-itemsets using support threshold.
2. Generate candidate k-itemsets from (k-1)-itemsets.
3. Prune candidates that don’t meet the support threshold.
4. Repeat until no more frequent itemsets can be generated.
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of ECLAT Algorithm
Advantages:
 Efficient for sparse datasets.
 No candidate generation required, saving memory.
Disadvantages:
 High memory usage for dense datasets.
 Performs poorly with long frequent patterns.
10. Process of ECLAT Algorithm
1. Transform the dataset into a vertical layout (item-to-transaction mapping).
2. Generate frequent itemsets by intersecting transaction IDs.
3. Apply support threshold to filter frequent patterns.
4. Recursively explore itemset combinations.

Unit-3
1. What is the Difference Between Classification and Prediction?
 Classification: Assigns data to predefined categories (e.g., spam or not spam).
 Prediction: Forecasts continuous values or trends (e.g., predicting house prices).
2. What is Bayes Theorem? Explain.

3)attribute selection measures

Attribute selection measures are criteria used to choose the best attribute to split data in decision
tree algorithms. Common measures:
 Information Gain: Based on entropy reduction.
 Gini Index: Measures impurity.
 Gain Ratio: Adjusts information gain by the intrinsic value of the attribute
4. What is Prediction?
Prediction involves estimating the value of a target variable based on input variables. It is used for
forecasting future outcomes, such as stock prices or customer behavior.
 5. Discuss About Naïve Bayesian Classification.
Naïve Bayesian classification uses Bayes Theorem assuming independence between
attributes. It is efficient, handles large datasets well, and is widely used for tasks like spam
filtering and sentiment analysis.
6. Draw the Structure of a Decision Tree with Example.

7. Explain Bayesian Belief Network.

A Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) is a graphical model representing probabilistic
relationships among variables. It uses:
 Nodes: Represent variables.
 Edges: Indicate dependencies.
 Conditional Probabilities: Quantify relationships.
8. Discuss About Accuracy and Error Measures.
 Accuracy: Proportion of correctly predicted instances.
Accuracy=Correct PredictionsTotal Predictions\text{Accuracy} = \frac{\text{Correct
Predictions}}{\text{Total Predictions}}Accuracy=Total PredictionsCorrect Predictions
 Error Rate: Proportion of incorrect predictions. Error Rate=1−Accuracy\text{Error Rate} = 1
- \text{Accuracy}Error Rate=1−Accuracy
Other measures include precision, recall, F1-score, and Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
9. What is Classification? Explain.
Classification assigns labels to data based on features. It uses models trained on labeled data
to predict categories for unseen data. Examples include spam detection and image
recognition.
10. What Are the Uses of Classification Techniques?
 Fraud detection (e.g., banking transactions).
 Disease diagnosis in healthcare.
 Sentiment analysis in social media.
 Email categorization (spam vs. non-spam).

Unit-4
1. Explain About Types of Data in Cluster Analysis.
In cluster analysis, data can be:
 Numerical Data: Continuous or discrete values (e.g., sales figures).
 Categorical Data: Non-numeric data representing categories (e.g., gender, product types).
 Mixed Data: A combination of numerical and categorical data (e.g., customer demographics).
 2. Differentiate Between AGNES and DIANA Algorithms.
 AGNES (Agglomerative Nesting): A bottom-up approach where each data point starts in its
own cluster and merges clusters iteratively based on similarity.
 DIANA (Divisive Analysis): A top-down approach that starts with all data points in one
cluster and recursively splits the clusters.
3. Write K-means Clustering Algorithm.
1. Select kkk initial centroids randomly.
2. Assign each data point to the nearest centroid.
3. Calculate the new centroids by averaging the points in each cluster.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until centroids do not change.
4. Explain Grid-based Clustering Methods.
Grid-based clustering divides the data space into a grid structure and performs clustering on
these grid cells. Examples include:
 STING: Uses a hierarchical grid structure to organize the data and create clusters.
 CLIQUE: Combines grid-based and density-based methods to form clusters.
5. Write the Key Issues in Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm.
 Scalability: Hierarchical clustering can be computationally expensive for large datasets.
 Choice of Distance Measure: The performance is sensitive to the similarity measure used.
 Irreversible Merging: Once two clusters are merged, they cannot be split again.
6. What is the Use of Clustering?
Clustering is used to:
 Discover hidden patterns and groups within data.
 Segment customers for targeted marketing.
 Detect anomalies (e.g., fraud detection).
 Organize large datasets for better analysis.
7. Explain Interclustering.
Interclustering refers to the relationship or distance between different clusters. It measures how
distinct or similar the clusters are. Effective clustering methods aim to maximize inter-cluster distance
while minimizing intra-cluster distance.
8. What is Clustering? How is it Useful to Business?
Clustering groups similar data points together. It helps businesses by:
 Segmenting customers based on behavior for personalized marketing.
 Identifying market trends and new product opportunities.
 Improving customer service by categorizing customer needs.
 9. Explain Unsupervised Data.
Unsupervised data refers to datasets without predefined labels or target variables. In this type
of data, algorithms like clustering or dimensionality reduction are used to identify patterns or
structures within the data.
10. What is Intracluster?
Intracluster refers to the similarity or cohesion within a single cluster. It measures how close
or similar the data points within the same cluster are to each other. The higher the intracluster
similarity, the better the clustering

Unit-5
1. What is Web Mining?

Web mining is the process of extracting useful patterns and insights from web data. It
includes:

 Web content mining: Extracting information from web pages.

 Web structure mining: Analyzing the links between pages.

 Web usage mining: Analyzing user behavior and navigation patterns.

2. What is Text Mining?

Text mining extracts meaningful insights, patterns, and knowledge from unstructured textual
data using natural language processing (NLP) and statistical methods. Example applications
include sentiment analysis and document classification.

3. Explain Text Clustering.

Text clustering groups similar documents or textual data based on content similarity.
Techniques include:

 K-means clustering

 Hierarchical clustering
Applications: Topic modeling, document summarization.

4. What is Web Content Mining?

Web content mining focuses on extracting and analyzing textual, image, video, and structured
data (e.g., HTML, XML) from web pages. Example: Extracting product reviews from e-commerce sites.

5. Describe the Hierarchy of Categories.

Hierarchy of categories organizes items or topics in a tree-like structure. Example:

 Root: Electronics

 Sub-category: Mobiles

 Further Sub-category: Smartphones

Used in taxonomies for websites, libraries, or databases.
6. Difference Between Web Mining and Text Mining

Web Mining Text Mining

Web pages, links, logs Unstructured text (documents)

Analyzing web structure and

Extracting meaning from text
usage

Sentiment analysis,
User behavior analysis, SEO
classification

7. Explain the Different Data Mining Methods.

1. Classification: Predict categorical labels.

2. Clustering: Group similar data points.

3. Regression: Predict continuous values.

4. Association Rule Mining: Identify relationships between items.

5. Outlier Detection: Find unusual patterns.

8. What is the Use of Text Mining?

 Customer Feedback Analysis: Derive insights from reviews or surveys.

 Sentiment Analysis: Understand opinions or attitudes.

 Fraud Detection: Identify deceptive textual patterns.

9. Explain Types of Text Mining.

1. Information Retrieval: Extract relevant documents or data.

2. Text Classification: Assign predefined labels to text.

3. Text Clustering: Group similar documents.

4. Sentiment Analysis: Determine opinions or emotions in text.

10. Explain Applications of Web Mining.

 E-commerce: Recommender systems, user behavior analysis.

 Search Engines: Ranking and content indexing.

 Social Media: Trend analysis, opinion mining.

 Education: Adaptive learning systems based on user navigation.