Machine

safety Prevention of mechanical hazards

Fixed guards and

safety distances
GUIDE RG-597
Section 4
Protection against crushing hazards

Protection of the human body against crushing hazards can be ensured in two ways.
A minimum gap can be left between moving components in order to avoid all contact between
the moving components and the human body, or the forces or energy levels of the moving
components can be reduced in order to limit the consequences of contact with the human
body. The first of these two approaches is an inherently safe design measure because the
hazard is eliminated, while the second reduces the risk to an acceptable level, namely, it does
not create irreversible harm to the human body.

4.1 Protection using a minimum gap between the moving components

The possibility of a crushing hazard must be taken into account in a risk assessment in order
to determine the targeted part of the body. In addition, the conditions that increase the risks
(wearing thick or bulky clothing, wearing safety shoes with toecaps, etc.) must be taken into
account.

The following minimum “d” gaps (see Figure 4-1) must be provided in order to avoid the risk
of crushing parts of the human body [15].

Body Head

Arm Hand, fist, wrist Fingers

Leg Foot Toes

Figure 4-1: Minimum gap to avoid crushing hazards

Prevention of mechanical hazards 31

 When a trapping zone can be
accessed by several parts of Interruption of the screw
the body, the largest “d” gap
must be chosen (for example,
if the trapping zone can be
accessed by a hand or arm,
the “d” gap must then be
120 mm).

The application of these

dimensions is illustrated in
Figure 4-2 for worm drives
[16] (hand protection only,
when permitted by the nature Hand
of the transported product)
and Figure 4-3 for robots [17].

Reduction of the diameter

Hand

Figure 4-2: Possible modifications to a

worm drive to protect only the hand

Figure 4-3: Minimum gap between the robot and the guard
(safety zone provided in the safety enclosure)

32 Protection against crushing hazards

 4.2 Protection by reducing the forces and energy levels of moving
components
In some cases, the forces and energy levels of moving components can be limited in order to
eliminate harm to the human body. This principle, which is based on risk reduction, can be
applied only if the moving components have characteristics that ensure the required safety
function (absence of sharp edges, cutting components, etc.).

In this case, the following factors must be taken into consideration:

accessibility of the danger zone;

anthropometric dimensions;

kinetic energy;

pressure on parts of the body;

shapes and dimensions of the contact surfaces;

reliability of the system (optional);

response time of the mechanisms (optional).

If the moving components are not equipped with a device for sensing the presence of a human
body (for example, box strapping machine, in Figure 4-4), then the data14 in the “permanent
maximum values” column must be used (see Table 4).

If the moving components are equipped with a protective device (sensing edge) for detecting
the human body (see Figure 4-4) and can retract automatically15 to a safe position, then the
data in the “temporary maximum values” column must be used (see Table 4). In this case, the
reliability of the control system16 that returns the moving components to a safe position must
be taken into account.

In both cases, one must take into consideration the parts of the body (fingers, hands, etc.) that
can accidentally come into contact with the moving component of the machine, and determine
whether the forces that come into play are acceptable.

14. The data are from ISO 14120:2002 [12].

15. Some standards prescribe a time of one second before retraction of the moving component.
16. See the Guide de conception des circuits de sécurité: introduction aux catégories de la norme ISO 13849-1:1999
(version corrigée) published by the IRSST [14].

Prevention of mechanical hazards 33

 Table 4: Maximum values of force and energy17
Permanent maximum values Temporary maximum values
Maximum force on the body* Maximum force on the body*
75 N 150 N
Maximum kinetic energy of moving component* Maximum kinetic energy of moving component*
4J 10 J
Maximum contact pressure** Maximum contact pressure**
50 N/cm2 50 N/cm2

* In the case of elevators, The Safety Code for Elevators (CSA B44-00) [18] states, in section 2.13.3.1.1, that the force necessary
to prevent closing of a horizontally sliding car door or gate from rest shall not be more than 135 N. Also, section 2.13.4.2.1 c)
mentions that “where a reopening device is not used or has been rendered inoperative […], the kinetic energy computed for the
average closing speed […] shall not exceed 3.5 J.”

** In the case of box strapping machines, PR EN 415-8:2004 prescribes that the maximum contact pressure must be 25 N/cm2
for permanent maximum values.

Pressure-sensitive edge

Figure 4-4: Protection by reducing the forces and energy levels of

moving components

17. Conversion : 1 N = 0,102 Kgf et 1 N = 0,225 lbf.

34 Protection against crushing hazards

Section 5
Safeguarding by distance

Safeguarding by distance involves the use of a fixed or movable guard. Several situations are
possible (see Figure 5-1).

Figure 5-1: Possible location of the danger zone

In all of the following cases, the established safety distance takes into account the fact that
no voluntary movement will be made to reach the danger zone and that no accessory
(tool, glove, pole, etc.) or object serving as a step (stepladder, chair, etc.) will be used to
reach the danger zone.

5.1 Access by reaching upwards

The safety distance determined between the ground,
the catwalk or the permanent working platform and the
bottom of the danger zone is a function of the height
of the danger zone (see Figure 5-2) and its expected
accessibility.

Any danger zone located less than 2.5 m [19] from the
ground, catwalk or permanent working platform must be
made inaccessible by a guard or by a protective device.

Any danger zone located more than 2.5 m from the

ground, catwalk or permanent working platform must
be made inaccessible by a guard or by a protective
device if its access can be foreseen (for example, a
worker doing regular preventive maintenance by using
an elevating platform in or near the danger zone). As
needed, a complete risk analysis can be done to define
the appropriate means of protection.

Figure 5-2: Access by

reaching upwards

Prevention of mechanical hazards 35

 5.2 Access by reaching over a fixed distance guard
The following symbols are used to designate
the critical dimensions relating to access from
above the guard (see Figure 5-3):

« a » is the height of the danger zone

in relation to the ground or working
platform;
« b » is the height of the guard;
c
« c » is the horizontal distance between
the guard and the danger zone.
As a general rule, a distance guard that
protects a danger zone must be a minimum of b
1800 mm18 high, and the values “a”19 and “c” a
in bold in Table 5-120 must be used.

However, once a risk analysis has been done,

all of the values in Table 5-1 can be used as
minimum values when the risk is high, or those
in Table 5-2 when the risk is low.

No interpolation must be done from the values Figure 5-3: Access by

indicated in these tables. If data “a”, “b” or reaching over a guard
“c” are between two values, those that provide
the greatest safety must be chosen in all cases
(see explanatory examples in Appendix D).

Some “c” values represent a sufficiently large distance to allow a person to get between the
distance guard and the danger zone. This possibility must be taken into consideration when
the distance guard is chosen. A device preventing the machine from restarting must be
provided21.

18. CSA Z432-04 [21] mentions in section 10.2.1 that “Barriers shall […] be positioned so that […] the top of the barrier is no
lower than 1.8 m above adjacent walking surfaces […].”
19. The most accessible part of the danger zone (the bottom or top of the danger zone) must be taken into consideration.
20. New versions of ISO 13852:1996 [19] and ISO 13853:1998 [22] have been published in the new reference ISO 13857.
21. This measure does not eliminate the need for applying the provisions of sections 185 and 186 of the ROHS [9].

36 Safeguarding by distance
 Table 5-1: High risk – Reaching over a guard [19]
Height of danger
Height of the guard “b”* (mm)
zone “a” (mm)

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500 2700

Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c”** (mm)
2700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2600 700 600 600 500 400 300 100 sd
2400 900 800 700 600 400 300 100 sd
2200 1000 900 800 600 400 300 sd sd
2000 1100 900 800 600 400 sd sd sd
1800 1100 900 800 600 sd sd sd sd
1600 1100 900 800 500 sd sd sd sd
1400 1100 900 800 sd sd sd sd sd
1200 1100 900 700 sd sd sd sd sd
1000 1000 800 sd sd sd sd sd sd
800 900 600 sd sd sd sd sd sd
600 800 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
400 400 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
200 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
0 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd

Table 5-2: Low risk – Reaching over a guard22 [19]

Height of danger
Height of the guard “b”* (mm)
zone “a” (mm)

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500

Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c”** (mm)
2500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2400 100 100 100 100 100 100 sd
2200 500 500 400 350 250 sd sd
2000 700 600 500 350 sd sd sd
1800 900 900 600 sd sd sd sd
1600 900 900 500 sd sd sd sd
1400 900 800 100 sd sd sd sd
1200 900 500 sd sd sd sd sd
1000 900 300 sd sd sd sd sd
800 600 sd sd sd sd sd sd
600 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
400 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
200 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
0 sd sd sd sd sd sd sd

* Distance guards less than 1400 mm in height mentioned in ISO 13857:2008 are not taken into consideration because they do
not sufficiently limit movement.
** The abbreviation ”sd” means safety distance. It is defined in point 5.3.

22. According to ISO/DIS 13857 [20], section 4.1.2, note 1, “Low risks arise from hazards such as friction or abrasion where long
term or irreversible damage to the body is not foreseeable.”

Prevention of mechanical hazards 37

 5.3 Access by reaching through an opening in a guard
The safety distance determined between the
danger zone and the guard in the case of
access through the guard (see Figure 5-4)
is a function of the dimension and shape of
the opening.

The following symbols are used:

« sd » is the safety distance, namely

the distance between the guard and
the danger zone;
« e » is the smallest dimension of
the opening.

5.3.1 Openings in the guard

The guards may include regular-shaped
openings (square, round, slot- or groove-
shaped) or irregular-shaped openings for
feeding the machine or for viewing the
danger zone or the process.

Dimension “e” corresponds to the Figure 5-4: Access by reaching

smallest dimension of a rectangular
through a guard
(slot-shaped) opening, to one side of a
square-shaped opening, and to the diameter
of a circular-shaped opening
(see Figure 5-5).

Figure 5-5: Shape of openings in guards (slot, square, or circle)

38 Safeguarding by distance
 Table 5-3 is used to determine:

the maximum acceptable opening (shape and dimensions) in relation to the chosen
safety distance “sd”;

the safety distance “sd” as a function of the existing opening (shape and dimensions).

Table 5-3: Relationship between maximum opening and safety distance “sd”
Slot or groove shaped opening (from CSA Z432-04 [21])
Minimum safety distance
Safety distance “sd” (mm) Maximum opening (mm) Opening (mm)
“sd” (mm)

Less than 13 S. O.* From 0 to 6 ≥ 13

From 13 to 63,9 6 From 6,1 to 11 ≥ 64
From 64 to 88,9 11 From 11,1 to 16 ≥ 89
From 89 to 165,9 16 From 16,1 to 32 ≥ 166
From 166 to 444,9 32 From 32,1 to 49 ≥ 445
From 445 to 914,9 49 From 49,1 to 132** ≥ 915
≥ 915 132**

Square opening (from CSA Z432-04 [21])

Minimum safety distance
Safety distance “sd” (mm) Maximum opening (mm) Opening (mm)
“sd” (mm)

Less than 13 S. O.* From 0 to 6 ≥ 13

From 13 to 47,9 6 From 6,1 to 11 ≥ 48
From 48 to 65,9 11 From 11,1 to 16 ≥ 66
From 66 to 165,9 16 From 16,1 to 32 ≥ 166
From 166 to 444,9 32 From 32,1 to 49 ≥ 445
From 445 to 914,9 49 From 49,1 to 132** ≥ 915
≥ 915 132**

Round opening (from ISO 13852:1996 [19]

Minimum safety distance
Safety distance “sd” (mm) Maximum opening (mm) Opening (mm)
“sd” (mm)

Less than 2 0 0-4 ≥2

From 2 to 4,9 4 4,1 < e ≤ 8 ≥5
From 5 to 19,9 8 8,1 < e ≤ 10 ≥ 20
From 20 to 79,9 10 10,1 < e ≤ 12 ≥ 80
From 80 to 119,9 12 12,1 < e ≤ 40 ≥ 120
From 120 to 849,9 40 40,1 < e ≤ 120*** ≥ 850
≥ 850 120***

* Guards shall not be located less than 13 mm from the hazard.

** The maximum size of a slot- or square-shaped opening is 132 mm.
*** The maximum size of a circular or irregular-shaped opening is 120 mm.

Note. – CSA Z432-04 does not discuss the case of circular or irregular-shaped openings, and hence the reference to
ISO 13852:1996. However, note that these two standards contain different limit values.

Prevention of mechanical hazards 39

 To verify whether the guard is properly located in relation to the danger zone for “e” openings,
it is suggested that a checking gauge (see Figure 5-6) such as a safety scale be used.

Figure 5-6: Safety scale

In the case of an irregular-shaped

opening (see Figure 5-7), the safety
distance “sd” to be retained is the
shortest of the three distances
determined from the “e” dimensions
deduced from the diameter of the
smallest circular opening, one side
of the smallest square-shaped opening,
and the narrowest width of the slot in
which the irregular-shaped opening can
be completely inscribed.

5.3.2 Tunnel guards

A guard in the form of a tunnel allows
the material or the worked part to pass Figure 5-7: Irregular-shaped opening
through while preventing the worker
from accessing the danger zone
(see Figure 5-8). In this case, the safety sd
distance “sd” is the distance of the
tunnel from the danger zone “sd1” plus sd1
sd2
the length of the tunnel “sd2”.

The safety distance “sd” therefore

depends on the tunnel’s shape and “e”
e
dimensions. It is appropriate to use the
data in Table 5-3 to determine “e” in
relation to “sd”, or “sd” in relation to
“e”. If openings are made in the guard,
the guard must also be located far from
the danger zone (see the data in
Table 5-3).

Figure 5-8: Tunnel guard

40 Safeguarding by distance
 Figure 5-9 illustrates safeguarding by
distance for a worm drive [16].

5.3.3 Limiting movement

Free movement of the upper limbs
(arms, hands, fingers) can also be limited
in space by placing additional elements
(support, chicane, deflector, plate, etc.)
between the fixed guard and the danger
zone (see Figure 5-10). Tables 3 and 6 in
ISO 13852:1996 [19] provide examples.
Figure 5-9: Safeguarding by
distance for a worm drive
5.4 Access by reaching under
a guard
There may be several reasons for not
extending the fixed distance guard to
the ground: easier cleaning and
recovery of parts on the ground, cost,
etc. The existence of this gap between
the ground and the guard must be
taken into consideration in risk
assessment in order to determine the
safety distance between the danger
zone and the guard in the case of
access from below the guard
(see Figure 5-11).

To limit the need for gaps under the

guard, the first consideration could be
to eliminate the need for cleaning or
parts recovery through the best
possible adjustment of the production
process or machine. The materials or
parts that could still fall or accumulate
in the danger zone must automatically Figure 5-10: Plastic crusher
be brought towards the guard and equipped with chicanes
outside the protected zone. Inclined
panels can be used to direct the falling
materials or parts.

Figure 5-11: Access from

below a guard

Prevention of mechanical hazards 41

 5.4.1 Lower and upper limbs
If the risk assessment determines that there is a risk of access to the danger zone by reaching
under the guard for the lower and upper limbs, the minimum safety distance “sd” for an
opening of given dimensions must be the longest safety distance appearing in Table 5-3 or in
Table 5-4.

The opening’s “e” dimension corresponds to one side of a square-shaped opening, to the
diameter of a circular opening, and to the smallest dimension of a slot-shaped opening
(see Figure 5-7).

Table 5-4: Reaching under a guard (lower limbs only) [22]

Safety distance « sd » (mm)
Part of lower limb Illustration Opening (mm) Slot Square or
round

Toe tip e≤5 0 0

5 < e ≤ 15 ≥ 10 0
Toe
15 < e ≤ 35 ≥ 80* ≥ 25

35 < e ≤ 60 ≥ 180 ≥ 80

Foot

60 < e ≤ 80 ≥ 650 ≥ 180

Leg (toe tip to knee) 80 < e ≤ 95 ≥ 1100 ≥ 650

95 < e ≤ 180 ≥ 1100 ≥ 1100

Leg (toe tip to crotch)

not
180 < e ≤ 240 ≥ 1100
admissible

Attention: Slot openings with “e” > 180 mm or

square or round openings with “e” > 240 mm
Whole body
allow access for the whole body.
These dimensions are not permitted.

* If the length of the slot opening is ≤ 75 mm, the distance can be reduced to ≥ 50 mm.

42 Safeguarding by distance
5.4.2 Lower limbs only
If the risk assessment determines that a hazard exists only for the lower limbs, the minimum
safety distance “sd” must be taken from Table 5-4

5.4.3 Limiting movement

Lower and upper limb movement can also be limited (see point 5.3.3). However, the
differences in lower and upper limb geometry must be taken into account when movement
restrictors are being designed.

Prevention of mechanical hazards 43

Annexe D
Examples of use of Tables 5-1 and 5-2

Example 1 Calculation of height “b” for a guard – Low risk

Initial data
Height “a” of the danger zone is 1500 mm and its horizontal distance “c” with respect to
the planned guard is 700 mm.

Reasoning
The guard providing the greatest safety must always be chosen. Since height “a”
(1500 mm) of the danger zone does not appear in Table 5-2 (for low risks), the closest
smaller height “a” (1400 mm) and the closest larger height “a” (1600 mm) must be
considered. Then, for each of these two “a” heights, you must determine in which interval
of Table 5-2 is the horizontal distance “c” of 700 mm, as well as height “b” of the guard
corresponding to this interval:

When a danger zone is at a height of 1400 mm and at a horizontal distance “c”

between 100 mm and 800 mm, height “b” of the guard must be at least 1800 mm;

When a danger zone is at a height of 1600 mm and at a horizontal distance “c”

between 500 mm and 900 mm, minimum height “b” of the guard must be at least
1800 mm.

In this example, a minimum height “b” of 1800 mm is obtained in both cases.

Solution
The minimum height “b” of the fixed distance guard is therefore 1800 mm when height
“a” of the danger zone is 1500 mm, and its horizontal distance “c”* with respect to the
guard is 700 mm (see Figure D-1).

Example 1 – Excerpt from Table 5-2

Height of danger
Height of the guard “b” (mm)
zone “a” (mm)

1400 1600 1800 2000

Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c” (mm)
2500 0 0 0 0
2400 100 100 100 100
2200 500 500 400 350
2000 700 600 500 350
1800 900 900 600 sd
1600 900 900 500 sd
1400 900 800 100 sd
1200 900 500 sd sd

* Important: Distance “c” is sufficiently large to allow a person to get between the distance guard and the danger
zone. This possibility must be taken into consideration when the distance guard is chosen (see point 3.2).

Prevention of mechanical hazards 63

 Danger
zone
Fixed
distance guard

Figure D-1: Fixed distance guard – Example 1

If the horizontal distance “c”* between the danger zone and the planned guard exceeds
900 mm, the minimum height of the guard could then be 1400 mm.

Example 1 (suite) – Excerpt from Table 5-2

Height of danger
Height of the guard “b” (mm)
zone “a” (mm)

1400 1600 1800 2000

Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c” (mm)
2500 0 0 0 0
2400 100 100 100 100
2200 500 500 400 350
2000 700 600 500 350
1800 900 900 600 sd
1600 900 900 500 sd
1400 900 800 100 sd
1200 900 500 sd sd

* Important: Distance “c” is sufficiently large to allow a person to get between the distance guard and the danger
zone. This possibility must be taken into consideration when the distance guard is chosen (see point 3.2).

64 Examples of use of Tables 5-1 and 5-2

ExAmple 2 Calculation of the horizontal distance “c” between the guard and the
danger zone – Low risk
Initial data
Height “b” of the guard is 1500 mm and height “a” of the danger zone is 2100 mm.

Reasoning
In Table 5-2 (for low risks), the “c” distances must be considered as permitted when the
guard is 1400 or 1600 mm high (the dimension immediately below or above 1500 mm)
and the danger zone is located 2000 mm and 2200 mm away. The safest distance must
then be chosen.

Solution
Minimum horizontal distance “c”* between the danger zone and the guard is therefore
700 mm when height “b” for the guard is 1500 mm and height “a” for the danger zone is
2100 mm (see Figure D-2).

Example 2 – Excerpt from Table 5-2

Height of
danger zone “a” Height of the guard “b” (mm)
(mm)
1400 1600 1800 2000
Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c” (mm)
2500 0 0 0 0
2400 100 100 100 100
2200 500 500 400 350
2000 700 600 500 350
1800 900 900 600 sd

Danger
zone

Fixed
distance guard

Figure D-2: Fixed distance guard – Example 2

* Important: Distance “c” is sufficiently large to allow a person to get between the distance guard and the danger
zone. This possibility must be taken into consideration when the distance guard is chosen (see point 3.2).

Prevention of mechanical hazards 65

EXAMPLE 3 Calculation of permissible height “a” for the danger zone – High risk
Initial data
Height “b” of the guard is 1700 mm and the horizontal distance “c” with respect to the
danger zone is 850 mm.

Reasoning
First, the data in Table 5-1 (for high risks) must be used, and then the horizontal
distances “c” that are permissible when the guards are 1600 mm and 1800 mm high
must be taken into account. Since the permissible “c” distances are greater for a guard
1600 mm high, only these numbers can be used as a basis, since the safest distance
must always be chosen.

One must then verify, among the “c” values, which ones are less than or equal to
850 mm. The danger zone can be located at the corresponding “a” heights.

Solution
The danger zone must be located less than 1000 mm or more than 2400 mm away when
height “b” of the guard is 1700 mm and horizontal distance “c”* with respect to the
danger zone is 850 mm.

Distance “c” can even be reduced according to the indications given in Table 5-1 while
remaining safe. Also, when the abbreviation “sd” is indicated in the table (for example,
when the danger zone is located at a height “a” less than 600 mm), the danger zone must
be separated from the guard by a distance that is a function of the size of the “e”
openings in the latter. The minimum distance “sd” between the danger zone and the
guard is 13 mm, even if the guard does not have an opening in it.

Example 3 – Excerpt from Table 5-1

Height of danger
Height of the guard “b” (mm)
zone “a” (mm)

1400 1600 1800 2000

Horizontal safety distance to danger zone “c” (mm)
2700 0 0 0 0
2600 700 600 600 500
2400 900 800 700 600
2200 1000 900 800 600
2000 1100 900 800 600
1800 1100 900 800 600
1600 1100 900 800 500
1400 1100 900 800 sd
1200 1100 900 700 sd
1000 1000 800 sd sd
800 900 600 sd sd
600 800 sd sd sd
400 400 sd sd sd
200 sd sd sd sd
0 sd sd sd sd

* Important: Distance “c” is sufficiently large to allow a person to get between the distance guard and the danger
zone. This possibility must be taken into consideration when the distance guard is chosen (see point 3.2).

66 Examples of use of Tables 5-1 and 5-2

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Prevention of mechanical hazards 67

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Part 1: Common requirements, 2005.

Note. – The documents published by the CSST can be ordered by mentioning the document number (DC) or consulted on line at
www.csst.qc.ca. The majority of the documents can be consulted at the CSST’s Centre de documentation by mentioning the
call number. IRSST and INRS documents can be consulted on their respective websites: www.irsst.qc.ca and www.inrs.fr.

68 References
Bibliography

COMMISSION DE LA SANTÉ ET DE LA SÉCURITÉ DU TRAVAIL. Aide-mémoire : phénomènes

dangereux, DC 100-482-1.

COMMISSION DE LA SANTÉ ET DE LA SÉCURITÉ DU TRAVAIL. Sécurité des convoyeurs

à courroie, principes de conception pour améliorer la sécurité, guide du concepteur,
DC 200-16226, CSST, Montréal, 2004. Can be consulted at the CSST’s website :
www.csst.qc.ca.

GOUVERNEMENT DU QUÉBEC. Safety Code for the construction industry, c. S-2.1, r. 6, 2003.
Can be consulted at the CSST’s website : www.csst.qc.ca.

GOUVERNEMENT DU QUÉBEC. Regulation respecting occupational health and safety in mines,

c. S-2.1, r. 19.1, 2006. Can be consulted at the CSST’s website : www.csst.qc.ca.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. ISO 13855:2002, Safety of

machinery -- Positioning of protective equipment with respect to the approach speeds of parts
of the human body, 2002.

VAILLANCOURT, D.R. et SNOOK, S.H. “A review of Machine-guarding recommendations”,

Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1995, p. 141-145.

Note. – The documents published by the CSST can be ordered by mentioning the document number (DC) or consulted on line at
www.csst.qc.ca. The majority of the documents can be consulted at the CSST’s Centre de documentation by mentioning the
call number. IRSST and INRS documents can be consulted on their respective websites: www.irsst.qc.ca and www.inrs.fr.

Prevention of mechanical hazards 69