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Building Statistical Models
in Python

Develop useful models for regression, classification,

time series, and survival analysis

Huy Hoang Nguyen

Paul N Adams

Stuart J Miller

BIRMINGHAM—MUMBAI
Building Statistical Models in Python
Copyright © 2023 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case
of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express
or implied. Neither the author(s), nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held
liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and
products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot
guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Group Product Manager: Ali Abidi

Publishing Product Manager: Sanjana Gupta
Senior Editor: Sushma Reddy
Technical Editor: Rahul Limbachiya
Copy Editor: Safis Editing
Book Project Manager: Kirti Pisat
Project Coordinator: Farheen Fathima
Proofreader: Safis Editing
Indexer: Hemangini Bari
Production Designer: Prashant Ghare
Marketing Coordinator: Nivedita Singh

First published: August 2023

Production reference: 3310823

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Grosvenor House
11 St Paul's Square
Birmingham
B3 1RB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-80461-428-0
www.packtpub.com
 To my parents, Thieu and Tang, for their enormous support and faith in me.
To my wife, Tam, for her endless love, dedication, and courage.
- Huy Hoang Nguyen

To my daughter, Lydie, for demonstrating how work and dedication regenerate inspiration and
creativity. To my wife, Helene, for her love and support.
– Paul Adams

To my partner, Kate, who has always supported my endeavors.

– Stuart Miller
 Contributors

About the authors

Huy Hoang Nguyen is a mathematician and data scientist with extensive experience in advanced
mathematics, strategic leadership, and applied machine learning research. He holds a PhD in
Mathematics, as well as two Master’s degrees in Applied Mathematics and Data Science. His previous
work focused on Partial Differential Equations, Functional Analysis, and their applications in Fluid
Mechanics. After transitioning from academia to the healthcare industry, he has undertaken a variety
of data science projects, ranging from traditional machine learning to deep learning.
Paul Adams is a Data Scientist with a background primarily in the healthcare industry. Paul applies
statistics and machine learning in multiple areas of industry, focusing on projects in process engineering,
process improvement, metrics and business rules development, anomaly detection, forecasting,
clustering, and classification. Paul holds an MSc in Data Science from Southern Methodist University.
Stuart Miller is a Machine Learning Engineer with a wide range of experience. Stuart has applied
machine learning methods to various projects in industries ranging from insurance to semiconductor
manufacturing. Stuart holds degrees in data science, electrical engineering, and physics.
About the reviewers
Krishnan Raghavan is an IT Professional with over 20+ years of experience in software development
and delivery excellence across multiple domains and technology ranging from C++ to Java, Python,
Data Warehousing, and Big Data tools and technologies.
When not working, Krishnan likes to spend time with his wife and daughter, reading fiction and
nonfiction as well as technical books. Krishnan tries to give back to the community by being part of
the GDG Pune Volunteer Group, helping the team organize events. Currently, he is unsuccessfully
trying to learn how to play the guitar.
You can connect with Krishnan at [email protected] or via
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/krishnan-raghavan.

I would like to thank my wife Anita and daughter Ananya for giving me the time and space to review
this book.

Karthik Dulam is a Principal Data Scientist at EDB. He is passionate about all things data with a
particular focus on data engineering, statistical modeling, and machine learning. He has a diverse
background delivering machine learning solutions for the healthcare, IT, automotive, telecom, tax,
and advisory industries. He actively engages with students as a guest speaker at esteemed universities
delivering insightful talks on machine learning use cases.

I would like to thank my wife, Sruthi Anem, for her unwavering support and patience. I also want to
thank my family, friends, and colleagues who have played an instrumental role in shaping the person I
am today. Their unwavering support, encouragement, and belief in me have been a constant source of
inspiration.
 Table of Contents

Preface xiii

Part 1:Introduction to Statistics

1
Sampling and Generalization 3
Software and environment setup 3 Sampling strategies – random,
Population versus sample 6 systematic, stratified, and clustering 11
Population inference from samples 8 Probability sampling 11
Non-probability sampling 16
Randomized experiments 8
Observational study 9 Summary 17

2
Distributions of Data 19
Technical requirements 19 Measuring shape 38
Understanding data types 20 The normal distribution and central
Nominal data 20 limit theorem 42
Ordinal data 21 The Central Limit Theorem 45
Interval data 21
Ratio data 22
Bootstrapping 45
Visualizing data types 22 Confidence intervals 46
Standard error 51
Measuring and describing Correlation coefficients (Pearson’s correlation) 51
distributions 26
Measuring central tendency 26
Permutations 52
Measuring variability 33 Permutations and combinations 52
Permutation testing 55
viii Table of Contents

Transformations 57 References 59
Summary 59

3
Hypothesis Testing 61
The goal of hypothesis testing 61 Basics of the z-test – the z-score,
Overview of a hypothesis test for the mean 62 z-statistic, critical values, and p-values 65
Scope of inference 62 The z-score and z-statistic 65
Hypothesis test steps 63 A z-test for means 72
z-test for proportions 78
Type I and Type II errors 63
Power analysis for a two-population pooled
Type I errors 63 z-test 82
Type II errors 64
Summary 85

4
Parametric Tests 87
Assumptions of parametric tests 87 Tests with more than two groups and
Normally distributed population data 88 ANOVA 114
Equal population variance 99 Multiple tests for significance 114
ANOVA 117
T-test – a parametric hypothesis test 102
Pearson’s correlation coefficient 118
T-test for means 103
Power analysis examples 123
Two-sample t-test – pooled t-test 108
Two-sample t-test – Welch’s t-test 111 Summary 124
Paired t-test 112 References 124

5
Non-Parametric Tests 125
When parametric test assumptions The test statistic procedure 128
are violated 125 Normal approximation 129
Permutation tests 126 Rank-Sum example 129

The Rank-Sum test 128 The Signed-Rank test 130

 Table of Contents ix

The Kruskal-Wallis test 132 Chi-square goodness-of-fit test

Chi-square distribution 133 power analysis 138
Chi-square goodness-of-fit 135 Spearman’s rank correlation
coefficient 139
Chi-square test of independence 136
Summary 141

Part 2: Regression Models

6
Simple Linear Regression 145
Simple linear regression using OLS 145 Homoscedasticity of the residuals 154
Coefficients of correlation and Sample independence 155
determination 148 Testing for significance and
Coefficients of correlation 148 validating models 155
Coefficients of determination 151 Model validation 169
Required model assumptions 152 Summary 171
A linear relationship between the variables 152
Normality of the residuals 153

7
Multiple Linear Regression 173
Multiple linear regression 173 Ridge regression 189
Adding categorical variables 175 LASSO regression 192
Evaluating model fit 176 Elastic Net 194
Interpreting the results 181 Dimension reduction 196
Feature selection 184 PCA – a hands-on introduction 196
Statistical methods for feature selection 184 PCR – a hands-on salary prediction study 199
Performance-based methods for feature Summary 202
selection 186
Recursive feature elimination 187

Shrinkage methods 188

x Table of Contents

Part 3: Classification Models

8
Discrete Models 205
Probit and logit models 205 The negative binomial regression
Multinomial logit model 210 model 217
Poisson model 213 Negative binomial distribution 217

The Poisson distribution 213 Summary 224

Modeling count data 215

9
Discriminant Analysis 225
Bayes’ theorem 225 Linear Discriminant Analysis 229
Probability 225 Supervised dimension reduction 236
Conditional probability 227
Quadratic Discriminant Analysis 238
Discussing Bayes’ Theorem 228
Summary 244

Part 4: Time Series Models

10
Introduction to Time Series 247
What is a time series? 248 The white-noise model 263
Goals of time series analysis 249 Stationarity 265
Statistical measurements 249 Summary 270
Mean 249 References 270
Variance 251
Autocorrelation 253
Cross-correlation 257
 Table of Contents xi

11
ARIMA Models 271
Technical requirements 271 Models for non-stationary
Models for stationary time series 272 time series 295
Autoregressive (AR) models 272 ARIMA models 296
Moving average (MA) models 283 Seasonal ARIMA models 304
Autoregressive moving average (ARMA)
More on model evaluation 311
models 287
Summary 318
References 319

12
Multivariate Time Series 321
Multivariate time series 321 Step 2 – selecting the order of AR(p) 339
Time-series cross-correlation 322 Step 3 – assessing cross-correlation 340
Step 4 – building the VAR(p,q) model 344
ARIMAX 326 Step 5 – testing the forecast 346
Preprocessing the exogenous variables 328 Step 6 – building the forecast 347
Fitting the model 329
Assessing model performance 333 Summary 349
References 349
VAR modeling 335
Step 1 – visual inspection 338

Part 5: Survival Analysis

13
Time-to-Event Variables – An Introduction 353
What is censoring? 354 Survival data 356
Left censoring 354 Survival Function, Hazard and
Right censoring 354 Hazard Ratio 357
Interval censoring 355 Summary 360
Type I and Type II censoring 355
xii Table of Contents

14
Survival Models 361
Technical requirements 361 Cox Proportional Hazards
Kaplan-Meier model 362 regression model 372
Model definition 362 Step 1 374
Model example 364 Step 2 375
Step 3 379
Exponential model 368 Step 4 380
Model example 370 Step 5 383

Summary 384

Index 385

Other Books You May Enjoy 396

 Preface
Statistics is a discipline of study used for applying analytical methods to answer questions and solve
problems using data, in both academic and industry settings. Many methods have been around for
centuries, while others are much more recent. Statistical analysis and results are fairly straightforward
for presenting to both technical and non-technical audiences. Furthermore, producing results with
statistical analysis does not necessarily require large amounts of data or compute resources and can be
done fairly quickly, especially when using programming languages such as Python, which is moderately
easy to work with and implement.
While artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced machine learning (ML) tools have become more
prominent and popular over recent years with the increase of accessibility in compute power, performing
statistical analysis as a precursor to developing larger-scale projects using AI and ML can enable a
practitioner to assess feasibility and practicality before using larger compute resources and project
architecture development for those types of projects.
This book provides a wide variety of tools that are commonly used to test hypotheses and provide
basic predictive capabilities to analysts and data scientists alike. The reader will walk through the
basic concepts and terminology required for understanding the statistical tools in this book prior to
exploring the different tests and conditions under which they are applicable. Further, the reader will
gain knowledge for assessing the performance of the tests. Throughout, examples will be provided
in the Python programming language to get readers started understanding their data using the tools
presented, which will be applicable to some of the most common questions faced in the data analytics
industry. The topics we will walk through include:

• An introduction to statistics
• Regression models
• Classification models
• Time series models
• Survival analysis

Understanding the tools provided in these sections will provide the reader with a firm foundation
from which further independent growth in the statistics domain can more easily be achieved.
xiv Preface

Who this book is for

Professionals in most industries can benefit from the tools in this book. The tools provided are useful
primarily at a higher level of inferential analysis, but can be applied to deeper levels depending on
the industry in which the practitioner wishes to apply them. The target audiences of this book are:

• Industry professionals with limited statistical or programming knowledge who would like to
learn to use data for testing hypotheses they have in their business domain
• Data analysts and scientists who wish to broaden their statistical knowledge and find a set of
tools and their implementations for performing various data-oriented tasks

The ground-up approach of this book seeks to provide entry into the knowledge base for a wide
audience and therefore should neither discourage novice-level practitioners nor exclude advanced-
level practitioners from the benefits of the materials presented.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Sampling and Generalization, describes the concepts of sampling and generalization. The
discussion of sampling covers several common methods for sampling data from a population and
discusses the implications for generalization. This chapter also discusses how to setup the software
required for this book.
Chapter 2, Distributions of Data, provides a detailed introduction to types of data, common distributions
used to describe data, and statistical measures. This chapter also covers common transformations
used to change distributions.
Chapter 3, Hypothesis Testing, introduces the concept of statistical tests as a method for answering
questions of interest. This chapter covers the steps to perform a test, the types of errors encountered
in testing, and how to select power using the Z-test.
Chapter 4, Parametric Tests, further discusses statistical tests, providing detailed descriptions of
common parametric statistical tests, the assumptions of parametric tests, and how to assess the validity
of parametric tests. This chapter also introduces the concept of multiple tests and provides details on
corrections for multiple tests.
Chapter 5, Non-parametric Tests, discuss how to perform statistical tests when the assumptions of
parametric tests are violated with class of tests without assumptions called non-parametric tests.
Chapter 6, Simple Linear Regression, introduces the concept of a statistical model with the simple
linear regression model. This chapter begins by discussing the theoretical foundations of simple
linear regression and then discusses how to interpret the results of the model and assess the validity
of the model.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 THE END.

BILLING AND SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.

 NEW TESTAMENT SITES.
In the column ‘Modern Identification,’ those marked with a single ?
are doubtful; those with double ?? are very doubtful; those marked
with a star are due to the Survey. In the column of Remarks the
letters ‘Mem. II. 387; Sh. IV.’ refer to the Memoirs of the Survey of
Palestine, with the Volume, Page, and Sheet of the Great Map. The
letters Q. S., Quarterly Statement; O. T. S., Old Testament Sites;
Grove’s B. I., Bible Index; Smith’s D. of B., Dictionary of the Bible;
Jer. Vol., Jerusalem Volume.

No.
Refer­ences
of Remarks,
(New Modern
New Testament Sheet References, and
Testament Identifi­‐
Name. on No. of Sheet on
and cation.
⅜-in. Large Map.
Josephus).
Map.

ABILENE Luke iii. 1; 3 A district of

19 Ant. v. which the
1; 20 Ant. capital was
vii. 1; 2 Abila in the
Wars xii. 8 Anti-
Lebanon.
(Smith’s D. of
B.; Special
Papers, 112.)
ACELDAMA Acts i. 19 Hakk ed 14 The traditional
(R.V. Dumm site since the
AKELDAMA) 4th century
has been
shown at
Hakk ed
Dumm, south
of Zion. (Jer.
Vol. 380;
Smith’s D. of
B.; Q. S. 271,
1881.)

ACHAIA Acts xviii. Greece — A Roman

(In Rom. xvi. 12; xix. province,
5, the true 21; Rom. including the
reading is Asia, xv. 26; Peloponnesus
as in R.V.) xvi. 5; 1 and greater
Cor. xvi. part of Hellas
15; 2 Cor. proper.
ii. 1; ix. 2; (Smith’s D. of
xi. 10; 1 B.)
Thess. i.
7, 8; 3
Wars i. 3

ÆNON John iii. 23 The springs 10 The springs in

in W. Wâdy Fârʾah,
Fârʾah.* between the
The villages of
springs ʾAinûn and
near Umm Salim,
el ʾAmdân proposed by
(?) Captain
Conder.
(Conder’s
 Handbook to
the Bible,
320.) Also the
springs near
Umm el
ʾAmdân, 7½
miles below
Beisân, by
Col. Sir
Charles
Wilson.
(Mem. II.
234; Sh. XII.;
Q. S. 141,
1874; 32,
1875.)

AMPHIPOLIS Acts xvii. 1 Jeni Keui — Three miles

from the sea,
on the river
Strymon in
Macedonia.

ANTIOCH Acts vi. 5; ʾAntâkia — Capital of

xi. 19–27; Northern
xiii. 1; xiv. Syria; site of
26 first Christian
Church.

ANTIOCH of Acts xiii. Yalovatch — The ruins at

Pisidia 14; xiv. Yalovatch.
19, 21; 2 (Smith’s D. of
Tim. iii. 11 B.)
ANTIPATRIS Acts xxiii. Kŭlʾat Râs 9 The distances
31; 13 el ʾAin given in
Ant. xv. 1; various
 16 Ant. v. Itineraries fix
2; 1 Wars this site at
iv. 7; xxi. the large ruin
9; 2 Wars of Râs el
xix. 1, 9; ʾAin. (Mem.
4 Wars II. 258–262;
viii. 1 Sh. XIII.;
Conder’s
Handbook to
the Bible,
307; Q. S.
184, 1874;
32, 1875; 47,
1881.)

APOLLONIA Acts xvii. 1 Pollina — In Macedonia,

30 Roman
miles from
Amphipolis.

APPII FORUM Acts xxviii. — The ruins near

(R.V. MARKET 15 Treponti on
OF APPIUS) the Appian
Way.

AREOPAGUS, Acts xvii. — A rocky hill at

or Mars Hill 19, 22 Athens.

ARIMATHEA Matt. xxvii. Not — The town of

57; Mark identified Joseph.
xv. 43; (Q. S. 20,
Luke xxiii. 1878.)
51; John
xix. 38

ARMAGEDDON Rev. xvi. 16 Not 10 The hill near

(R.V. identified Lejjûn,
HAR­‐ overlooking
MAGEDON) Esdraelon
(Smith’s D. of
B.) The hill
overlooking
Kh. el
Mujeddʾa on
the west, is
suggested in
Conder’s
Primer of
Bible
Geography,
127.

ASIA Acts ii. 9; — ‘Not “Asia,” nor

vi. 9; xvi. “Asia Minor”;
6; xix. but a Roman
10–31; province, of
xx. 4, 16, which
18; xxi. Ephesus was
27; xxiv. capital.’
18; xxvii. (Grove’s
2; 1 Cor. B. I.)
xvi. 19; 2
Cor. i. 8; 2
Tim. i. 15;
1 Peter i.
1; Rev. i.
4, 11

ASSOS Acts xx. 13, Behram — A seaport

14 Keui town in
Mysia.

ATHENS Acts xvii. Athens — The capital of

15, 16, Greece.
 22; xviii.
1; 1
Thess. iii.
1; 14 Ant.
viii. 5; xv.
5; 1 Wars
xvi. 4

ATTALIA Acts xiv. 25 Adal — A coast town

in Asia Minor.
(Smith’s D. of
B.)
AZOTUS Acts viii. Esdûd 13 The Greek
40; 5 Ant. form of
i. 22; 4 Ashdod. See
Wars iii. 2 O. T. S.; Q. S.
89, 1871;
157, 1875.

BABYLON Matt. i. 11, — See O. T. S.

12, 17;
Acts vii.
43; 1
Peter v.
13; Rev.
xiv. 8; xvi.
19; xvii.
5; xviii. 2,
21.
Frequently
mentioned
in
Josephus

BEREA Acts xvii. Verria — Verria, in

 10, 13 Roumelia.

BETHABARA John i. 28 Makht. 10 Captain

(R.V. ʾAbârah Conder
BETHANY) (?)* suggests
or the Makht.
traditional ʾAbârah, a
site near ford in the
Jericho Jordan, at
the point
where the
road crosses
over to
Decapolis, a
little north of
Beth-shan.
Sir Charles
Wilson thinks
the traditional
site near
Jericho likely
to be correct.
(See Mem. II.
89; Sh. IX.;
Conder’s
Handbook to
the Bible,
320, and
Primer of
Bible
Geography,
149; Q. S.
1875, 1877,
1878, 1881;
Special
 Papers, p.
131.)

BETHANY Matt. xxi. el ʾAzerîyeh 14 A village on

17; xxvi. the eastern
6; Mark slope of the
xi. 1, 11, Mount of
12; xiv. 3; Olives. The
Luke xix. modern
29; xxiv. name is el
50; John ʾAzerîyeh.
xi. 1, 18; (Mem. III.
xii. 1 27; Sh. XVII.;
Q. S. 173,
1874.)

BETHESDA, John v. 2 Not 14 ‘By the sheep

The Pool identified gate a pool,
(R.V. having five
BETHSAIDA, porches.’
or According to
BETHZATHA tradition of
Margin) early part of
4th century it
was north of
the Temple.
Captain
Conder
proposes the
spring in the
Kidron valley,
called Gihon
and En-rogel.
(Handbook to
the Bible,
334; Primer
 of Bible
Geography,
157; Q. S.
1869, 1872;
Recovery of
Jerusalem.)
BETHLEHEM Matt. ii. 1, Beit Lahm 14 The present
5, 6, 8, village Beit
16; Luke Lahm, south
ii. 4, 15; of Jerusalem.
John vii. See O. T. S.;
42; 5 Ant. Q. S. 1874,
vii. 13; ix. 1881.
1, 2; 6
Ant. viii.
1, 2; xi. 7;
7 Ant. 1,
3; xii. 4; 8
Ant. ii. 3;
x. 1

BETHPHAGE Matt. xxi. Kefr et Tôr 14 According to

1; Mark (??) the
xi. 1; Luke Jerusalem
xix. 29 Talmud
(Menakhoth,
11–2)
Bethphage
marked the
Sabbatical
limit East of
Jerusalem;
this limit was
called the
Wall of
 Bethphage.
‘Kefr et Tôr,’
on the Mount
of Olives, is
about 2000
cubits from
the east wall
of Jerusalem,
and is
possibly
Bethphage.
(Q. S. 1874,
1878;
Conder’s
Handbook,
326, and
Primer, 156.)
BETHSAIDA Matt. xi. et Tabghah 6 The exact site
21; Mark (?) of this place
vi. 45; viii. el has not been
22; Luke Mesadîyeh discovered.
x. 13; ix. (?) Four ruined
10; John et Tell (?) sites have
i. 44; xii. ed Dikkeh been
21 (?) proposed,
three east,
one west of
Jordan. For
various
remarks as to
whether
there were
one or two
Bethsaidas,
see Conder’s
 Handbook,
322; and
Primer, 153;
Recovery of
Jerusalem,
Art. Sea of
Galilee; Q. S.
1877, 1879,
1881.

BITHYNIA Acts xvi. 7; — A Roman

1 Peter i. province at
1; 14 Ant. north-west
xii. 2; 1 corner of Asia
Wars xii. Minor.
4; 2 Wars
xvi. 4; 6
Wars i. 8

CÆSAREA Acts viii. Kaisârieh 9 The extensive

40; ix. 30; ruined town
x. 1, 24; now called
xi. 11; xii. Kaisârieh on
19; xviii. the coast
22; xxi. 8, north of
16; xxiii. Jaffa. (Mem.
23, 33; II. 13; Sh.
xxv. 1–4, VII.; Q. S.
6, 13. 1873, 1874;
Frequently 147, 1884.)
mentioned Referred to
in by Josephus
Josephus as originally
as called Strato’s
Cesarea, Tower.
Sebaste
 and
Strato’s
Tower

CÆSAREA Matt. xvi. Banias 7 The present

PHILIPPI 13; Mark village
viii. 27. Banias, at the
Jos. Life, Jordan
13; 18 Springs.
Ant. ii. 1; (Q. S. 171,
20 Ant. ix. 1877; 1878.
4; 2 Wars Recovery of
ix. 1; 3 Jerusalem,
Wars ix. Mem. I.; Sh.
7; 7 Wars II.)
ii. 1; iii. 1

CALVARY Luke xxiii. — See Golgotha.

(R.V. The Skull) 33

CANA OF John ii. 1, Kefr Kenna 6 Early Christian

GALILEE 11; iv. 46; (?) tradition
xxi. 2; Kh. Kanah places it at
Jos. Life, (?) Kefr Kenna,
16, 71; 13 on the road
Ant. xv. 1; from
15 Ant. v. Nazareth to
1; 1 Wars Tiberias. The
iv. 7; xvii. Crusaders,
5 supposed Kh.
Kanah,
further north,
to be the true
site. General
opinion
seems to be
in favour of
 Kefr Kenna.
(Conder’s
Primer, 150;
Mem. I. 287;
Sh. V.; 367,
Sh. VI; Q. S.
67, 1878;
143, 1883.)

CANAAN and Matt. xv. Canaanite,

CHANAAN 22; Acts Matt. x. 4 (of
vii. 11; Luke vi. 15;
xiii. 19. Acts i. 13) is
Frequently a different
mentioned word,
in meaning
Josephus ‘Zealot.’ See
R.V.

CAPERNAUM Matt. iv. Tell Hum, or 6 Either ‘Tell

13; viii. 5; Kh. Minieh Hum’ or ‘Kh.
xi. 23; Minieh.’ The
xvii. 24; former is
Mark i. suggested by
21; ii. 1; Sir Charles
ix. 33; Wilson
Luke iv. (Recovery of
23, 31; Jerusalem,
vii. 1; x. 371–380).
15; John The latter by
ii. 12; iv. Captain
46; vi. 17, Conder. In
24, 59; Josephus’
Jos. Life, Capharnaum,
72; 3 3 Wars 1, 8;
Wars x. 8 Capharnome
 or
Capernaum
Life, sect. 72.
For the
various
theories, see
Recovery of
Jerusalem;
Mem. I. 369–
417; Sh. VI.;
Tent Work
(Conder),
182–190;
Q. S. 1877,
1885; Rob
Roy on the
Jordan
(Macgregor),
chap. 21;
Land of Israel
(Tristram),
428–434;
Biblical
Researches
(Robinson),
348–360;
Sinai &
Palestine
(Stanley);
Land and the
Book
(Thomson),
352–356.

CAPPADOCIA Acts ii. 9; 1 — A district in

Peter i. 1; the east of
 13 Ant. x. Asia Minor.
4; 14 Ant.
vi. 4; 16
Ant. ii. 2;
x. 6; 17
Ant. xiii.
4; 1 Wars
xxv. 1;
xxvi. 4;
xxviii. 1; 2
Wars xvi.
4; 4 Wars
xi. 1; 7
Wars i. 3

CEDRON, The John xviii. Wâdy en 14 The Kidron

Brook 1; 8 Ant. Nâr Valley. See
i. 5; 9 O. T. S.; Q. S.
Ant. vii. 3; 1869, 1870.
5 Wars ii.
3; iv. 2;
vi. 1; vii.
3; xii. 2; 6
Wars iii. 2

CENCHREA Acts xviii. Kikries — The modern

(R.V. 18; Rom. village of
CENCHREÆ) xvi. 1 Kikries, 9
miles from
Corinth.

CHARRAN Acts vii. 2, Harrân — For Haran, see

(R.V. HARAN) 4 O. T. S.
CHIOS Acts xx. 15 Scio — The island of
Scio, off west
 coast of Asia
Minor.

CHORAZIN Matt. xi. Kh. Kerâzeh 6 The ruins

21; Luke called ‘Kh.
x. 13 Kerâzeh,’
some 2½
miles north of
Tell Hum.
(Mem. I.
365–368, Sh.
VI.; Conder’s
Primer, 152;
Recovery of
Jerusalem;
Q. S. 134,
1879.)

CILICIA Acts vi. 9; — A maritime

xv. 23, province on
41; xxi. south-east
39; xxii. coast of Asia
1; xxiii. Minor, the
34; xxvii. native
5; Gal. i. country of St.
21; 9 Ant. Paul. (Grove’s
x. 2, etc.; B. I.)
1 Wars vii.
7, etc.

CLAUDA Acts xxvii. Gozzo — Now the island

16 Gozzo, at the
south-west
end of Crete.

CNIDUS Acts xxvii. — A town at the

7 extreme
 south-west
end of Asia
Minor, in
Caria, on
Cape Crio.
(Grove’s
B. I.)
COLOSSE Col. i. 2 — In Phrygia, on
the river
Lycus.

CORINTH Acts xviii. Corinth, — On the

1; xix. 1; now isthmus
1 Cor. i. 2; Gortho between
2 Cor. i. Peloponnesus
1–23; 2 and the
Tim. iv. 20 mainland of
Greece.

COOS Acts xxi. 1 Stanchio — An island

(R.V. COS) north-west of
Rhodes.

CRETE Acts xxvii. Candia — The large

7, 12, 13, island to the
21; Tit. i. south of the
5; Jos. Grecian
Life, 76; Archipelago.
13 Ant. iv. (Grove’s
39; 17 B. I.)
Ant. xii. 2;
2 Wars vii.
1

CYPRUS Acts iv. 36; Cyprus — See O. T. S.

xi. 19, 20;
 xiii. 4; xv.
39; xxi. 3;
16; xxvii.
4; 1 Ant.
vi. 1; 13
Ant. x. 4;
xii. 2, 3;
16 Ant. iv.
5; 20 Ant.
ii. 5; 2
Wars vii. 2

CYRENE Matt. xxvii. el Krenna — The chief town

32; Mark of the
xv. 21; district, now
Luke xxiii. Tripoli, lying
26; Acts between
ii. 10; vi. Carthage and
9; xi. 20; Egypt.
xiii. 1; (Grove’s
Jos. Life, B. I.)
3, 76; 14
Ant. vii. 2;
16 Ant. vi.
1, 5; 7
Wars xi. 1

DALMANUTHA Mark viii. Not — See Conder’s

10 identified Handbook,
322.

DALMATIA 2 Tim. iv. A district in

10; 2 Illyricum,
Wars xvi. east of the
4 Adriatic Sea.
 (Grove’s
B. I.)
DAMASCUS Acts ix. 2– Dimeshk 4 The ancient
27; xxii. esh Sham city now
5–11; called
xxvi. 12, Dimeshk esh
20; 2 Cor. Sham. One of
xi. 32; the cities
Gal. i. 17; included in
Jos. Life, the
6, etc., Decapolis.
etc. See O. T. S.

DECAPOLIS Matt. iv. 7 The name

25; Mark applied to a
v. 20; vii. confederation
31; Jos. of ten cities
Life, 65, which lay to
74; 3 the south-
Wars ix. 7 east of the
Sea of
Galilee, viz.,
Scythopolis,
Hippos,
Gadara,
Philadelphia,
Pella, Gerasa,
Dion,
Canatha,
Damascus,
Raphana. All
except the
first are on
the east of
the Jordan.
 (Conder’s
Handbook,
36; Primer,
146.)

DERBE Acts xiv. 6, Ambarrarasi — Ambarrarasi,

20; xvi. 1; west of
xx. 4 Eregli, in Asia
Minor.

EMMAUS Luke xxiv. Kh. el — The village of

13 Khamaseh Emmaus
(?)* (Luke xxiv.
Kulonieh 13) was,
(?) according to
el A.V., 60
Kubeibeh furlongs from
(?) Jerusalem,
Urtas (?) and
according to
the Sinaitic
160. Kh. el
Khamaseh, 8
miles south-
west of
Jerusalem,
proposed by
Captain
Conder.
(Handbook
and Mem. III.
36; Sh. XVII.;
Q. S. 172,
1876; 105,
1879; 46,
237, 1881.)
 Kulonieh, 4½
miles west of
Jerusalem.
(Grove’s
B. I.) el
Kubeibeh,
7½ miles
north-west of
Jerusalem,
was
recognised by
the
Crusaders.
(Mem. III.
131; Sh.
XVII.) Urtas,
7 miles south
of Jerusalem,
proposed by
Mrs. Finn.
(Q. S. 53,
1883; 243,
1884. See
also 1885,
1886.)

EGYPT Matt. ii. See O. T. S.

13–19,
etc., etc.

EPHRAIM, or John xi. 54 Taiyibeh (?) 14 See Conder’s

APHARAIM Handbook,
O. T. S. and
Q. S. 1872,
1877, and
1881.
EPHESUS Acts xviii. Ephesus — A city of Ionia
19, 21, in Asia Minor,
24; xix. 1, near Smyrna.
17, 26, The seat of
35; xx. one of the
16, 17; 1 seven
Cor. xv. Churches of
32; xvi. 8; Asia. See
Ephes. i. Smith’s D. of
1; 1 Tim. B. and
i. 3; 2 Baedeker’s
Tim. i. 18; Handbook.
iv. 12;
Rev. i. 11;
ii. 1; 14
Ant. x. 3,
16; xii. 2,
3, 4; 16
Ant. ii. 2;
vi. 7

ETHIOPIA Acts viii. 27 — See O. T. S.

FAIR HAVENS, Acts xxvii. — On the south

The 8 side of Crete,
4 or 5 miles
east of Cape
Matala.
(Grove’s
B. I.)
GABBATHA John xix. Not — The
13 identified ‘pavement’ in
Jerusalem.
Believed to
have been in
 the citadel of
Antonia.

GALATIA Acts xvi. 6; — A province of

xviii. 23; 1 Asia Minor.
Cor. xvi.
1; Gal. i.
2; 2 Tim.
iv. 10; 1
Peter i. 1

GALILEE, Upper Matt. ii. 22; — See O. T. S.

GALILEE, iii. 13; iv.
Lower 12, 15,
23, 25;
xvii. 22;
xix. 1; xxi.
11; xxvi.
32; xxvii.
55; xxviii.
7, 10, 16;
Mark i. 9,
14, 28,
39; iii. 7;
vi. 21; ix.
30; xiv.
28; xv.
41; xvi. 7;
Luke i.
26; ii. 39;
iii. 1; iv.
14, 31,
44; v. 17;
viii. 26;
xvii. 11;
xxiii. 5, 6,
 49, 55;
xxiv. 6;
John i.
43; ii. 11;
iv. 3, 43,
45, 47;
vii. 1, 9,
41, 52;
xii. 21;
xxi. 2;
Acts i. 11;
v. 37; ix.
31; x. 37.
Very
frequently
mentioned
in
Josephus

GALILEE, Sea Matt. iv. Bahr — See Recovery

of 18; xv. Tŭbarîya of Jerusalem,
29; Mark Conder’s
i. 16; vii. Handbook,
31; John 215; Tent
vi. 1 Work, 36;
Q. S. 1877,
1878, 1879,
and 1881.

GAZA Acts viii. Ghŭzzeh 13 See O. T. S.

26; 1 Ant. and Q. S.
vi. 2; 5 1869–1875,
Ant. i. 22; 1878. (Mem.
ii. 4; viii. III. 248; Sh.
10; 6 Ant. XIX.)
i. 2; 7
 Ant. iv. 1;
9 Ant. xiii.
3; 11 Ant.
viii. 3, 4;
13 Ant. v.
5; xii. 2,
4; xiii. 1,
2, 3; xv.
4; 14 Ant.
iv. 4; v. 3;
15 Ant.
vii. 3, 9;
17 Ant. xi.
4; 1 Wars
iv. 2; vii.
7; xx. 3; 2
Wars vi.
3; xviii. 1;
4 Wars xi.
5

GENNESARET, Luke v. 1; Bahr 6 Another name

Lake of 5 Ant. i. Tŭbarîya for the Sea of
22; 13 Galilee. In
Ant. v. 7; the Old
3 Wars x. Testament
1, 7, 8 Chinnereth,
and in
Josephus
Lake of
Genesareth.

GENNESARET, Matt. xiv. el Ghuweir 6 The plain of ‘el

Land of 34; Mark Ghuweir,’
vi. 53 north of
Magdala, on
 the western
shore of the
Sea of
Galilee.
Extent 3
miles long by
1¼ mile
broad.

GERGESENES, Matt. viii. Kersa, or 6 Possibly the

or 28; Mark Khersa (?) present ruin
GERASENES v. 1; Luke Kersa, on the
City of viii. 26 eastern shore
and 37 of the Sea of
Galilee. In
Matt. viii. 28
Gergesenes;
Mark v. 1,
Luke viii. 26
and 37
Gadarenes
(A.V.) In
Matt. viii. 28
Gadarenes;
Mark v. 1,
Luke viii. 26
and 37
Gerasenes
(R.V.)
Recovery of
Jerusalem,
Schumacher’s
Jaulan, 1888.
Conder’s
Handbook.
GETHSEMANE Matt. xxvi. 14 Probably at or
36; Mark near the
xiv. 32 enclosed
olive garden,
still so called,
in the Valley
of
Jehoshaphat.

GOLGOTHA Matt. xxvii. 14 The knoll

33; Mark outside of the
xv. 22; Damascus
John xix. Gate
17 proposed by
Captain
Conder, has
lately
received
many
supporters.
Luke xiii. 33
Calvary
(A.V.), The
Skull (R.V.).
See Recovery
of Jerusalem.
Conder’s
Primer, 160;
Q. S. 198,
1879; 109,
1880; 69,
148, 1883;
78, 1885.

GOMORRHA Matt. x. 15; Not — The Gomorrah

(R.V. Mark vi. identified of the Old
GOMORRAH) 11; Rom. Testament.
ix. 29; (See O. T. S.
Jude 7; 2 and Memoirs
Pet. ii. 6 of Eastern
Survey.) The
name is
omitted in
Mark vi. 11 in
the R.V.

GREECE Acts xx. 2

HIERAPOLIS Col. iv. 13 Pambûk — Now called

Kalessi Pambûk
Kalessi.
(Grove’s
B. I.)
ICONIUM Acts xiii. Konieh — Now the
51; xiv. 1, modern
19, 21; Konieh.
xvi. 2; 2 (Grove’s
Tim. iii. 11 B. I.)
IDUMÆA Mark iii. 8; 14 The Greek
4 Wars iv. 21 form of
1–7, etc. Edom. See
O. T. S.
ILLYRICUM Rom. xv. — A district on
19 the east
coast of the
Adriatic Sea.
(Grove’s
B. I.)
ITALY Acts xviii. —
2; xxvii. 1,